DRAFT

THE NOMADIC BEDE COMMUNITY AND THEIR MOBILE

SCHOOL PROGRAM

A.K.M. Maksud
Imtiaj Rasul
Grambangla Unnayan Committee
Dhaka, Bangladesh
[email protected]

This paper was prepared for presentation in the conference on “What Works for the
Poorest: Knowledge, Policies and Practices”, jointly organized by BRAC, Chronic
Poverty Research Centre Partnership and Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of
Manchester held on December 3-5, 2006 at the BRAC Centre for Development
Management (BCDM), Gazipur.

A.K.M. Maksud is the Executive Director and Imtiaj Rasul is the Program Advisor of
Grambangla Unnayan Committee, Dhaka
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 2

1. Introduction, Background and Justification

Bede, a nomadic community and is regarded as “Water Gypsy” or “River Gypsy” or

“Nomadic People”. Dalton in his brief report mentions Beday as a gypsy-like tribe.1
Anthropologist H.K.S. Arefeen mentioned “Bede” as a marginalized Muslim community in
Bangladesh perspective.2 Wise calls the Bedes “bands of vagrants…who correspond to
the gypsies of Europe”.3 The community give rational explanation of the term “Bede” and
defend their Arab origin on the basis of similarity with the Arabic word “Bedouin”. Though
Banglapedia mentioned them as descendents of `Montong’ tribe of Myanmar. Bedes are
engaged in the snake charming, catching of snakes, curing snake-bites, selling of
snakes, traditional and spiritual healing services, magic show and monkey show, selling
of bangles and trinkets.

According to their own estimate they were 1.5 million in number in 1987 living in
Bangladesh4. According to a recent estimate5 Bedays are 500,000 in number in
Bangladesh. Around 10,000 nomadic groups roam around Bangladesh round the year
and they gather for two months in an area. A survey6 reported about 65 prominent areas
where Bedes come for yearly gathering and some of the Bedes have purchased some
land to settle there.

2. Background and Justification

Nomadic Bede community has a different culture than the other ethnic groups in
Bangladesh. So the cultural diversity is the prime constituent of the nomadic Bedes’
identity in Bangladesh. The diversity of cultural realities of the nomadic Bedes was never
taken into consideration in development strategies in Bangladesh though UNESCO
Declaration on Cultural Diversity proclaims that “Cultural diversity is one of the driving
forces of development”. Bedes are around 500,000 in Bangladesh. More than 95 percent
Bedes are still illiterate. About 98 percent Bedes live below poverty line. Only 2 percent
Bede children got the opportunity to be immunized against vaccine preventable deadly
diseases. More than 90 percent Bedes still could not enlist themselves in the voter list
since they are nomad and they don’t have any house on land. Govt., UN Agencies,
NGOs have launched numerous programs for the poor and marginalized people but
almost no development program was launched for the socially excluded and stigmatized
Bede Community. So this project will have the opportunity to work with an unexplored
and untouched community.

More than 90 percent population of Bede community is highly mobile. The children of the
fleets who move rapidly from one place to another are not able to receive education from
any government primary school or NGO school. The school teachers of government
primary schools do not want to enroll and to provide books to the Bede children because
the teachers know that within two months Bedes have to leave for traveling as a nomad
for a ten months’ journey across Bangladesh and/or India.

1
Dalton, Edward T., 1978 Tribal History of Eastern India. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.
2
Arefeen, H.K.S. 1992. Sub-culture: Society of Bangladesh, Samaj Nirikhan , Vol.46. Samaj Nirikhan Kendra, Dhaka
3
Wise, James, 1883, Notes on the Races, Castes and Traders of Eastern Bengal. Volume 2. London: Harrison &
Son
4
Rahman, Habibur, 1990, The Shandar-Beday Community of Bangladesh: A Study of A Quasi-Nomadic People.
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of Dhaka. Dhaka: Bangladesh.
5
Maksud A.K.M. (2006). Participatory Action Research for Human Development of Nomadic Bede Community,
Grambangla Unnayan Committee and Research Initiatives, Bangladesh (RIB), Dhaka.
6
Maksud, AKM, 2002, Prospects and Possible Interventions and Potentials for Sustainable Development in Beday
Community, Grameen Trust, Dhaka.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 3

Bedes have some skills, which are related to traditional healing services, entertainment
services, petty trading etc. but their traditional services and products are now losing
market demand. Since Bedes are nomadic and traditionally lived on water so this
community so this community does not have any control over land and local or national
political power.

