Unit 2 Location

Section 1 Positions on two dimensions

1. Look and read:

inside

outside

in the
'the
middle
left

at the bottom

The words give the positions of the shapes in relation to the rectangle.

Make questions and answers like the following :

Example: What is there at the top of the rectangle?

There is a circle at the top of the rectangle.

2. Now look at this:

above

* diagonally
above

between 1.:Wde
7

below

on either side

The words give the positions of the shapes in relation to one another.

Make questions and answers like the following:

Example: Where is the circle?

The circle is above the square.

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3. Look and read:

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Mokbdenirn Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium

La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury

Above there is a table of some elements. The elements are arranged in

horizontal rows and vertical columns.

Give the positions of the following elements in relation to the whole table :

Examples : Lanthanum is at the bottom, on the left.

Vanadium is in the third column from the left, at the top.
Cobalt is in the top row, near the middle.

Tungsten, cadmium, zinc, gold, scandium, iron.

Now give the position of these elements in relation to others :

Example: Osmium is beside and to the right of rhenium.

Cobalt in relation to nickel and iron

Niobium in relation to molybdenum
Platinum and mercury in relation to gold
Gold in relation to silver
Iron in relation to rhodium
Silver in relation to zinc Silver
in relation to gold

4. Read these sentences which give other positions:

Cobalt is next to, or adjacent to, nickel.

Iron is not adjacent to nickel because cobalt is between them.
Manganese is in line with copper and gold is in line with hafnium.
Yttrium is near tantalum but far from zinc.

Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

a) Silver is diagonally above nickel.

b) Zinc is in line with scandium.
c) Molybdenum and ruthenium are on either side of technetium.
d) Gold is adjacent to mercury.
e) Iron is beside and to the right of cobalt.
f) Gold is vertically below silver.

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 g) Vanadium is near cadmium.
h) Mercury is at the bottom of the table, on the right.
i) Copper is between nickel and zinc.
j) Manganese is in the middle row.
k) Silver is in the third column from the right.

Section 2 Positions on three dimensions

5. Look and read:

at the end of

upright

4 beyond

inverted

Note: The sphere is above all the other solids, but it is over only the
cone and the middle of the cylinder.

Now make questions and answers :

Example: Where is the sphere in relation to the upright cone?

The sphere is over the upright cone.

sphere . . . upright cone. upright cone . . . cylinder.

upright cone . . . sphere. cylinder . . . upright cone.
rectangular solid . . . cylinder. inverted cone . . . cube.
cylinder . . . rectangular solid. cube . . . inverted cone.
cube . . . rectangular solid. sphere . . . line.

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6. Look and read:

wire

test-tube
clamp

flame
oxygen

bunsen burner
tube

apparatus
stand-

base

trough

Now complete this description :

a) There is a gas jar . . . of the apparatus.

b) The gas-jar is standing a trough.
c) There is some oxygen the gas-jar.
d) . . . of the gas-jar there is a stand.
e) . . . of the stand there are two clamps which hold a test-tube.
0 the test-tube and the gas-jar-there is a tube.
g) . the stand there is a base.
h) The base is the test-tube.
i) There is a tripod and a bunsen burner . . . the stand.
j) The burner is the tripod.
k) The gas comes from a tap which is . . . of the tripod.
1) . . . the burner there is a flame.
m) the apparatus there is a conical flask.
n) the conical flask there is a beaker.
o) There is a light the stand.
p) The light is . . . of a wire.
q) The light is the apparatus and the flasks.
r) The apparatus and the flasks are the bench.

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Section 3 Geographical positions
7. Look at this map of the world and the sentences below it:

North Britain Asia

• Moscow
America
the Europe
Atlantic
Coca Cola New Ocean Peking CD
York Iran the Himalayas
Cairo ,e,"Rec\ 0Japan
the Sahara China
Cuba a India tea
Mexic camel Desert
8
the
Central America Amazon Africa
Lagos
Brazil
the Pacific coffee an 41Q.
elephant gold forth
Ocean
South Rio de 00
America Janeiro
West East
a kangaroo
a whale The World
South

Mexico is situated in North America.

Central America is situated between North America and South
America.
Europe is situated to the west of Asia.
The Sahara Desert is located in Africa and to the south-west of Cairo.
Gold is. found in the south of Africa.
Kangaroos are found in Australia.
People are distributed throughout the world.

Answer these questions:

a) Where are whales found?

b) Where is the River Amazon located?
c) Where is Lagos situated?
d) Where is the Atlantic Ocean in relation `to Europe and North
America.
e) Where are the Himalayas located in relation to China?
f) Where is tea found?
g) Where is Moscow situated in relation to Delhi?
h) Where is India situated in relation to Asia?

Ask and answer some more questions like these.

Write six sentences about your own country, using these words:

is/are situated is/are distributed throughout

is/are located to the east of
is/are found in the north of

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Section 4 Some parts of objects and their properties
8. Look and read:

The interior of a glass tube is hollow.

