A

Project report
on

Transmission Line Fault Detection by Using Arduino

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
by
Mohd Suhail (700570108037)

Under supervision of
Mr. Anuj Rana

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Phonics Group of Institution Roorkee

Veer Madho Singh Bhandari

Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this project titled “
Transmission Line Fault Detection by Using Arduino “ in fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering and submitted to “Phonics Group of Institution Roorkee”, is an
authentic record of our own work carried out under the supervision of Mr. Anuj Rana.

Mohd Suhail (700570108037)

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project titled “Transmission Line Fault Detection by
Using Arduino” submitted by Mohd Suhail to “Phonics Group of Institution
Roorkee”for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a record of bonafide work
carried out by them under my supervision. In my opinion, the project has reached the
standards of fulfilling the requirements of the regulations to the degree

Under guidence
Mr. Anuj Rana
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Phonics Group of Institution Roorkee

Dr. Pragati Sharma

H.O.D.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Phonics Group of Institution Roorkee

Signature of External Examiner Signature of H.O.D.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with deep sense of gratitude and reverence that we express our sincere thanks to
our guider Mr. Anuj Rana for his guidance, encouragement, help and useful
suggestions throughout. His untiring and painstaking efforts, methodical approach and
individual help made it possible for us to complete this work in time. we consider
ourself very fortunate for having been associated with the scholar like his. His
affection, guidance and scientific approach served a veritable incentive for completion
of this work.

We shall ever remain indebted to the faculty members of Phonics Group of

Institution Roorkee, and all my classmates for their cooperation, kindness and
general help extended to me during the completion of this work.Although it is not
possible to name individually, we cannot forget my well-wishers at Phonics Group of
Institution Roorkee and outsiders for their persistent support and cooperation.
This acknowledgement will remain incomplete if we fail to express my deep sense of
obligation to my parents and God for their consistent blessings and encouragement

Mohd Suhail

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 ABSTRACT

Now a days transmission line protection is a key problem in power transmission

lines because (85-87) percentage of power system disturbances are occurring in
transmission lines. Identification of fault source is tedious task; fast fault detection
can help to protect the equipment before any significant damage of the equipment.
The exact fault location can help service man to remove persistent of the faults and
locate the areas where the faults occur regularly, thus reducing the occurrence of
fault and minimize the time of power outages. The paper is intended to detect the
location of fault in transmission line using an Arduino board and the same is
transmitted to control Centre using Arduino nano device. In this proposed thesis,
we sense the current by placing the conducting wire inside the loop of the current
transformer and is given to the protective circuit to avoid the high current. This is
given to the Arduino Nano(microcontroller). The fire sensor (An IR Receiver) is
given to the Arduino to detect the presence of any fire. In case there is a short
circuit, the current in the series resistors modifies accordingly to the resistance that
modifies with the distance and the load which is connected through a relay to the
Arduino is turned OFF when the resistance is below threshold value. In addition,
this thesis can also be empowered by using capacitor in the AC circuit to measures
the impedance that could also locate the open circuit cable. An LCD display will
indicate the status of the transmission lines and buzzer will sound when fault is
detected. The SMS alerts will be going to be sent to the corresponding number
through GSM Modem.

Keywords: Arduino Nano, Microcontroller, LCD, SMS.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER No. TITLE
No.
ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS x

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2

1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT 4

1.4 ADVANTAGES 4

2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5

2.2 EXPLANATION 5

2.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 6

2.4 ARDUINO NANO 7

2.5 PIN DESCRIPTION 8

2.6 RPS 14

2.7 LCD 15

2.8 BUZZER 20

2.9 GSM 21
2.10 FIRE SENSOR 25

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3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 ARDUINO C COMPILER 26

3.2 WORKING SKETCHES 27

3.3 UPLOADING 29

3.4 LIBRARIES 30

3.5 THIRD PARTY HARDWARE 30

3.6 THE COMPILATION PROCESS 30

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 WORKING MODEL 32

4.2 WORKING 32

4.3 RESULT 33

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 SUMMARY 35

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 35

REFERENCES….

