EMERGING EXPONENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES 20MBA301

Module -4 Internet of Things

Overview of IOT; meaning of IOT; History of IOT; Advantages of IOT; Challenges of IOT;
IOT working process; Architecture of IOT; Devices and network; Applications of IOT at Smart
home; Smart grid; Smart city; Wearable devices; Smart farming; IOT tools and platforms;
Sample application with hands on activity

The Industrial Revolution changed the dynamics of a society through rapid urbanization and rise
of cities, working women, rise of the middle class, and creation of job opportunities. The Internet
Revolution predominately brought with it changes that were not only technological but societal
and pervasive in scope. The Internet is regarded by many as the greatest technological disruption
of all time. Access to information combined with global ecommerce reshaped established
conventions. The next revolution that will disrupt our lifestyle, technology, and business is the
Internet of Things (IoT). Most of the devices we use today support communication technology.
Such devices include cell phones, sensors, smart grid, and laptops. These devices can interact
among themselves through the Internet. Such a paradigm is called the “Internet of Things” or
“Internet of Objects,” where the devices are referred to as the things. It is the Internet of relating
to things.
A thing in the IoT environment is always connected with the external and interacting with other
things, such as objects, humans, animals, or plants. The IoT is a link between objects in the real
world with the virtual world, thereby enabling anytime, anywhere connectivity for anything. The
goal of IoT is to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to plants on factory
floors. Experts predict that the IoT will consist of about 50 billion objects by 2020. Thus, the
number of things connected to the Internet now exceeds the number of people on the planet. IoT
is the next step in the evolution of the Internet, since it takes into consideration all devices
connected to it. It allows all types of elements (sensors, actuators, personal electronic devices,
laptops, tablets, digital cameras, smart phones, alarm systems, home appliances, industrial
machines, etc.) to autonomously interact with each other. Today, big players from a wide range
of industries are adopting IoT and basing their future business and growth prospects on it.

Meaning & Basics of IoT

The term, IoT, was first coined by Kevin Ashton, a British entrepreneur in 1999. He meant to
represent the concept of computers and machines with sensors, which are connected to the
Internet to report status and accept control commands.
IoT (also known as sensor network or Industrial Internet) is a global network infrastructure of
interconnected devices (such as sensors, actuators, personal electronic devices, laptops, tablets,
digital cameras, smart phones, alarm systems, home appliances, or industrial machines, and other
smart devices) that are enabled with technology of interacting and communicating with each
other. It mainly enables the interconnection of Thing to Thing (T2T), Human to Thing (H2T),
and Human to Human (H2H). By collecting and combining data from various IoT devices and
using big data analytics, decision-makers can take appropriate actions with important economic,
social, and environmental implications.

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As shown in Figure, the IoT can be divided into three layers: perception (or sensing) layer,
network layer and application layer:

1. The perception layer collects from devices such radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags
and readers, camera, GPS, and sensors. In this layer, the wireless smart systems with sensors can
automatically sense and exchange information among different devices and remotely control
them.
2. The network layer is mainly messaging and processing information. The role of this layer is to
connect all things together and allow them to share the information with each other.
3. The application layer is the IoT and the application systems.

Advantages of IoT

1. New business opportunities

IoT can provide you the ability to collect data from the network and use advanced
analytics to uncover business insights and opportunities, and reduce operational cost. For
example: Select a sampling of data about your top customers and the key processes that
support those customers. Break down what you can gather to create an initial baseline.
Look at how customers are requesting your services and your typical response. Are you
only responding to requests, or by tapping IoT data, can you create new opportunities to
grow revenue? These questions can be answered with the help of IoT.

2. New capabilities to predict and act

A key opportunity is the ability to predict needs before they arise and act with precision
based on insights from the IoT network. Collected data can be used to build the historical
trends that predict and put you in front of issues before they occur. For example,

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manufacturer warranty and maintenance information can be paired with IoT-collected

data to predict maintenance incidents. You may have the opportunity to provide
customers with a value-added service that saves them money while, at the same time,
building their loyalty.