Almost all the Bedes are not included in the voter list of Bangladesh because they are
nomadic and they do not have any land tax certificate and SSC certificate. Since they are
not voters of a constituency or a local government body e.g. Union Parishad or
Municipality so they are deprived to raise their issues in the local or national policy level
for advocacy.

Bedes are not counted as an ethnic group in census by the Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS) so they are deprived to be benefited from the programs which are
launched for ethnic minorities or marginalized groups in Bangladesh. Though everybody
acknowledge the cultural diversity of the Bedes and their special identity but absence of
official recognition unable them to establish their special needs for education and health
and deprives them from establishing their rights as a citizen.

The Bede community is severely deprived from all types of basic necessities of life e.g.
food, shelter, education, medical care, etc. Though many researchers worked on the
culture of the Bede community but until 1999 no research was done on the development
crisis of this community. Realizing the needs to conduct an exploratory research,
Grambangla Unnayan Committee with financial assistance from Program for Research
on Poverty Alleviation (PRPA), Grameen Trust/Grameen Bank initiated a research to
explore the human development situation in Bede community and to find their crises in
development. The findings of the study suggested strong needs for implementing
intervention programs in the field of education, capacity building, health, human rights
etc. in such a way so that Bede community have increased access to these basic
necessities of life. It should be mentioned here Bedes are excluded from any
development intervention both by the government and the NGOs. Based on the findings
of that study7 an action research was designed and approached to Research Initiatives,
Bangladesh for assistance. Considering the importance to innovate an intervention
model for inclusion of these socially excluded Bede community into human development
process Research Initiatives, Bangladesh extended its technical and financial assistance
to Grambangla Unnayan Committee to conduct a participatory action research. In that
participatory action research project developing a mobile school model was the prime
objective.

Many research works were done on the Bede community but no research work could find
a way for changing or initiate a change process in this community. But after initiating this
participatory action research initiative supported and promoted by Research Initiatives,
Bangladesh has certainly initiated a change process in this community and now Bedes
find a hope for positive change in their live.

7
Maksud, AKM, 2002, Prospects and Possible Interventions and Potentials for Sustainable Development in Beday
Community, Grameen Trust, Dhaka.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 4

3. Objective of the project

The objective of the paper is to document and analyze the state of education and poverty
in the nomadic Bede community and to disseminate the mobile school intervention for
creating access to education opportunities for the children of this socially excluded and
stigmatized community.

4. Methodology

The research started with an exploratory research phase, in which it was tried to gain
insight in the research problem by investigation. In this phase survey, in-depth interview
and group discussion techniques were followed to collect data. After the exploratory
phase the methods of participatory action research was applied to explore more
information on poverty, human deprivation and social exclusion of the Bede community.
Through this participatory action research the research team experimented an
intervention strategy i.e. mobile school that addressed the need of education of the
nomadic children. During participatory action research, group discussion and participant
observation techniques were used for data collection.

Participatory Action Research, that is, study and action combined that respond to the
needs of the underprivileged masses in contemporary social structures, by taking into
account their own aspirations and needs, as well as their capacities for knowing and
acting.8 The participatory approach argues that the only way the poor can overcome their
difficulties is by directly participating in the process of development including formulation
of social policy, development programs, their implementation at the ground level and
sharing in the benefits of such programs. The participatory approach has the dual goal of
promoting growth and equity while also ensuring the development of democratic
processes in the grassroots.9 In this action research project the participation of the Bede
community was ensured at every stage of designing and implementation of this project.