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 TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

2.1 Block Diagram 5

2.2 Circuit diagram 6

2.3 Arduino Nano 7

2.4 Pin Configuration of Atmega328 9

2.5 Pin Names and Their Functions 10

2.6 Pin Names and Their Functions 11

2.7 Pin Names and Their Functions 12

2.8 RPS 14

2.9 Circuit Diagram of RPS With Led Connection 15

2.10 2x16 Line Alphanumeric LCD Display 15

2.11 Basic LCD screen 16

2.12 LCD Screen 17

2.13 LCD Background 17

2.14 Character LCD pins with 1 controller 18

2.15 Character LCD pins with 2 controller 19

2.16 BUZZER 20

2.17 GSM Chip 21

Description Of A Remaining Energy Voice And
2.18 Data Signal Utilizing leee And PulseWidth Modulation. 22

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2.19 The Basic Blocks of The Whole GSM System 23

2.20 Transmitter For The Voice Signal 23

2.21 Receiver For The Voice Signal 24

2.22 Signaling Between Air And Abi’s Interface 25

4.1 Working Model 32

4.2 SMS Alert 33

4.3 Hardware output 34

v
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

2.1 Arduino Nano Specification 8

vi
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Vs ─ Supply Voltage

Vee ─ Ground Voltage

GSM ─ Global System for Mobile Communication

LED ─ Light Emitting Diode

PIC ─ Programmable Interface Controller

DC ─ Direct Current

I/O ─ Input/output

volt ─ Voltage

ADC ─ Analog to Digital Converter

PCB ─ Printed Circuit Board

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The location and grouping of faults in the transmission is an important errand

for shielding the framework of electrical power. A key part of the Defensive
Transport is a selector module that characterizes the type of fault that has
occurred as well as adjusts the ‘typical state’. Choosing a solid stage for the
condemned stage is inevitably important to avoid deviating from the wrong stage
or one of the additional three stumbling blocks. Also, an important prerequisite for
stage selectors is rapid activity, since the selection cycle needs to end after a rapid
shortfall before the breaker opens. The complexity of the mediocre step-decision
planning framework model, lack of information about its boundaries, influences of
the far bast, defects, disorders, covalent bonds in adjacent same lines, etc.
experience adverse effects of certain negative aspects Also if symptoms are
suspected, settle on the right choice to strongly influence the working conditions
of the framework.

Remote sensor-based transmission line observations are state-based, not

conclusions, through continuous primary cardiac change, faster defect limitation,
recognizable evidence and electrical fault isolation from mechanical problem. It
offers answers to some concerns, such as cost savings through support. These
applications, such as intermittent maintenance, show a serious need to quickly
convey huge measurements of exceptionally robust information. The realization of
these applications relies on a practical and robust organizational design plan with
fast reaction times.
Organizations should provide options for transmitting sensitive information,
such as current status and control data of transmission lines between
transmission grids. This paper provides an advanced structure of costs for
planning an organization of continuous Information delivery. To triage the situation
in the force framework, sensors are placed in different parts of the force
organization. These sensors are equipped to generate large amounts of data,
making detailed estimates of various physical or electrical boundaries. Delivering
this data to the control community productively and at an affordable cost is a
fundamental test for building a fiercely outstanding network.

1
 1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

NIRANJAN L, et al. (2020) recommends many power transmission companies

primarily rely on circuit indicators to detect faulty parts of their transmission lines. Even
if sensors, breakers and other communication lines are used the system looks very
expensive and consumes the same time in the wrong location and specification.
However there are still challenges in finding the exact location of these errors.
Although fault indicator technology has provided reliable methods of detecting
permanent errors, the current state of error detection is very worrying and time
consuming as the technical team and monitoring teams still have to physically monitor
and inspect equipment for long hours to find faulty parts. of their transmission lines and
then have to clear the error, which requires a lot of human effort in identifying the error
location and removing the error. Wire-based monitoring of transmission lines provides
a solution to many of these concerns such as real-time structural awareness, rapid
error detection, accurate error detection and detection of electrical errors in mechanical
errors, reduced costs due to conditional rather than occasional correction. care, etc.
These applications define solid requirements such as faster delivery of large amounts
of highly reliable data. The success of these applications depends on building an
efficient and reliable network structure with fast response time.
S.SURESH, et al. (2019) suggested discovery of the wrong location has been the
goal of the power system engineers, from the creation of distribution and transmission
systems. Rapid error detection can help protect the device by allowing the fault lines to
be cut before any major equipment damage. Accurate error location can help service
personnel to eliminate persistent errors and locate areas where errors occur
frequently, thus reducing the incidence of error and minimizing power outages. As a
result, while error detection systems have been developed in the past, a variety of
algorithms continue to be developed to perform this function more accurately and
effectively. The detection and location of power transmission faults are important for
the protection and maintenance of the power system. Many error and location
detection methods are related to the voltage values provided by current and voltage
transformers. These transformers can be expensive and require physical contact with
high-power monitors.
Prof. Vikram Singh R. Parihar, et al. (2020) Electric Power System is divided into
many different categories. One of them is the power transmission system, where