3. Improve monitoring

With IoT, sensors and smart devices provide the capability to manage a network of
physical objects. Consider monitoring across multiple layers of the network and
infrastructure used by you and your customers. The data that you collect from an onsite
monitor could be enhanced with data about hardware version, firmware version, and
location. Go beyond the sensor data and look at how that data is captured and transferred,
such as timestamps and error logs to improve network performance.

4. Increase customer dialog

All of this new capability provides opportunities to increase the level of dialog and
interaction with customers. Consider the utility bill that you receive each month. Most
likely, it provides you with an estimate of what you might expect to pay over the next
couple of months. Use that example and work with your marketing and business
development partners to translate the IoT data you are capturing and into models that will
increase customer dialog, trust and retention.

5. Fine tune services and products

Leading edge firms are using IoT to fine tune their services and products. As an analogy,
think about the light fixtures that have a sensor so that the lights turn on when you enter
the room. But after some time the room goes dark, forcing you to wave your arms around
to turn the light back on. Now apply this example to your customer: Do they need
something from you but, because the flow of information is not tuned, it is causing an
interruption? Look for gaps or interruptions of data relative to the process your customer
is engaged in. What can you do to fine tune and close any gaps that your customers
experience?

6. New revenue streams

IoT capabilities allow you to set up and roll out new products and services, often quickly.
Use data collected by IoT devices to help predict what your customers need and speed
planning and delivery of new revenue-generating offerings. Combine IoT data you are
collecting with historical data to proactively identify areas of new work (i.e., new
revenue). How can the information be presented to the customer to increase interaction
and demonstrate a high level of customer focus? For example, provide call center
employees with data that helps them suggest new products and services tailored to each
customer’s needs and preferences.

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7. Improve control of operation processes

In addition to new capabilities, we can consider IoT's ability to improve and enhance
controls. Examples can range from new visibility into the data to automating a control
that combines IoT data, artificial intelligence and machine learning. Consider how you
are capturing data anomalies or gaps in your data collection for each control. Each
anomaly should create a response and action. But the reality could be that the anomaly is
not seen or reacted to in a timely manner. Look at each part of the infrastructure and what
can be done to close the gap and improve and enhance controls.

Challenges of IoT

IoT is the biggest promise of the technology today, but a number of challenges need to be
overcome in order for IoT to achieve its objective. Some scholars and social observers doubt
whether the promises of the ubiquitous computing revolutions would come true. Numerous
challenges stand in the way of the vision becoming a reality: security, privacy, standardization,
interoperability, cost, addressing mechanism, and data management. We will consider six major
challenges IoT faces

• Security.
A major challenge facing IoT is cyber-security and data security, which is rising in importance
due to increased vulnerability to attacks and data breaches. Anything connected to the Internet
can be hacked. Security issues such as access control, secure communication, and secure data
storage in IoT environment are becoming challenging. In the IoT context, data are considered
sensitive because data will encapsulate various aspects of industrial operation, including highly
sensitive information about products, business strategies, and companies. Sensitive data may
warrant an extended use of privacy torts. IoT presents special security risk because it depends on
both the public Internet and private intranets. Each layer of the IoT is vulnerable to attacks.
People’s concern is that the IoT is being developed rapidly without due consideration of the
profound security challenges involved. Ensuring security of IoT products and services must be
given a priority and this requires collaboration across borders, sectors, and organizations.
Government can serve as catalysts for developing good IoT security practices.

• Privacy.
The IoT can challenge the traditional expectations of privacy. The user may not be aware that an
IoT device is collecting and sharing data about the user with third parties. In a world where all
things are connected, individual’s right to privacy needs to be protected.
In order to achieve a reliable and secure IoT environment, a number of privacy principles and
security protocols must be implemented. Principles of informed consent, data confidentiality and
security must be safeguarded. Ensuring privacy rights and respect for users is needed for trust
and confidence in IoT services. Privacy is also a major concern in important enablers of the IoT
technology such as RFID, WSNs, and mobile applications.

• Addressing mechanism.
Integration of every device with the Internet necessitates that devices use an IP address as a
unique identifier. To some extent, the future of IoT will be limited without the support of IPv6.
The supply of IPv4 addresses was exhausted in February 2014. The deployment of IPv6 will

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cover this IP address shortage by assigning addresses to billions of devices and make network
management less complex. IPv6 will make network management easier due to auto-
configuration capabilities and improve security features.