In this Participatory Action Research (PAR) project the animators facilitated to take place
series of meetings in Bede community on the burning issues of their life e.g. education,
livelihood security, gender disparity, water and sanitation, voting and citizenship rights,
land rights etc. Two types of Animators were involved in this PAR e.g. External Animator
and Internal Animator. The Advisor, Principal Researcher, Field Research Officer and
Mobile School Supervisors worked as External Animators and the mobile school
teachers, trainers and community leaders worked as Internal Animator. The animators
participated in those meetings and facilitated the process of conscientization of Bedes
and ultimately through collective self-reflection on their experiences and problems, they
became more aware of the dimensions of their reality and they implemented innovative
initiatives in favour of transforming their own life in a positive direction.

8
Fals-Borda, Orlando (2000). The Challenge of action research. In Rahman, Md. Anisur (eds.) (2000). Participation of
the Rural Poor in Development. Dhaka. p.132.
9
Silva, K.T., and Athukorala, K. (1996), ‘South Asia: An overview’, in E Yen. S.A. Samad and S.M. Miller (eds.)
Poverty : a global Review. Hand book as Poverty Research, Scemdinavian University press. Oslo, and UNESCO,
Paris, 65-85.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 5

5. Duration of PAR

The exploratory research started in September 1999 and ended in August 2000. The
participatory action research project started in November, 2002 and ended in October,
2005.

6. Project location

The exploratory research was conducted in 5 Bede locations where they gather once in a
year for two months and the participatory action research was conducted with 7 nomadic
Bede groups. These nomadic Bede groups traveled more than 90 spots in a year
through 5-20 districts. The researchers stayed for at least 5 days with each of the
nomadic Bede groups in a month.

7. Poverty Situation in Bede Community

Education: A large majority of the children (95%) can not attend schools because they
stay all the months of a year with their parent outside home, and travel from one place to
another. So Bedes have to be excluded from the government’s intervention to ensure
universal primary education for the children and no government and NGO intervention is
found to reach this nomadic group for education. Because of illiteracy Bedes can not
enjoy the freedom to choose any other profession except the hereditary and traditional
ones.

Health: Poor health retains the poor in poverty, and poverty retains them in poor health.
Bede children who roam around the county with their parents on boat fail to avail the
opportunity of getting vaccinated and health services. According to a recent assessment
by Grambangla Unnayan Committee it was found that only two percent Bede children
were immunized against seven deadly diseases. According to that assessment it was
also revealed that less than five percent Bede women received TT during their last
pregnancy.

During menstrual period Bede women can not go for earning at least for 5-7 days. If they
walk too much during these days they face excessive bleeding and they also suffer from
effects of evil air (Batas or Alga Dos) during this time. But to fulfill their daily needs even
during these days Bede women have to walk for 10-15 kilometers for earning.

Lack of awareness and health education increases the risk of getting diseases especially
communicable diseases in Bede community. An estimate shows that death rate from
communicable diseases among the age group 5-14 of the poorest 20 percent of the
global population is 67 times higher than that of the richest 20 percent of the global
population.10 The situation of Bede community indicates that the health seeking process
and causes of death in this community must be more frustrating than any other socially
excluded and deprived ethnic groups in Bangladesh.

Nutrition and food security: Bedes belong to the lowest earning group so they become
severely stricken by the price hike of daily consumer products. During the flood in 2004
almost all Bedes had to stay on their boats without having any chance to earn through
selling goods and services because all the areas and roads were under water. Thus

10
Gwatkin, D.R. (2001), “Poverty and Inequalities in Health within developing countries: filling the information gaps”,
Poverty, Inequality and Health, Oxford University Press, London.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 6

Bedes had to fall in severe food shortage for at least two months with their children and
old people. Moreover, according to the Bedes their economic situation has drastically
deteriorated during the last 35 years. So hunger is a good friend of Bedes who never
leaves them. This situation entails malnutrition in fetal life or infancy and leads to stunting
of both physical and intellectual growth of the future generation of the Bedes. As a
consequence of this constant deteriorating economic situation the nutritional status of the
Bede community is aggravating like the other poor, deprived and socially excluded
communities in Bangladesh.

Lack of opportunity for savings: Bedes do not have the opportunity to save money in
the banks since they are illiterate and they do not dare to go for open a bank account.
They save money in a secret place of their boats. Many Bedes’ saving have been eaten
by the rats. Sometimes they save money in the earthen banks but their children break
those banks and eat snacks with that money when their parents go out for earnings.