2
power is transferred to productive stations and smaller stations via transmission lines
to consumers. Both methods can meet various types of malfunctions often referred to
as "Error". An error is simply defined as a number of unpleasant but inevitable
incidents that can temporarily disrupt a stable power system situation that occurs when
a system installation fails at any time. GSM-based error detection and location system
was used to adequately and accurately diagnose and error detection. This will ensure
a short response time for technical personnel to correct these errors and thus help
save transformers from damage and disaster. The system uses a current transformer,
voltage transformer, PIC 16F877 Microcontroller, RS-232 connector, and GSM
modem. The system automatically detects errors, analyzes and separates these errors
and then calculates the error distance from the control room using an impedance-
based algorithm method. Finally, the error details are transferred to the control room.
In conclusion, the time required to detect an error has been greatly reduced, as the
system automatically and accurately provides the location information for the error. By
using this project, we can detect three-phase transmission lines that one can monitor
Temperature, Voltage, Current using the GSM modem by sending a message.
Ahmed Hamed, et al. (2018) The problem of finding the fault location in the
transmission line has become more complex and more expensive depending on the
current method used to detect error in the transmission power lines measured by the
calculation of the voltage detection and current data. The functions of this thesis are to
find the solution to how to detect and detect error in the transmission line using GPS,
GSM, microcontroller and power sensor the proposed system determines the location
of the error as accurately and as quickly as possible. This process is performed when
the power sensor detects the transmission line and detects an error, and sends a
signal to the microcontroller (processing units) A warning of error occurring in the
transmission line, after which the ground suspension system detects the location and
the global. mobile communication system send a message to the manager This
message includes location details and line number. At the end of the study we found
that the results could be determined when the proposed power sensor determined the
location of the error as accurately and as quickly as possible. This process is
performed when the power sensor detects the transmission line and detects an error,
and sends a signal to the microcontroller (processing units) A warning of error
occurring in the transmission line, after which the ground suspension system detects
the location and the global. mobile communication system send a message to the

3
manager This message includes location details and line number. At the end of the
study we found the results that can be obtained when the error is high accuracy.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The work proposed here is a very simple, fast efficient and cost-effective approach to
identify the fault location in the transmission network. The proposed system uses to
identify the four types of faults (“Over voltage fault, Short circuit fault, Open circuit fault,
Fire fault “). In this proposed system use of any kind of sensor is absent. Based on the
program coded, it senses the voltage drop in the fault line where in it compares with
the predefined value for fault condition and sends information to the control center.

1.4 ADVANTAGES
The major advantages are as follows:
• Work in real time response.
• Coverage area is large compared with other existing system.
• Cost efficient.
• Devices enable by wireless communication.
• Economically reliable.
• Number of components used are compact in size.

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 CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1: Block Diagram

2.2 Explanation

The voltage, fire, short, open circuit sensors are attached to both Arduino and
transmissions lines maintaining the connection between them, meanwhile the Arduino
is connected to RPS and the LCD, buzzer, GSM are connected to Arduino completing
the circuit. When supply is given to the circuit, if there is any problem in the circuit like
high voltage or low voltage the voltage sensor comes in to work and indicates the
Arduino which sends signal to lcd to display that there is a short circuit at a specific
area and also the buzzer will be alerted. Same process will be continued for all the
sensors, if there is a fire at any of the transmission lines the fire sensor comes in to
work, if there is any open and short circuit respective sensors come in to work.

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 2.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Figure 2.2: circuit diagram

The list of hardware components that are required are:

• Arduino Nano (Micro controller)
• RPS
• LCD
• Buzzer
• GSM
• Voltage Sensor

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2.4 ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino Nano, as the name recommends it will be smaller, closed

and bread-board cordial micro-controller module. The module weight could be
7grams includes measurements of 4.5CMS to 1.8CMS This section has the
details about the specialized specifications in particular about pins also
elements of each and each pin in the Nano board, while UNO has 6
ADC ports yet Nano has 8 ADC ports. The USB port is utilized for
programming and sequential checking. The highlight in Nano is that it will pick
the most grounded power supply with the possible distinction, and also force
supply choosing jumper is not suitable.

Figure 2.3: Arduino Nano

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 Arduino Nano Specifications
Analog I/O Pins 8
Architecture AVR
Clock Speed 16 MHz
DC Current per I/O Pins 40 milliamps
Digital I/O Pins 22
EEPROM 1KB
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 2 KB used by Bootloader
Input Voltage (7-12)volts
Microcontroller ATmega328p
Operating Voltage 5 volts
PCB Size 18 x 45 mm
Power Consumption 19 milliamps
PWM Output 6
SRAM 2KB
Weight 7gms

Table 2.1: Arduino Nano Specifications

2.5 PIN DESCRIPTION

i. Power
The Arduino Nano will able to controlled through the Mini-B USB
association, 6-20V and also not required regulated outer force source, or also
5V directed outside power supply. The force supply highest voltage.

ii. Memory
The ATmega328P has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader.
The ATmega328P.

iii. Input and Output

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 Figure 2.4: Pin Configuration of Atmega328

• Sequential: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to get (RX) and send (TX)TTL
sequential information. This pins were associated with comparing pins
of the FTDI USB-TTL Serial chip.