• Cost.
Cost of deployment, operation, and maintenance of the network is an important factor. Recently,
RFID tags and encryption technologies have become available at reasonable prices.

• Energy consumption.
Energy consumption is a major concern because devices connected to IoT consume power.
Providing power to sensors for a prolonged period of time is key to IoT being deployed
successfully. Sensors must be self-sustaining because it is impossible to change batteries in
billions of IoT devices around the globe. Transfer, storage, and processing of data are the major
energy-consuming activities with an IoT. Improving energy efficiency has positive economic and
environmental impacts and reduces the operational cost.

• Standardization/interoperability.
Standardization and interoperability between heterogeneous, complex Internet-connected objects
are always a challenge. Standards are vital to ensure that any new device added to the
infrastructure can interact with existing equipment. Interoperability is the cornerstone of the open
Internet. The IoT is a very complex heterogeneous network because it involves various types of
networks with various communication technologies. This leads to a related problem of lack of
common platform or technological standards in some areas, while other sectors are divided and
fragmented. Standardization of technologies involved is important for system integration. This
involves standardizing RFID technologies, sensor networks, NFC technology, MEMS,
communication protocols, and IoT. IEEE and the Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative
are attempting to develop IoT standards. Standards on IoT have attracted a lot of attention in
many countries. Global standards are needed to achieve economy of scale and global
networking. They are the key to interoperability.

• Data management.
This is a challenge because IoT sensors and devices are generating massive amounts of data that
need to be processed and stored. Data collected from IoT devices may be transmitted from one
jurisdiction to another with no roadblocks. Information may be transmitted across borders
without the user knowing it. The application of IoT devices raises legal and regulatory issues that
did not exist prior to these devices.

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IOT working process

IoT devices have sensors embedded into them. These sensors are capable of sensing their
surroundings. The devices store the information in some form of data. These devices include
appliances such as mobile phones, coffee machines, microwaves, geysers, fire alarms, Air
conditioners, cars and so on.
The sensors embedded in these devices constantly emit data about the surrounding and on the
working information of these devices. IoT serves as a platform to dump all the data collected by
these devices.
IoT platform includes cloud servers and large databases. The IoT platform acts on the data. It
integrates and processes the information. Further, the platform analyses the data thoroughly to
gather important details. The platform then sends back instructions based on the data provided.
Finally, the data aggregation is shared with other devices for better performance in the future. It
is also done for improved user experience.
The future of IoT is bright and massive. According to a report generated by Business Insider, 24
billion IoT devices were installed in the year 2020. ITC predicts that IoT revenue will reach 300
billion dollars in the coming years. This generates large amounts of job opportunities in the
technological industry and various other industries.

Smart car function with IoT

Let’s use a smart car example to understand the functioning of Iot. A smart car is one that is
embedded with IoT. It contains sensors that store information about the functionality of the car.

A smart car is updated with the latest technology. It includes features such as collision sensors to
alert the driver, GPS and environmental control, alert services that contact the car manufacturing
company when the car requires a check-up.
All of these features were unimaginable and impossible a few years ago. Thanks to IoT, devices
can do so much more.

Imagine you are driving your smart car to a particular destination. Smart cars have the ability to
provide the shortest route to the destination and it also provides the estimated traffic and time to
reach the destination.

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The sensor located in your car, alerts you about your surroundings. They constantly send
messages. This helps in accident control.

Smart cars have automatic temperature control embedded in them. These sensors are capable of
sensing the weather outside and on the basis of the information it adjusts the temperature in the
car.

In a situation where you feel dizzy and sleepy, you can activate automatic control where the car
drives itself. It does this by gathering information through a network via the internet.

Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications and use of Internet of
Things is growing so faster. Depending upon different application areas of Internet of Things,
it works accordingly as per it has been designed/developed. But it has not a standard defined
architecture of working which is strictly followed universally. The architecture of IoT depends
upon its functionality and implementation in different sectors. Still, there is a basic process
flow based on which IoT is built.
So, here in this article we will discuss basic fundamental architecture of IoT i.e., 4 Stage IoT
architecture.