Water and sanitation: One remarkable problem in Bede community is water and
sanitation. Those who live on a boat have to defecate and urinate in the river water. This
practice of 0.5 million Bede people enormously and unrestrictedly pollutes the
environment of Bangladesh. So excreta deposited in the open environment by this
community may not be less than 250 metric tons in a day. At the same time they have to
bathe and wash utensils in the same river water. Sometimes local people physically
torture the whole Bede group for pollution their water and environment. When Bedes
travel from place to places they always face difficulties in collecting safe drinking water.

Shelter: Research findings show that still more than 90 percent have no house on the
land. An assessment shows that the average per capita living space enjoyed by the poor
of Dhaka is only 30 square feet.11 Since Bedes have to live either in small boats or tents
so the average per capita living space enjoyed by the Bedes is much less than the slum
people i.e. 10 square feet.

Usury as a primitive mode of exploitation: Bedes do not have land, so they can not
apply for Bank loan or NGO microcredit. Most of the people of the Bede community
borrow money in their need from the local “Mohajan” i.e. local creditors or usury. They
have to pay around 10 percent interest in a month for borrowing money.

Risks and Vulnerability: Bedes often get jeopardized during the rough weather. Due to
storms, heavy rains and wind their boats sometimes get drowned in the river. Since they
live on small and unsafe boats, they are at risk of drowning of their children into water.
Most of the pieces of land on those Bedes settled are on the bank of the river. So river
erosion destroys a good number of Bede households every year

Access to public resources: The total amount of khas land and khas water bodies in
Bangladesh is nearly 3.3 million acres. But 88.5 percent of the agricultural khas lands are
illegally occupied by the rich and powerful in Bangladesh.12 For Bede community no
incidence was found where a nomadic Bede was allocated khas land for rehabilitation.
During the last devastating flood in 2004 they also did not receive any relief materials or
assistance from any source except one exception in Louhajanj.

11
Department of Social Services, Government of Bangladesh and Resource Planning and Management Consultants
(Pvt.), A Review of Existing Services Relating to Street Children (Rajshahi, Bogra and Rangpur), ARISE, Dhaka.
12
Barkat, Abul, Shafique uz Zaman, Selim Rahim, (2001), Political economy of Khas land in Bangladesh, ALRD,
Dhaka.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 7

Loss of biodiversity: A large number of Bedes live on snake related trading e.g. snake
catching and snake selling. The presence of snakes reduces crop damage by the rats in
the crop fields. Snake catching by the Bedes without creating any scope for snake
reproduction causes loss of different species of snakes and is creating an imbalance in
the ecosystem. Snake catchers already facing difficulties in collecting snakes from the
forests of Bangladesh because of deforestation and excessive catching of snakes from
forests. Eventually their earnings from snake trading reduced.

Diminishing Market Demand for Services and products Provided by Bedes: Bedes
reported that there is a remarkable decrease in demand of their products and services so
they are facing difficulties in earning and they believe that the demand for their
professional services will extinct within a short time. Rapid development in literacy,
available and affordable scientific health care services, entertainment services though
satellite channels and VCR caused rapid reduction in demand of services by the Bedes.

Access to Energy Resources: Access to energy e.g. electricity and gas by the poor
reduces poverty. Almost 100 percent of the 0.5 million nomadic Bedes are deprived of
access to energy i.e. access to electricity and gas because they are nomads though 30
percent of the households in Bangladesh have access to electricity and 3 percent of the
kitchens in Bangladesh have access to gas. Rural Electricity Program (REP) provides
the necessary infrastructure (economic, soco-cultural and political) for achieving real
freedom – freedom from servitude to nature, ignorance, poverty, dogmatic beliefs and
even from other people.13 But because of the nomadic pattern of live Bedes have no
access to Rural Electricity Program.

Illegal Seasonal Migration and Violation of Human rights: A large number of Bedes
migrate - without any passport - seasonally to India for earning their livelihood. In
February, 2003 the Indian Border Security Forces (BSF) started to push-in around 5,000
people in Bangladesh among them, 41 families (213 children, women and men) were
Bedes. So bedes more often become tortured by the border security forces and
sometimes they imprison Bedes.