• PWM: 3-11 pins. Furnish 8-bit PWM yield with the analog Write () work.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). The above pins support

SPI corresponding, despite the truth that gives by the fundamental
equipment, isn’t remembered for Arduino language.

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 Figure 2.5: Pin Names and Their Functions

The could be customized with the Arduino programming. Select “Arduino

Duemilanove or ATmega328P” from the Tools Board menu. The
ATmega328P on the Nano comes preboned with a bootloader that permits
us to change new code without using of outside board software engineer.

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Figure 2.6: Pin Names and Their Functions

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 Figure 2.7: Pin Names and Their Functions

• Arduino Nano Pinout contains 14 advanced pins, 8 simple Pins, 2 Reset

Pins and 6 Power Pins.

• Each of these Digital and Analog Pins are allocated with various
capacities yet their fundamental capacity is to be designed as
information or yield.
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• The general pins accomplish a complete goal of 10 bits while measuring
the worth between 0-5V.

• Arduino consists a gem oscillator of 16 MHz This is required to deliver

a clock of recurrence using consistent volts.

• There is one constraint using this board for example it doesn’t

accompany power jack, resembles we could not stockpile outside power
supply besides a battery.

• These boards doesn’t use USB for associations with a Computer, all
things being equal, it accompany Mini USB support.

• The board is similar to Arduino boards accessible on the lookout,

however the small shape made these boards stand apart with other
boards.

• It is customized utilizing Arduino IDE means an Integrated Development

Environment which will run on disconnected and over the web.

• Not in previous courses of action needed to run the chip. All we need
is a circuit, small in size than general USB and Arduino IDE program
introduction on the computer. USB cable is required to move the code
from desktop to the chip.

• Each nail to the Nano board accompanies a particular capacity related

to that.

• We could look the simple pin that can be utilized as a simple to

computerized converting where A4 and A5 pin can likewise be utilized
for I2C correspondence.

• Vin. Input power source voltage to the board when utilizing an outside
voltage wellspring between 7V-12V. It is a managed power supply
voltage of the board that is utilized to control the regulator and different
segments put on theboard.

• 3.3V. Is a base voltage created by the voltage controller on the chip.

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 • I2C. I2C correspondence is created utilizing pins A4 and A5 where A4
addresses the sequential information line that conveys the information
and A5 addresses the sequential clock line that is a clock, produced
through the expert gadget, utilized for information synchronizing the
gadgets on the I2C transport.

2.6 RPS (Regulated Power Supply)

Regulating source is an inventory of electrical force. A device or system that
allows electrical or different kinds of power to a yield burden or gathering of
burdens is known as a force source unit or RPS. This word is normally applied
to electrical energy supply, less regularly to mechanical, and infrequently to
other members.
A force source might includes a force appropriation system just as essential
or auxiliary well springs of energy,

 Conversion of any kind of electrical quantity to another ideal

structure and power, normally includes changes over AC line
voltage to an all around controlled low voltage dc for electronic
devices. Low voltage, low force dc power source unit is usually
incorporated with the devices they supply, like computers and
hardware.

 Battery Management Systems.

 Chemical power modules and different types of energy

stockpiling frame- works

Figure 2.8: RPS

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 Figure 2.9: Circuit diagram of RPS with Led connection

The main components that are using in the above figure are
 AC SUPPLY MAINS (230V)
 TRANSFORMER
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
 CAPACITORS
 VOLTAGE REGULATORS (IC 7805)
 RESISTORS
 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED)

2.7 LCD

To display accurate messages, we use the LCD Module. Analyzing A smart two-
line LCD display, 16 characters per line used to directors. The (handshake)
presentation session is as follows it emerged. Although D0 to D7th bit are Data
lines, RS, RW and EN pins only control rods and anchors remaining + 5V, - 5V
and GND should be provided to feed. Where RS is the Select Register, RW is
Read Write and EN pin Allow.
The most popular type t LCD regulator is a HITACHI 44780 that provides a visual
interface in the middle controller and LCD. These LCDs are very easy to work
with regulator as they have financial knowledge
The LCD requires three control lines (RS, R / W and EN) and 8 (or
lines of information. The number in the information lines depends on the operating
system. Whenever it works in 8-bit mode and then 8+ information lines and three

Figure 2.10: 2x16 Line Alphanumeric LCD Display

control lines for example 11 lines are required. In addition, whenever a 4-bit
mode is used and then 4+ information lines and three control

15
lines for example 7 lines are required. How can we choose which mode to
use? It is straightforward with the possibility that you have enough information
lines to go in 8-digit mode and if there is a binding time.
The ENABLE pin is used to link existing information to information pins.
A low-level signal is needed to connect the data. LCD deciphers also make
our order right now the EN line is dropped down. If you do not lower EN, your
lead will never be implemented.