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So, from the above image it is clear that there is 4 layers are present that can be divided as
follows: Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.
These are explained as following below.
1. Sensing Layer
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or Actuators
accepts data(physical/environmental parameters), processes data and emits data over
network.
2. Network Layer
Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in this layer. DAS
performs data aggregation and conversion function (Collecting data and aggregating data
then converting analog data of sensors to digital data etc). Advanced gateways which
mainly opens up connection between Sensor networks and Internet also performs many
basic gateway functionalities like malware protection, and filtering also sometimes
decision making based on inputted data and data management services, etc.

3. Data processing Layer

This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and pre-processed before
sending it to data center from where data is accessed by software applications often termed
as business applications where data is monitored and managed and further actions are also
prepared. So here Edge IT or edge analytics comes into picture.
4. Application Layer
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centers or cloud is management stage
of data where data is managed and is used by end-user applications like agriculture, health
care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.

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Applications of IoT

IoT Smart Home

Electronic devices and computers have taken over the job of humans in the modern world. We
rearrange our lifestyles as a result of being able to save time on other things. Our schedules were
reset. Now that we have more time to make, we can do so.

Over time, however, relying on too many devices necessitates the need to monitor them without
exerting additional effort or wasting time. As a result, we have begun to discuss new ideas such
as the smart home. Creating a smart home allows us to monitor all of our devices remotely
through a network system that allows us to delegate tasks to be completed later.

The Rise of the Smart Home System

Let us look back on the smart home system; we can say that every step we move takes us a stride
further on living with the machines that have benefited us to arrive at this point of time where we
are living in. Human beings have embraced a settled life. Since then, they have been constantly
upgrading their way and style of living.

Mankind has been constantly trying to find a better and easier way of performing things.
Laziness is the fact that took its lead to perform every task and it still has an impact on it. So, it is
obvious that it has been inescapable to come up with a new invention to execute each task and
this is the reason how we came across home appliances. At the time of Industrial Revolution, the
very first appliance was introduced and this was the beginning of an evolution of appliances. The
need for home automation technology was required around 1960s before the creation of Echo IV.
But it was not popular until 1998. Before this appliances came into existence, humans used to

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spend hours together to finish a single task, e.g., washing dishes, house cleaning, laundry,
grinding ingredients etc.

The fact is that these are all day-to-day indoor work. It can be said that house maintenance is a
big workload of housework. In order to save and invest time in several other productive things, a
smart home system is necessary to take control of all our devices.

Smart Home Automation Using IoT

Building smart home automation using IoT helps us manage our lives. We have already used
many devices to make it easier, but as the time flies, the main aim of the manufactur ers and
designers changes their working principles into minimizing the controlling and
monitoring methods for all functions of the smart applications.
The notion “internet of things” comes into our lives and enables all devices to use internet
connection and cloud storing platforms to work wirelessly and sometimes task-based.

The utilization of IoT on home appliances to create a smart world is a huge step and changes
the view of life in time. Because people couldn’t imagine to let some other things do their
jobs before. Laundry, for instance, now can be done before you arrive home if you set a
watch for it to start to work.

When sensors are attached to them, the appliances designed by the intent of the smart ho me
concept are able to be used without touching. We can control the system with the help of the
applications on smart-phones or other devices as well as with the voice recognition option.

The Smart Grid

Probably, you have come across the term "Smart Grid" on the news or from your energy
provider. Everyone does not know the smart grid. Here, the "The Grid" means a network of
transmitted lines, electric grid, transformers, substations and electricity from the power plant
station to your city, home and business places. Every task you perform as in when you plug in
any electronic appliances, switch on the light, power up your devices like mobile phones and

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laptops, current electricity has been continuously improved to advanced technology through each
decade since the current electric grid was built in the 1890s. Presently, it has more than 9,200
amount of electric generating units with a capacity of more than 1 million megawatts connected
to more than 300,000 miles of transmitted lines. Though the electric grid is considered an
engineering marvel, we are stretching its ability to its maximum capacity. Pushing it a step
further, there is a need for a new form of the electric grid, which is built from the bottom up to
handle the roots of digital and computerized equipment and technology-dependent tasks that can
automate and manage the increasing complexity and requirement of electricity in the 21"
century.