Gender Disparity: Bede women usually walk around 10 miles a day for their
professional earning. Women work harder and longer than the men of this community.
Although the Bede women earn for their families, but in decision making their role is
negligible. In Bede community no women inherit paternal property. Rafique, a bede man
who had to give birth 7 daughter with the hope of getting a son so that his son can inherit
their property otherwise after their death all the property will be owned by his brothers.
Once Rafique eloped with another lady with the hope of getting a son leaving his wife
who has give birth to 7 daughters. In this community no marriage is registered with a
government approved marriage registrar. Marriage and divorce is decided by the Sardar.
These traditions cause major violence against women. Bede women do not have any
guardianship over their children after divorce.

Identity and Stigma: In group discussion sessions Bedes argued that identity as Bede
always carries stigma and discrimination for them so they preferred not to be identified
as Bede in the society. It has become evident from the findings that Bedes are gradually
loosing their identity. A major portion of the Bede community informed that the Bengali
people misbehave with the Bede people when they meet them for business purpose. The
mentioned reasons for such misbehavior or hatred is the identity of Bede, i.e. a different

13
Todaro, M. (1994), Economic Development in the Third World.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 8

type of community with low prestige and social value and with the lack of social support
from the community where they temporarily stay. It is obvious that the Bengali
community considers Bedes as a culturally polluting agent in the society and a lower
caste like Hindu caste system.

Power, participation and self-governance: Bedes are more than 500,000 in number
and around 250,000 Bedes are eligible to be voters but they even fail to be elected as a
Union Parishad member which requires only 1,000 votes. So far only one of them has
been elected at Union Parishad level. To become a voter in a local voters-list one has to
own a household in a certain area or to bear a land tax certificate from a local
government institution, i.e. Union Parishad or municipality. More than 90 percent of the
Bedes are not voters in Bangladesh because they do not own homestead or bear any
land tax certificate. Another thing makes them unable to be voter because the local
Bengali Union Parishad Chairman and members do not want to include Bedes into voter
list. Bengali local elected representatives think that if the Bedes are included in the voters
list at a large number then they will be unable to be elected in the union parishad election
and Bedes will win in the election.

Marriage in Bede Community: Almost all the Bede female children and adolescents get
married usually at the age of 10-14 years. Early marriage is a serious problem in Bede
community. After divorce Bedes do not have to pay any subsistence allowance to his
wife or his children. After divorce the father have the right to take away all the children
from his wife according to Bede law.

Gambling: Male persons of the Bedes like very much to gamble. During the two months
of gathering almost all the male persons gamble. Sardars and some rich Bedes who
have own land build some “Macha” (bamboo made sitting place which is somewhat
raised with the pillars of bamboo) for renting those as gambling place. During this time
the male persons gamble with the money especially with the earnings of their wives.
Sometimes some male persons have to borrow money or have to mortgage his/her
asset, gold or even boat for gambling. As a rule the looser have to pay all the money
before leaving that place.

Human Security: Sometimes the villagers do not allow the Bedes to anchor in their land
because they know that after anchoring the Bedes will pollute the surrounding
environment through defecating in the open places both on land and in water. There are
many evidences when Bedes were beaten by the villagers because of polluting
environment through defecation. Bedes are often physically tortured by the settlers when
they go to collect fuel-wood from the neighboring areas. More often children of the Bedes
play nearby area where their boats anchor. As a result of playing on the nearby land
sometimes the crops of the settlers get damaged and because of that crop damage the
settlers sometimes beat them and their children.