Figure 2.11: Basic LCD screen

i. Description:
This is the 16th feature in the 2-line display. Dark content on Green
foundation. It uses the same HD44780 optical chipset. Interface code is
clearly accessible. We will need 11 standard I / O pins to connect to this LCD
screen. Includes LED backlight.

ii. Pin:
Most LCDs with 1 controller have 14 pins and LCDs with 2 regulators with 16
pins (two pins are added to both LED backlights). The display of the pin
appears in the table below.

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 Figure 2.12: LCD screen

Figure 2.13: LCD Background

iii. LCD Background:

Fortunately, there is a popular standard that allows us to talk to many LCDs
that do not pay much attention to their manufacturer. The standard is referred
to as the HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip that receives data
from an external source (8051) and communicates directly with the LCD.

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 Figure 2.14: Character LCD pins with 1 Controller

iv. Circuit Description:

Above is a very straightforward program. Control Port is an open source /
open channel producer. While many of the same ports have internal pull-out
pins, not much is missing. So by mixing two 10K external pull-outs, the circuit
is more integrated with a wider range of PCs, some of which may not

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 Figure 2.15: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller
have internal drawing addresses
We made no effort to include data transfer in exchange. So we tightened
the cords to the R / W line of the LCD board, into writing mode. This will not
cause a conflict of interest in the transportation of information lines. We are
therefore unable to reverse the interior of the LCD Busy Flag advising us

19
 if the LCD consents and threatened to prepare for the final lead. This issue
is being addressed by the known embedding of our system.

2.8 BUZZER:

A hoot or key fob is a physical, electrically or electronic acoustic tool.

Standard uses of buzzers as well as walkie talkies include cautions, timers
and customer data affirmations, e.g. a rodent clack or stroke.

Figure 2.16: Buzzer

FEATURES:

 The PB arrangement are superior buzzers with a viscoelastic plus

orphic component of the oscillator or an important inner system.

 In contrast to vibrational units, they display remarkably low force usage.

 Those who are created to provide indefinite period and small

amounts disturbances without replacing connections.

 Mini, however with little voltage, produces outstanding incredible

insulation.

i. Electromechanical:
Initial gimmicks rely on an industrial armature that could not be
distinguished from a metal clang or chime. A hand-off can also be coupled
with its own stimulating current, which might cause the contacts to stir. These
units have been regularly secured for use as a sounding board by a splitter or
roof.” Buzzer” stems from optoelectronic buzzer’s scratching disturbance.

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 ii. Voltage Buzzer Sound Controls:
At the point opposition is associated in arrangement (as demonstrated in outlines
(a) and (b)), unusual wavering happens while changing the sound
. For this situation, embed a capacitor in corresponding to the voltage
swaying board (as demonstrated in outline (c)). Thus, strange swaying can be
forestalled by establishing one side. Nonetheless, the voltage VB added to the
voltage wavering board should be inside the most extreme information voltage
range, and as capacitance of 3.3F or more prominent ought to be associated.
APPLICATIONS:

 Annunciator boards
 Electronic metronomes
 Game shows
 Microwave stoves and other domestic devices
 Sporting occasions, for example, b-ball games

2.9 GSM

DEFINITIONS

For multi-task terminals that support Wireless services, the phrases

“Versatile Facility” (MS) or ” Portable Gear” (ME) are used. A” foldable started
visit” (MOC) or “engaged invite” from a Verizon location on the Landline is
known and a ”handheld stopped invite” (MTC) or ”facing deem” from a fixed
station to a multi-station WiMAX is known as a WiMAX
Board would be an innovative and improved cell innovation used to convey
adaptable voice and information administrations. GSM is the global syste

Figure 2.17: GSM chip

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 GSM supports spoken conversations and transmission of files with a
speed of up to MHz Ethernet functions in Europe with MHz and jam and in
the Western World with Hz and MHz In Queensland, Scotland and other
African Countries, Wireless communication is equally used with the segments
and then concentrating spectrum. global rambling ability allows customers to
access to similar administrations when travelling overseas as at home. With
its mixed portfolio across the world.