In simple words, digital technology enables two-way communication between its customers and
the utility, and simultaneously sensing the transmission lines. Same as Internet, the Smart Grid
will have automation technology, computers, advanced controls, and new technologies and
equipment as we progress altogether in coordination. But in the current case, these technologies
will work with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our changing requirements and demand
of electricity.

What is the Purpose of a Smart Grid?

The Smart Grid represents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to usher in a new age of energy
industry reliability, availability and efficiency that will benefit both our economic and
environmental well-being. To ensure that the benefits we envisage from the Smart Grid become
a reality throughout the transition period, it will be necessary to conduct testing, technical
advancements, consumer education, the development of standards and laws, and information
sharing amongst projects. The following are some of the advantages of the Smart Grid:

• Improved electricity transmission efficiency.

• Faster restoration of power in the event of a power outage.
• Cheaper utility operating and management costs, resulting in lower electricity costs for
consumers.
• Lowering electricity rates due to decreased peak demand.
• More large-scale renewable energy systems are being integrated.
• Improved customer-owned power generation systems, including renewable energy
systems.
• Enhanced security.

Cities are confronted with new opportunities as the population of urban dwellers expands, as
well as difficulties. Municipalities are turning to the Internet of Things to address environmental
degradation, sanitation issues, traffic congestion, and urban crime (IoT).

IoT has the ability to alleviate urbanization's pressures, provide new experiences for city
dwellers, and make daily life more comfortable and secure.

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Smart City Applications for IoT

IoT-enabled smart city use cases include a wide range of topics, from reducing traffic and
contributing to a healthier environment to boosting public safety and optimizing street lighting.
We have compiled a list of the most common use cases already in use in smart cities around the
world.

• Road Traffic

Smart cities make sure that their residents get from point A to point B the most safely and
efficiently possible. Municipalities use loT development and smart traffic solutions to
accomplish this goal.

To calculate the number, location and speed of vehicles, smart traffic solutions employ variety of
sensors as well as GPS data from drivers' mobile phones. Simultaneously, smart traffic lights
linked to a cloud management platform allow for the monitoring of green light timings and the
automatic alteration of lights based on actual traffic conditions to avoid congestion. Smart traffic
management solutions can also determine where traffic will go based on historical data and take
steps to avoid potential bottlenecks.

Los Angeles, for example, as one of the world's most congested cities, has deployed a smart
traffic solution to manage the flow of traffic. A central traffic management platform receives real
time traffic flow information from road-surface sensors and closed-circuit video cameras. The
platform analyzes the data and sends out notifications to platform users via desktop user apps
when there is traffic congestion or traffic light problems. In addition, the city is building a
network of smart controllers that will automatically modify traffic signals second by second,
according to changing traffic circumstances in real time.

• Smart Parking

Smart parking systems assess if parking places are occupied or available using GPS data from
drivers' smart-phones (or road-surface sensors placed in the ground on parking places) and build
a real-time parking map. Drivers receive a message when the closest parking spot becomes
available, and instead of driving around aimlessly, they utilize the map on their phone to find a
parking spot faster and simpler.

• Public Transport

Data from IoT devices can be used to uncover patterns in how citizens use public transportation.
This information can be used by public transit providers to improve the travelling experience, as
well as increase safety and timeliness. Smart public transportation solutions can combine
different sources, such as ticket sales and traffic data, to perform more complex analysis.
Some railway operators in London, for example, forecast the loading of railway passenger cars
on their excursions in and out of the city. Data from ticket sales, movement sensors and CCTV
cameras located along the platform are combined. Train operators can forecast how each car will
load up with people by analyzing this data. When a train arrives at a station, passengers are

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encouraged to spread out along the train to maximize capacity. Train operators avoid train delays
by maximizing capacity use.

• Utilities

Citizens in IoT-enabled smart cities can save money by having more control over their household
utilities. Different methods to smart utilities are enabled by loT:

• Billing and Smart Meters

Municipalities can provide consumers with cost-effective connections to utility companies IT

systems using a network of smart meters. Smart-linked meters can now transfer data directly to a
public utility over a telecommunications network, giving it accurate meter readings. Utility
providers can bill correctly for the quantity of water, energy and gas used each residence, thanks
to smart metering.