8. Mobile School of the nomadic Bede Community for their Children

It is enshrined in the Article 26.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that
“Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary
and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be free.” But still in Bede
community almost all of them are illiterate. In each of the nomadic Bede groups there are
many children but there are no facilities for education within the group. Therefore, they
have to accept their hereditary occupation (Jati Babsha). During the Participatory Action
Research (PAR) project seven mobile schools were established in seven nomadic Bede
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 9

groups, which roam around the country in boats. Since these groups change around 90
spots in a year and do not stay more than 3-4 days in one spot, so the schools were
established in boats. These mobile schools not only eradicated illiteracy but also proved
that it is possible for a nomad to have access to education. Now this mobile school
model has been established, many donors, charity organizations and individual persons
are willing to help eradicate illiteracy in the Bede community. The most important
achievement of these research project is to develop an innovative way of creating access
to education for a community who were excluded from education opportunities because
of their nomadic pattern of live and livelihood. Each school is managed by a Bedes PAR
group which is called as school management committee. All females and males of a
Bede fleet are member of the school anagement committee. In 7 mobile schools 185
students studied and 47 students has already transferred to the government primary
school and residential Madrasha. Currently 315 students are studying in 11 mobile
schools.

Early Childhood Care and Development Centres: With 11 schools now 11 ECCD
centres have been established following the Save the Children USA and Kajoli Model
Shishi Bikash Kendra model. At beginning of the introducing mobile schools some
students used to fail to attend in the school because they have to look after his or her
younger brothers and sister staying at their own boats when their mothers have to leave
early in the morning for earning. So now the mobile school teachers encourage all the
students to bring their younger brothers and sisters with them if they are given
responsibility to look after them sitting at their boats. So one may observe that during
school hours some children of 2-3 years are sitting in the mobile schools, playing with
toys and educational materials. For a successful mobile school program it is needed to
arrange training on parenting. During the program in each month a parents meeting is
arranged so that the parents help in the learning process of their children.

Teachers’ Training: It’s very difficult to find a person who passed the SSC or HSC in
Bede groups. Most of the persons who studied up to class III-IV and have already
forgotten what they have learnt in the school because they could not engage themselves
in a such profession where reading and writing was always practiced. So it was felt to
train the appointed teachers more frequently. Before initiating mobile school, teachers
were imparted a 5 days, basic training and 2 days refreshers’ training in every 3 months.

Mode of Mobile School Program Operation : This mobile school program now have
guidelines how a mobile school will be operated within a cluster of fleets. A
comprehensive operational manual has already developed to implement the mobile
school and training activities for the teachers. In this manual many things have been
addressed e.g. roles and responsibilities of teachers and other program people,
curriculum, assessment guidelines for students performance etc.

Curriculum and Examination in Mobile School: At the beginning of learning students

are given some simple toys and puzzles. Children are told stories. At the second stage a
pocket board, alphabet cards, cards with ward and picture are given for learning of the
beginners. In addition, the pocket board is also used to learn the numbers. At the third
stage books of class one are provided which are used to teach in the government
primary schools. Curriculum and Text Books of Government primary schools of class I,
Class II, Class III and Class IV is used for the students of mobile schools. Class tests
and three examinations are organized in the schools to assess the achievement of the
students using the question of examination of the nearby government primary school.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 10

Inclusion of mobile school students in the Government Primary Schools: Now 47

students who has completed class II-III from the mobile schools are currently studying in
the government primary schools of Haldia and Kumarbhog unions of Louhajanj and
some other students have enrolled in the Lillah Boarding (free religious institutions for
quoting Al-Quaran). From Aminbazaar mobile school 16 students have already passed
class 3 and they voluntary got admitted in government primary school and madrasha for
better education at Louhajanj where some of their relatives stay all round the year and
these students now are able to live in a place without their parents.

Ways forward to Implement and Develop the Mobile School Model: Now the prime
responsibility of Grambangla Unnayan Committee is to work for advocacy of the
designed mobile school model so that government, other national and international
NGOs and Bede community themselves can replicate the mobile school model for
eradicating illiteracy.

Participatory Monitoring and Supervision: After reaching a new spot the teachers of
the mobile schools make phone calls from the local mobile phone call shop to the
program officer so that the mobile school supervisor can make a plan to visit that school.
This teacher has been instructed to make one phone call in each week. After receiving
the phone call the External Animators (Principal Researcher/Field Research
Officer/Supervisor) know the geographical location i.e. temporary address of that group
and they visit the group. During this visit the External Animators (Principal
Researcher/Field Research Officer/Supervisor) participate in the mobile school activities
i.e. they teach the students, they teach the teachers, help the teachers to understand the
lessons to be taught in future. One External Aninator (Supervisors) stay 5 days in a
month with each of the 11 groups. There are three External Animators (Mobile School
Supervisors) and they stay 15-20 days with the Bede community. Mobile School
Supervisors sleep in the Bede boats at night and they live with the community like a
member of that community.