Figure 2.18: Description of a remaining energy Voice and data signal

utilizing Ieee and Pulse width modulation

Umts was classified first for the 915 Infrared region but then, even for cell
innovation the 1800 MHz range was used. The mm - wave range seems to have
the same design and details as the 24 Ghz GSM invention but still manufactures
the portable sector. The Synthesis effects add to the advantages of the 1500
Infrared region.

i. DESIGN AND BUILDING BLOCKS:

Umts is principally based on the three structure blocks.

Umts ckt – Hand-over happens in the radio organization. Each BTS is
designated a bunch of recurrence channels.
 Umts Mobiles exchanging ckt – This organization Is concerned
with the information capability demanded for management and
management arrangements.

 Umts Procedure and Repair - Completed task includes

management and industry, board stability, conflict management,
activity, management and based method.

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 Figure 2.19: The basic blocks of the whole GSM system

ii. Signaling Schemes and Ciphering Codes Used:

Signaling Schemes:
Udms is automated yet, of fact, voice is easy. The basic signature must
thus be tweaked and thereafter provided. The coding technique used by Umts
is the Retinal pigment epithelium (Long term predicting of regular beat
arousal).
This helps the Start implementing decrease the use of effort and draw
standby time out. The lost features are replaced by an artificial earth turmoil
caused by a comforting cry included into the framework of the Mute Signifiers
(Fid). Assume that an accident occurs due to a noisy transmission and that
the channel coding physical security can’t change the banners of those cases
with a dreadful impact signal (dis)

Figure 2.20: Transmitter for the voice signal

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 Figure 2.21: Receiver for the voice signal

• A3/8:

The Flex provides the Emission scenario response from the aberrant
test Scam, possibly generated by the Econ from the Cloud server. The
A3 algorithms can provide neighbors and friends yield, the Emission
scenario reaction, for input on the Ringgit from the MSF and the
unexplained Meri from the Mobile. The Lineup has a capacity of 64
impulses.

• A5/1:
The Am modulator redeon measurement is the current figure used for air
communication embedding. Within each brink, the stream figure is
displayed with the meeting key Indianapolis and the edges no. jumbled.
A unique Houston key is used in all the 24-piece patterns of the
phrase.

TWO MAIN INTERFACES

The two principal interfaces are the AIR and the ABIS interface. The
figure shows the motioning between them.

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 Figure 2.22: Signaling between Air and Abis Interface

i. AIR INTERFACE:
The data rate is similar to the current security system. In the Frequency
spectrum, the identifying plans are as followed.

• D protocol DEVIEW Live coverage (BCCH) o

Network of Radio Command (BCCH)
This channel form of external progress to just the MSC, e.g. this same
radio channel construction, the connectivity of data, etc.
o Connection FRECTION CORRECTION (FCCH)
Data concerning the propagation repeat transmitted to MS are delivered
in this medium.
o CHANNEL SYNCHRONICEE(SCH)
The data for matching an MS is exchanged and BSCS is detected.

2.10 FIRE SENSOR:

 Infrared (FR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of
visible light, starting from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.7 micro meters,
and extending conventionally to 300 micro meters.
 These wavelengths correspond to a frequency range of approximately 430 to 1
THz, and include most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room
temperature.
 Microscopically, IR light is typically emitted or absorbed by molecules when they
change their rotational-vibration movements.

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 CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 ARDUINO C COMPILER

Draws were also dubbed composed projects using Ultrasonic Sensor

(IDE). These would be edited in the tool and saved with the extension of the
ion document. The reader does indeed have highlights to slashed but also
search/supplant text. The message region provides information while saving
and trading and also shows mistakes. Device Driver provides text for the
control Centre and contains total notifications of blunder and perhaps info.
The window’s base right corner shows the designed board and sequence
port. You can view and transfer strategies, create, create, but also maybe
contours, and direct its persistent screen with the Catalog toolbar.
Eta: Nodemcu parts (Xml) saved expansion pde representations before .
These records can be accessed with variant , guys can save the sketch with the
.ino increase Draws are called composed projects using Arduino Software
(IDE). This was compiled also in platform and secured mostly with
lengthening of the
.ino manuscript. The reader has highlights to cut/paste and search/supplant
text. The message region gathers details while saving and trading and also
shows blunders.

• Verify - Examine their work before transferring it over to the platform that
has been set up. Subtleties can be found in the relocating section below.

• New - New devise another adumbrate.

• Open -Open Displays a bar including its plethora of visualizations

throughout clients moleskine. When you hit one, it could popup inside
the preparation phase, accessing its material.

• Save - Saves your adumbrate.

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 • audit - The diagnostic blinking cursor. Extra orders can be accessed
in the Preview, Annotate, Comic strip, Mechanisms, and Assist panels.
The recipes are positioned tastefully, implying that somehow the items
duties of the job now being done are displayed.