• Disclosing Consumption Habits

Utility firms can acquire a better understanding of how their customers use electricity and water
by using a network of smart meters. Utility providers can monitor demand in real time using a
network of smart meters and divert resources as needed, or encourage customers to use less
electricity or water during times of scarcity.

• Remote Monitoring

Utility management services can also be provided via IoT smart city technologies. Citizens may
use their smart meters to track and control their usage remotely with these services. A
homeowner, for example, can use their mobile phone to switch off their home's central heating In
addition, if a problem arises (for example, a water leak), utilities firms can alert homeowners and
dispatch personnel to resolve the issue.

• Street Lighting

Streetlight maintenance and control are easier and more cost-effective in IoT-based smart cities.
The addition of sensors to streetlights and their connection to a cloud management solution aids
in the adaptation of lighting schedules to lighting zones. Smart lighting solutions collect data on
daylight, human and vehicle movement, and combine it with historical and contextual data (e.g.,
special events, public transportation schedules, time of day and year, etc.) to enhance lighting
schedules. As a result, based on the outside conditions, a smart lighting system "tells" a
streetlight to dim, brighten, turn on or turn off the lights.

When pedestrians cross the road, e.g., the lights around the crossings can be turned on brighter,
when a bus is due to arrive at a bus stop, the streetlights around it can be turned on brighter than
those further away, and so on.

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• Waste Management

. The majority of garbage collection companies work to predetermined schedules when emptying
containers. This is not a very efficient technique because it results in the garbage containers
being used inefficiently and waste collection trucks consuming needless gasoline. By tracking
waste levels and offering route optimization and operational data, IoT-enabled smart city
solutions help to optimize waste collection schedules.

Each garbage container is equipped with a sensor that collects information about the waste level
in the container. The waste management solution receives a sensor record, evaluates it, and sends
a notification to a truck driver's mobile app when it gets close to a specified threshold. As a
result, the truck driver empties a full container rather than a half-empty one.

• Environment

Smart city solutions based on the Internet of Things can track parameters that are important for a
healthy environment and keep them at an optimal level. For example, a city can construct a
network of sensors across the water system and connect them to a cloud management platform to
monitor water quality. Sensors monitor pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved ions. If there is a
leak and the chemical composition of the water changes, the cloud platform sends out an output
that the customers have specified. If a Nitrate (NO) level surpasses 1 mg/L, for example, a water
quality management solution notifies maintenance teams and instantly produces a case for field
personnel, who then begin repairing the problem.

Another application is air quality monitoring. A network of sensors is installed along major
roadways and surrounding factories to accomplish this. Sensors collect data on CO, nitrogen and
sulphur oxide levels, while a central cloud platform analyzes and visualizes the data so that users
of the website can see a map of air quality and utilize the data to identify places where air
pollution is a problem and make recommendations to citizens.

• Public Safety

Smart city solutions based on IoT provide real-time monitoring, analytics and decision making
capabilities to improve public safety. Public safety solutions can identify probable crime scenes
by combining data from acoustic sensors and CCTV cameras installed throughout the city with
data from social media feeds and evaluating it. This will enable the police to apprehend or track
down suspected criminals.

A gunshot detection technology, for example, is used in over 90 communities across the United
States. A network of connected microphones is established throughout a city as part of the
solution. The information from the microphones is sent to a cloud platform, which analyzes the
sounds and detects a gunshot. The platform calculates the distance travelled by the cannon by
measuring the time it took for the sound to reach the microphone. When a gunshot is detected
and its location is determined, cloud software sends a mobile app alert to the police.

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Have you ever heard the term "wearable technology" and had no idea what it meant? Simply
said, wearable technology refers to a collection of gadgets that are designed to be worn
throughout the day, such as fitness trackers and smart-watches, "Wearable" is a term used to
describe these devices.

Wearables have grown in popularity in recent years, although the basic concept is nothing new.
If you have ever worn a wristwatch, for example, you have already experienced a basic type of
wearable. Wearables now may link to your existing devices, such as laptops and smart-phones,
allowing them to perform a variety of tasks.