Management of the Mobile Schools: The action research team facilitated to develop
work plan by the teachers for implementing the activities of school in a participatory
manner. In each of the nomadic Bede groups there are school management committee
where mobile schools have been established. This committee sits to discuss different
issues including education once in a week. Both adult and adolescent male and female
members of the concerned nomadic groups are the members of school management
committees. The nomadic groups organize community meetings ensuring participation of
the elder males and females, adolescent boys and girls to discuss about the
implementation of the mobile school activities. In such community meeting 20-50
participants usually be present. However, a seven member executive committee is
formed to take initiative for community meetings and address the needs of the mobile
schools.

9. Linkages Established between the Bede Community and different Stakeholders

through this Participatory Action Research (PAR)

This research project has created an endless attraction among the Bedes to think about
their own development. Moreover, this research project has been able to attract the
attention of many development partners i.e. Save The Children, USA) imparted Training
of Trainers (TOT) on “Pre-school and ECCD Material Development” to mobile school
teachers and other project staff while another i.e. Intermediate Technology Development
Group-ITDG (now Practical Action) provided a week long training on Block- Batik and
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 11

Tie-Dye training on fabric by their certified trainer. ActionAid, Bangladesh and

Bangladesh Freedom Foundation has already started to support the mobile school
program. A local NGO, Centre for Mass Education in Science (CMES), with an
assignment of UNESCO, has visited the mobile school to assess the potential of
mainstreaming the children into the primary education system. A women's group from
India, Women's Initiative for Peace in South Asia (WIPSA) took special interest to visit
the research project site in Savar near Dhaka during their visit to Bangladesh on a
separate mission. Considering the viability of program school program most recently
Campaign for Popular Education (CAMPE), a network of more than 700 NGOs working
in the field of education provided training to GUC staff on Early Childhood Care and
Development (ECCD), Training of Trainers on Literacy, Role of Literacy in Reducing
Poverty etc. Recently Early Childhood Development (ECD) Network has given GUC the
membership of that network. Beyond everything the innovative intervention design
developed through the Participatory Action Research (PAR) project has achieved it
accreditation in the national arena. This research project has established linkage
between the Bede community and Media on their development issues. Many reports on
the development issues especially on mobile school of Bedes have already been
published in “The Prothom Alo”, “The Daily Star”, “The Daily Ittefaq”, “The Daily
Sangbad”, “The Daily New Nation”, “The New Age”, “The Ajker Kagoj”, “The Daily
Independent” etc. Recently British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcasted a
program on mobile school in their Bangla program. There is clear evidence that the
research has opened the way to wider linkages with development partners who are likely
to support many of the community initiatives.

In the PRSP document government has already acknowledged the special needs of the
Bedes. Recently a UNESCO publication described the mobile school as one of the best
instance of inclusive education in Bangladesh. During the last week three national
newspapers have published news on the problems of being enlisted in the voter lists by
the Bedes.

10. Recommendations

• Government and their development partners should acknowledge the special need
for education of the nomadic Bede children who are roaming with 10,000 nomadic
Bede groups.

• Government should include the issue of primary education in PEDP – II.

ƒ The school teachers of government primary schools do not want to enroll the Bede
children in January because the teachers know that within two months Bedes have to
leave for traveling as a nomad for a ten months’ journey across Bangladesh and/or
India. So teachers always discourage to enroll and to give books to the children of
Bedays. After leaving the Bede children, teachers have to show a large number of
drop out. Then education department usually scold the teachers, ask the teachers to
write explanation and identifies the school as low performing for this high rate of drop
out. For the education of Beday children this dilemma should be resolved.
Government Primary Education department can plan for a flexible primary education
system for this community. To promote inclusive education for the Bede children, the
government primary schools those are located adjacent to 65 identified locations
where Bedes gather once in a year should initiate Bede friendly education system.
Those government primary schools should offer the opportunity to the Bede children
to study for only two months in a year when they come to gather in those 65 spots.
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 12

ƒ Low cost ECCD program like Kajoli model Shishu Shikkha Bikash Kendre should be
promoted with mobile schools.