3.2 WORKING SKETCHES

1. SLOT:

• New - Creates a new administrative case, using the least of construction

to efficiently put in place a sketch..

• Open - Allows to stack a sketch document perusing the PC drives and

organizers.

• See Lately - Displays a list of the most frequent depictions that are
ready to be viewed.

• Workbench - Displays the average expressions within the blank envelope

framework; clicking on just about word opens the corresponding sketch
in a different overseer event.

• Examples - This menu thing displays any model provided by the Boot
Loader (Plugin) or package. So each model is structured in either a
graph, making it easy to find what you’re looking for by subject or
category.

2. EDIT:

• Redo - Undoes at minimum one component of the changing process; so

if users return, guests can proceed with Rewrite.

• Trim - Reduces the selected text again from manager and pastes it into
the notepad.

• Duplicate - Makes a copy of the selected text in the supervisor and gels
these into thenotepad.

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 • Transfer for Board - Downloads complete script of our sketch to such
notepad in a format suitable for displaying on the discussion board,
including grammatical shading.

• Copy as HTML - Dumps this same content underlying this sketch here
to notepad as Web pages, which may then be pasted onto web
pages.

3. SKETCH:

• Register - Verifies any sketch against errors in the sequence in which it

was created; it will also indicate space use for code other elements in
the control center section.

• Upload - Compiles transfers the double record onto the intended device
in through set-up Docks.

• Transfer Utilizing Coder - This will overwrite the board’s bootloader;

you’ll need to use Tools Burn Windows installer to recover and still
have the option to Post to Flash drive pertinence again. It does,
however, allow you to use the whole Data storage allotment for your
drawing. Although it ’s n’t yet too much bother, keep in mind that this
arrangement will not eat the wires. A Tools -wip order is used to do
this.

4. TOOLS:

• Dynamic Interface - The above makes current content seem nicer by

adding custom something so that insertion wavy supports line up, and
assertions inside wavy supports have been nested slightly.

• Export Drawing - Would save a document image in.zip version. The file
is saved in the same directory as the drawing.

• Fix Packing and Recharge -Fixes discrepancies in the supervisor roast

guide encoding and other working frameworks burn maps.

28
 • Barcode Sensor - Opens the chronic screen bar and initiates data
exchange with any attached gadget on the currently selected Port. If the
board upholds, this usually resets the system.

5. HELP:
Also you can find easy access to several archives that come with the
Proteus . Without an online connection, you access Reviewing, Reference,
this handbook for the IDE, and other data locally. The archives are a near-
duplicate of the ones online, and they may connect to our website.

• Seek in Allusion - This should be the Help menu’s sole sophisticated

capability: it finds the most significant page in the nearby copies of the
Reference for the aptitude or order beneath the thumb..

6. SKETCH BOOK:
Records are saved with a.ino document augmentation starting with adaption.
The.pde extension has been used in previous versions. In any case, in
angular 6 however after, you can open.pde named records; the application will
rename their enlargement to. Pde.

3.3 UPLOADING

You must first choose the appropriate items from the Products Boarding
and Tools Container settings before transmitting this image. The sheets are
depicted under. The sequential port on the Mac is probably
/dev/tty.usbmodem241 (f or /dev/tty.usbserial, or/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1
(for a Duemilanove or previous USB board). On Windows, it’s most likely
Basal diets or Version
3 (for a successive deck) or Corporate banking, 3 m, Decision aid, or above
(for a Scsi committee) - to find that, look in the bays tab of the Operating
system Control Panel for Sata series gizmo. On Linux, it must be
/dev/ttyACMx,/dev/ttyUSBx, or something equivalent. When you’ve found the
suitable consecutive ports and circuit, click the file ” button or go to the
Drawings file menu Upload. The previous A rd uino sheets will promptly reset
and started your transfer. You’ll need to push the brake pedal on the
board

29
not long beforehand performing the transferring with elderly sheets (which
was before) that required app. As the sketch be loaded, the To be and
TX Lighting will illuminate. When the development is finished, the Arduino
Software (IDE) will trigger an alert or a blunder.

3.4 LIBRARIES:

Services provide extra functionality for use in drawings, such as interacting

with equipment or managing information. Select a collection from the Shape
¿ Integrate Library submenu to use it in a design. It’ll also place zero or
more include statements there at top of something like the file and collect the
library with your image. Libraries boost the number of available storage up
on the board because they will be transported with your sketch. If a doodle
does not require such library however at time, just erase its include statements
from the top of your code.
In the history section, there is a list of institutions. With Uno programming, a
few packages are included. Some may be not.