Fitness Trackers

These devices can help you comprehend your everyday activity, whether you are preparing for a
marathon or simply trying to be more active. They can keep track of how many steps you take,
your average heart rate, how much sleep you get, and more. This information can then be synced
with another device, allowing you to discover patterns and trends in your activities. You could,
for example, calculate how far you have walked in the last week or calculate how many calories
you have burnt in a day.

Depending on your demands, fitness trackers come in a variety of cost and form factors. Basic
variants that clip onto your belt or shoe can be as low as 1500, while other models, such as
bracelets and even jewellery, can be far more expensive. Fit-bit, Basis and Misfit are some of the
most popular fitness tracker brands.

Smart-watches

You are undoubtedly used to receiving a variety of notifications on your smart-phone, such as e-
mails, text messages and phone calls. A smart-watch, on the other hand, may be useful if you do
not like glancing at your phone all day. These devices can be connected with your smart-phone
allowing you to quickly see notifications, receive calls and play music on your wrist. The
majority of smart-watches may also be used as between the range of 4,000 to 10,000.

Because most smart-watches rely on a smart-phone to work, the model you choose will be
determined by your phone. The Apple Watch, for example, can only be linked with an iPhone,
whereas Android Wear devices like Samsung gear, Realme, etc. can only be synced with
Android phones, and devices like Amazfit, Xiaomi, etc. can be connected with Android phones
as well as iPhones.

Safety Wearables

Wearable safety devices are designed to assist you in instances where you feel threatened or in
danger. They are occasionally disguised as jewellery so that they can be utilized in a stealthy
manner without alerting a potential assailant. The majority of them are controlled by a button
that sends a message to others, sounds a loud alarm, or does both.

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They can send pre-programmed SMS or recorded voice messages as notifications. Many of them
also include built-in GPS, allowing you to share your whereabouts with friends, family others in
your close vicinity, or even the authorities.

You are using IoT technology every time you look at your smart-watch to monitor calories o ask
Alexa or Siri to determine the value of a pie. IoT, in its most basic form, is simply the Internet
controlling things. IoT gadgets are smart gadgets that can send and receive data over the internet
A 1982 Coke vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University was one of the earliest networked
devices, able to indicate whether the beverages were cold or if there were any beverages at all.

Kevin Ashton, Co-Founder and Executive Director of the MIT Auto-ID Center, created the term
"Internet of Things" (IoT) in 1999 while presenting a presentation at Procter & Gamble as their
Brand Manager. The purpose of Ashton's presentation for Procter & Gamble was to use RFID
(Radio Frequency Identification) tags to control the supply chain so that the position and stock of
each item going out of it could be better tracked.

In the year 2000, LG Electronics, riding the RFID wave, released the Internet Digital DIOS a
refrigerator that was connected to the Internet. By scanning the RFID tags on the food products it
contained; it was able to keep track of what type of food they were and how much of each they
had. Despite the fact that the Internet Digital DIOS refrigerator did not sell well because most
people thought it was too expensive for their requirements, it did open the way for other home
appliances to be controlled via the internet in the future,

Despite the fact that the concept was coined in 1999, the Internet of Things was created between
2008 and 2009, when more "things or items" were connected to the Internet than people,
according to Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG). Citing the expansion of smart-
phones, tablet PCs and other Internet-connected gadgets, the number of devices linked to the
Internet reached 12.5 billion in 2010, while the global human population reached 6.8 billion,
marking the first time in history that the number of connected devices per person exceeded one
(1.84 to be exact).

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IoT IN AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS

• Robotics

Automation has improved steadily since the industrial revolution in the 1800s, allowing it to
undertake increasingly complex tasks and boost productivity. Agriculture robots, also known as
Agri-bots, are gaining popularity farmers due to rising demand and manpower shortages around
the world. Crop output in the United States has fallen by an estimated 213 crores ($3.1 billion)
every year due to manpower shortages. Agro-bots have gained in popularity as a result of recent
advances in sensor and Al technologies that allow machines to train in their environment. The
agricultural robotics revolution is still in its early stages, with the majority of devices in trial and
development.