The exterior is hard and smooth.
exterior
interior

Ask and answer questions with the words below:

Example: Which part of an egg is hard?

The exterior of an egg is hard.
top
0 middle
0 a ping-pong —base
an egg ball a bottle

hard/soft hollow/tough hard and transparent/

flat/circular/cylindrical/
hollow

Look and read:

interior surface
The interior surface of this dish is
edg concave.
The exterior surface is convex.
exteriors urface The edge is circular.

pages—
This book is thick.
The pages are thin.
The edges of the pages are straight.

The front of this lorry is curved.

The back and the sides are flat.

One end of this screw is flat and

circular.
The other end is tapering.
ends The tip is pointed.

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Now ask and answer more questions :

front
back

a convex lens a concave lens a leaf a pencil

lfat/convex/ concave/ curved/ iflled with graphite/
thick/thin thick/thin tapering smooth/tapering/
pointed/flat

Look at the diagrams and complete the descriptions :

The and the of this

case are horizontal.
The , the and the
are vertical.
There is a handle on the
t ndle
The is curved.
The ' is hollow.

tobacco The of a cigarette is filled with

tobacco.
The are circular.
The is white.

blade The edge of the blade is thin.

front edge
The edge is thick.
back edge
The blade is -shaped.
The of the handle is tapering.

handle

Section 5 Reading
9. Look at these questions, then read the text. Which paragraph answers each
question?

a) Why are geographical positions given in degrees?

b) What are the tropics?
c) What are latitude and longitude?
d) What do geographical positions mean?

Latitude and longitude

The position of places on the Earth's surface are given in latitude and

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 longitude. These are imaginary circles running round the Earth. Lines of
latitude run horizontally and are parallel to the Equator. Lines of
longitude run vertically. They converge at the North and South
5 Poles.
The position of Chicago is 42°N and 88°W. This means that it is
situated at the point where latitude 42 crosses longitude 88. 'N' means
north of the Equator. 'W' means west of the zero meridian. This is the
line of longitude which passes through Greenwich.
10 Positions are given in degrees. Imagine a line from the centre of the
Earth to the Equator and another line from the centre of the Earth to
Chicago. The angle between these lines is 42°. Similarly, the angular
distance between the zero meridian and Chicago is 88°.
The Earth is not at right angles to its path round the sun. Therefore
15 the position of the sun in relation to the Earth's surface changes
during the year. Twice a year, on March 21st and September 21st, the
sun is vertically over the Equator. At other times it is vertically over
other latitudes between the tropical zones. These lie between the
Tropic of Cancer (23°27'N)t and the Tropic of Capricorn (23°27'S).
20 The sun is vertically over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21st and
vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn on December 21st.

Read '23 degrees, 27 minutes North'.

10. Now work through these exercises:

a) Label these diagrams :

23° 27'
0'
23' 27'

Equator Zero meridian Angle of latitude Tropic of Cancer

North Pole Tropic of Capricorn Angle of longitude South Pole

b) The position of the South Pole is 90°S. S means . . 90° is the

angle between a line from the Earth's centre to the Equator and
another line from the centre to the..........
c) How do you know that the Tropic of Capricorn is in the southern
hemisphere ?
d) Why is it summer in December in the southern hemisphere?,
e) Find out your own geographical position and explain what it
means.

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Unit 3 Structure
Section 1 Parts and the whole

1. Look and read:

A house consists of walls, a roof, floors,

doors and windows. (These are the
window parts of the house.)
wall It contains rooms. (The rooms are
inside the house.)

NM• will'door
MOM
floor

Now complete this:

ceiling A room walls, a ceiling, a floor,

a and
A room often furniture.

furniture

Answer these:
What does your classroom consist of?
What does it contain?
Complete this:

neck [I. lid A milk bottle consists of a glass

cylinder, a flat , a tapering
and a lid.
milk It contains

base

Answer these:

What does a gas-jar consist of?

What does it contain'?

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Complete this:

electron An atom of carbon consists of.............

nucleus It contains a in the centre.
(neutrons
and The nucleus consists of and
protons)
empty
space

2. Read this:

The rooms in a house include a bedroom, a sitting-room etc. (These are

some of the different kinds of room.)

Complete these:

The rooms in a school include . . .

Furniture includes . . .

the Sun The solar system the Sun and

Venus lanets. Planets
Earth p the Earth,
Mars, Venus
Mars

Look and complete:

Chemical substances

ele t meennttss compounds

I I
i i i I I I I I I
Fe 0 N etc etc CO2 H2S0,, etc etc

Chemical substances consist of and

Elements include..........
Compounds include..........

Now read the text and copy out the complete diagram :

Matter consists of organic substances

and inorganic substances.
Organic substances' include coal and
carbon
oil. Inorganic substances include iron
and sulphur. Organic substances con-
tain carbon. Inorganic substances do
not contain carbon.