ƒ Prior to launching an education program for the nomadic Bede community it would be
better to launch a 2-3 month’s teachers’ training program for the Bede teachers.
Because it is very difficult to find an educated person in a nomadic group who is
capable of teaching.

ƒ The operational manual for implementing the mobile school program should be
enriched periodically to improve the quality of education.

ƒ In Bede community elder children work as care giver to their younger ones. S/he
works as a baby sitter or care giver for bathing, cooking food and feeding their
younger ones, playing with them, preparing the babies for sleeping etc. Because of
these work load many Bede students face difficulties in attending mobile schools.
These types of Bede students who are care givers should be encourage to come to
mobile school with their younger ones even for playing instead of studying.

ƒ Environmental education should be promoted in Bede community with importance

because their live and livelihood is very closely influenced by their surrounding
environment.

ƒ Bedes use the same river water for drinking, cooking and using in other household
purposes where the defecate. Since the situation of environmental sanitation and
hygienic practices in Beday community is highly injurious to their own health and
disastrous to surrounding environment so intervention in safe water, sanitation and
environmental health should be implemented in this community.

ƒ Bede women are traditionally good entrepreneurs. But to cope with emerging crises
they need leadership and entrepreneurship development training.

ƒ This action research project deals with the Bedays who live on boats but yet they do
not know what would be the experience of working with the Bedays who live on tents
since this project had no scope to work with the Bedays who live on tents.

ƒ Advocacy campaign should be carried out for replicating this designed development
intervention model so that government, other national and international NGOs and
Beday community themselves can replicate the model.
ƒ Capacity building training those help and promote their hereditary business and help
preserve their material culture should be promoted for the Bede women. In addition,
training on new technologies should also be provided.

ƒ Women of this community can be imparted paramedic and nursing training. Since
traditionally Bedes are a healing service rendering community so it would be
convenient for them to develop themselves as community health service provider.
Bede community may work as bare foot doctors like the Chinese barefoot doctors
and this community can earn through procuring and marketing of herbal medicine and
medicinal plants.

ƒ Tota mia of Horipur in Thakurgaon district has successfully proved that good earning
is possible through developing snake hatchery. Bedes can earn through establishing
The Nomadic Bede Community and Their Mobile School Program 13

snake hatcheries. The technology of Tota Mia should be promoted among Bedes.
Commercial banks have prospects to develop Bede entrepreneurs especially in
snake hatcheries.

ƒ Since 100 percent of the females are illiterate in this community so before launching a
skill training program, knowledge on literacy and numeracy should be given to these
females.

ƒ In Bede community the issues of marriage registration and birth registration should be
promoted and the tradition of child marriage should be eliminated to promote female
education.

ƒ The discussion regarding rights of the Bedes as a citizens should promoted in the
Bede community as well as in the political parties to help them to be competent in
negotiating with the government agencies to establish their rights.

ƒ Bedes should be counted as a minority group like ethnic minorities in census by the
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the
People’s Republic of Bangladesh so that they can establish the rationale for their
special needs.

ƒ Bedes are denied to include in the voter list since they do not have any land tax
certificate or SSC certificate. All the Bedes should be enlisted as voters in
Bangladesh.

11. Conclusions

Although only 11 mobile school could do a little for educating this community but now
many of the nomadic groups of Bedes think that even being a nomad getting education is
possible. Being enrolled in the mobile school the students as well as their parents has
found a new horizon of their life. There are numerous research works on the Bede
community but no research work or its findings could bring some changes or initiate a
change process in this community. But after initiating this participatory action research
initiative supported and promoted by Research Initiatives, Bangladesh has certainly
initiated a change process in this community. Mobile schools have not only educated
many of the students of this community but also has shown a way of creating education
opportunities in a pragmatic and innovative way. This initiative has made the whole
community confident regarding the feasibility of getting education and livelihood skills for
a gypsy like nomadic and marginalized group in Bangladesh. Before this initiative getting
education opportunities being a nomadic group was an illusory matter for the Bedes in
Bangladesh.