• Weeding Robots

These clever agri-bots employ digital image processing to search their database for weed images
that are similar to crops and then weed or spray them with their robotic arms. With a growing
number of plants becoming resistant to pesticides, it is a benefit to the environment as well as to
farmers who used to distribute pesticides around the farm an estimated 13,000 kgs (3 billion
pounds) of herbicides used at a cost of 1,725 crores ($25 billion) a year-thus lowering their
overall cost.

• Machine Navigation

Tractors and large ploughing equipment can be run automatically from the comfort of your own
house using GPS, just like remote-controlled toy vehicles. These integrated automatic devices
are highly accurate and self-adjust when different terrains are detected, making labour intensive
operations easier. Smart-phones may readily track their travels as well as their work progress.
These tech-driven motors are growing smarter and more independent as machine learning
advances, with features like autonomous obstacle identification.

• Harvesting Robotics

Picking crops with agri-bots solves the problem of labour shortages. These cutting-edge
machines can handle the delicate task of harvesting fruits and vegetables 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week. These machines employ a mixture of image analysis and robotic arms to identify which
fruits to pluck, thereby controlling the quality. Orchard products like apples have an early focus
on agri-bot harvesting due to high operational expenses. These bots can also be used to collect
high-value crops like tomatoes and strawberries in greenhouses. These bots can be used in
greenhouses to accurately assess crop stages and harvest them at the appropriate times.

• Material Handling

Working with humans, robots can do onerous manual labour duties. They have the ability to
carry large items and conduct operations like plant spacing with pinpoint accuracy, maximizing
space and plant quality while lowering production costs.

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• Drones

Agriculture is one of the most important industries to use drones in. For photographing mapping
and surveying the farms, drones equipped with sensors and cameras are employed. Aerial drones
and ground-based drones are both available. Ground drones are wheeled bots that survey the
fields. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes) are flying
robots that are also known as aerial drones. Drones can be commanded remotely or fly
autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, which work in
tandem with sensors and GPS. Crop health, irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field, plant
counts and yield projection, and much more may all be learned from the drone data.

Drones can be used for farm surveys or other purposes. Drones can be rented (drone as a service)
or purchased and stored near fields where they may be recharged and maintained. Following the
surveys, the drones must be transported to neighbouring labs where they obtained data may be
analyzed.

• Remote Sensing

IoT- based remote sensing collects data from sensors installed along farms, such as weather
stations, and sends it to an analytical tool for examination. Sensors are devices that detect
abnormalities. Farmers may keep an eye on their crops using an analytical dashboards and take
action based on what they learn.

• Crop Monitoring

Sensors positioned throughout the farms track changes in light, humidity, temperature, shape and
size of the crops. Sensors identify any anomalies, which are analyzed and the farmer notified. As
a result, remote sensing can aid in disease prevention and crop growth monitoring

• Weather Conditions

Sensor data on humidity, temperature, moisture precipitation and dew detection aids determining
weather patterns in farms so that appropriate crops can be cultivated.

• Soil Quality

The analysis of soil quality aids in evaluating the nutrient value and drier parts of farms, well as
soil drainage capacity and acidity, allowing for adjustments in the amount of water required for
irrigation and the selection of the most beneficial form of cultivation.

• Computer Imaging

Computer imaging entails the employment of sensor cameras placed across the farm or drones
equipped with cameras to produce photos that are then processed digitally. The core notion of
digital image processing is to use computer algorithms to process an input image. Image
processing examines photographs in various spectrum intensities, such as infrared, compares

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images taken over time, and discovers abnormalities, allowing for the analysis of limiting factors
and better farm management.

• Quality Control and Sorting and Grading

Image processing paired with machine learning compares photos from a database to photographs
of crops to identify size, shape, colour and growth, allowing the quality to be controlled. Sorting
and grading product by size, colour and form can be aided by computer imaging.

• Irrigation Monitoring

The mapping of irrigated lands is aided by irrigation throughout time. This makes it easier to
decide whether or not to harvest during the pre-harvest season.

Few Important questions:

1. Explain IoT. What are the different layers of IoT?

2. Explain the advantages of IoT.
3. Give an account of the challenges for implementation of IoT.
4. Explain the working of IoT with the help of an example.
5. Explain the architecture of IoT.
6. Explain the application of IoT in our daily life.
7. How can a Smart city be built using IoT? Explain.
8. Explain the application of IoT in farming.

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