3.5 THIRD PARTY HARDWARE:

Outsider gadget backing may be added to your book catalog’s firmware

directory. Board defines (which appear in the board menu), center libraries,
bootloaders, and computer engineer definitions is one of the stages that may
be presented there. To begin, create the gear directory, then learn to tie the
outer level and place it in that sub-index. (If you use ”usb” as the sub-index
name, you’ll overwrite existing built-in Atmel stage.) To remove, you delete
the book.
See the outsider Equipment description for the further information on how to
construct packages for enemy machinery.

3.6 THE COMPILATION PROCESS:

In actuality, the avr code is plain old c sans the headers (the incorporates
what not). The IDE stores the current record as arduino.c in the ’tory’ index

30
when you push the ’bulk’ button, then runs a make file in the ’lib’ index.
This motor reproduction or direct reinforcement copies Arduino’s as prog.c
into ’repub,’ starting with ’wiringlite.inc.’ These activity converts the nodemcu
code to a collin file (called prog.c).
Regarding that, it copies all of the records in the ’central’ index to ’dems’.
Adding to these records adds instructions to the vernacular. These files
represent the fulfillment of the various micro - controller directives.
Pascal Tang’s Procyon avr-lib, which is found in the ’coalition’ registry,
protects the main documents. The code at lib/tmp is now ready to be
processed with the script found in ’procedures.’ If the make activity goes well,
you’ll have a function called prog.hex that can then be fed into graphics
Card

31
 CHAPTER 4

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 : WORKING MODEL

Figure 4.1: working model

4.2 WORKING

The set up or field device consists of 2 major components, GSM and microcontroller.
The over voltage sensor, fire sensor, short circuit and open circuit sensors are attached
to both microcontroller and transmissions lines maintaining the connection between
them, meanwhile the Arduino is connected to RPS and the LCD, buzzer, GSM are
connected to Arduino completing the circuit. When supply is given to the circuit, if there
is any fault in the circuit like high voltage or over voltage the voltage sensor comes in to
work and indicates the Arduino which sends signal to lcd to display that there is a short
circuit at a specific area and also the buzzer will be alerted, and GSM sends SMS to
mobile .Same process will be continued for all the sensors, if there is a fire at any of the
transmission lines the fire sensor comes in to work, if there is any open and short
circuit respective sensors come in to work. In this process we can detect four types of
faults They are: over voltage fault, fire fault, short circuit fault and open circuit
fault.

32
  Over Voltage Fault: It occurs whenever high current follows through
transmission line and This system detects that and send SMS by GMS
modem and displays the fault as showing in figures (4.2,4.3).
 Fire Fault: If fire accidents take place in transmission line and This system
detects that by fire sensor and send SMS by GMS modem and displays the
fault as showing in figures (4.2,4.3).
 Short Circuit Fault: When two lines touches each other in transmission
line and This system detects that and send SMS by GMS modem and
displays the fault as showing in figures (4.2,4.3).
 Open Circuit Fault: Whenever line is broken in transmission line and This
system detects that and send SMS by GMS modem and displays the fault
as showing in figures (4.2,4.3).

4.3 RESULT

Figure 4.2: SMS alert

33
 Figure 4.3: Hardware output
The continuous analyzing of fault indicating and locating the transmission
line, in which either it will be any kind of shortcoming that can be informed and
will be indicated. Generally, disturbance occurring on the transmitting lines the
sign is send to controlling station or phone along a GSM module. Thus
message received through the mobile will be the fault between line1 and line2
and the fault will be either open circuit or short circuit or fire circuit. The output
that appeared on the controller station or mobile will be the open circuit or any
other kind of fault occurred on transmitting line.

ADVANTAGES :

The major advantages are as follows :

• Work in real time response.

• Coverage area is large compared with other existing system.

• Cost efficient.

• Devices enable by wireless communication.

• Economically reliable.

• Number of components used are compact in size.

34
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY

In our project we had designed an IOT based transmission line observing

and fault raising framework that is able to send data with the equivalent to
monitor room or mobile by means of SMS. The carried out framework
configuration basically focuses on the transmission and distributing modules.
It gives us best approach to identify those faults, for example, wasting of
supply and power theft. This framework ceaselessly screens different
boundaries of the framework. It likewise assists with distinguishing the
shortcoming at the proper time and subsequently dodges illegal utilization of
power. Programmed checking, examining and fault detection will be made
through the mobile display over the hyper terminal. Our model has ceaseless
observing module incorporating the GSM correspondence innovation along
with GPS innovation. This likewise addresses the hardware equipment and
the software process. Thus execution of this system can save huge measure
of power and in this manner power could be accessible for huge numbers of
customers on an exceptionally populated country like our country.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

This model can also adopted as,

• This system can be tested in the field for real time fault monitoring
system.

• Underground line or cable fault locating.

• By implementing the model we will locate unsymmetrical faults.

35
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