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3. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

a) The Earth consists of a core and an

atmosphere.
b) The crust is part of the Earth's
structure.
c) Other parts of the Earth include
the mantle, the core and the Sun.
d) The core contains the Earth.
e) The atmosphere contains gases.

Section 2 The connection between parts

4. Look and read:

The rectangle is connected to the

square by the line.
The triangle is attached to the
rectangle.
The circle is detached from the square.

Now complete these:

engine A car a body, seats, an engine,

wheels, axles.
The front of this car the engine.
The wheels are by the axles.
The wheels are to the axles.
The wheels are from the body.
Different kinds of car
Mercedes, Moskvich etc.

Look and read :

The branch of the tree is joined to the

branch
trunk.

trunk

The branches are supported by the

trunk.

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Now complete this description :

This house consists of . . . It

contains
The rooms include .
The roof is supported by . . .
The walls are attached to.........
This house is shaped like . . .
The windows are situated

5. Look and read:

The head of the hammer is fixed to

the handle. (It cannot move.)

The rubber tube is fitted over the glass

tube.

rubber tube

The wire leads from the switch to the

bulb.

bulb
given :
Now describe the following objects, using the words
consists of/fixed/supported/top .
shaped
legs

plug consists of/contains/shaped/attached/

connected
wires
glass bulb filament
a light bulb

horizontal consists of/situated/connected/leads

metal tube
vertical gas tap from . . . to/fitted over/fixed/shaped
metal tube

base

rubber tube
a bunsen burner

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6. Read this text:

The apparatus for preparing hydrogen consists of a flask, a gas-jar, a

beehive shelf, a trough, a delivery tube and a thistle funnel. The
flask is spherical and has a flat bottom. It contains zinc and hydro-
chloric acid. The thistle tube and the delivery tube are fitted into the
neck of the flask. They are held in place by a two-holed cork. The
thistle tube leads down to the hydrochloric acid. The delivery tube
leads from the flask to the hole in the beehive shelf. The beehive
shelf is placed in the middle of the trough. The trough contains
water. The gas-jar is supported by the beehive shelf. Hydrogen is
collected at the top of the gas-jar.

Now draw the apparatus, using the parts shown in the diagram. The flask
and the trough are in the right position. Then add labels to your diagram.

thistle
funnel

two holed
cork

7. Now look at this diagram:

,concentrated
hydrochloric acid

cardboard

sodium sulphite
• r sulphur dioxide
gauze
conc.
sulphuric
tripod---- acid
gas - jar
burner

block of wood

Apparatus for preparing sulphur dioxide

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 Describe the apparatus as fully as possible, using these words :

consists of/situated/on the left/in the middle/on the right/supported

by/placed under/there is . . . between . . . /fitted into/held in place
by/contains/leads down into/leads from . . . to . . .

Section 3 Composition
8. Look at these examples:

A book consists of pages and a cover. It

contains words and pictures.
The pages are made of paper and the
cover is made of paper or cardboard.

Now make questions and answers about the following objects :

Example: What does a hammer consist of?

It consists of a head and a handle.
What is it made of?
It is made of metal and wood.

metal frame
wooden glass lens
board
— wooden
frame
metal
handle
a blackboard
metal blade
wooden handle
0 0 Oj

triangular top

rubber tyre,
legs
-tubes
metal hub-
metal
air vent spokes
base
a tripod
a bunsen burner

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9. Look and read :

This square is divided into triangles.

The circle is surrounded by stars.

The tyre is filled with air.

The body of a car is covered with paint.

Now answer these questions:

■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■
What is a chess-board divided into?
■ ■ ■ III
■ ■ ■ ■
What is it made of?
■ ■ • ■
■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■

What is living matter divided into?

What is the nucleus of a cell surrounded

nucleus by?
cytoplasm

cytoplasm What is the cytoplasm covered with?

membrane

land

What is a lake surrounded by?

What is a cheese sandwich filled

with?

hair
What are our bodies covered with?

skin

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10. Look at this diagram:

absorbent
paper
zinc casing

electrolyte

carbon rod

Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

a) The diagram shows a dry cell in cross-section.

b) A dry cell is cylindrical in shape.
c) The electrolyte is situated in the centre of the cell.
d) The carbon rod is surrounded by the electrolyte.
e) The thin layer between the casing and the electrolyte is made of
paper.
f) The cell is covered with absorbent paper.
g) The biggest part of the cell is filled with electrolyte.

Section 4 Reading
11. Read this text. Then say which of these titles is most suitable and why :

The Earth's crust The contents of the Earth

The properties of the Earth The structure of the Earth

The Earth is a solid sphere. It is made up of three concentric spheres or

layers. These are called the core, the mantle, and the crust. The solid
sphere is surrounded by a gaseous sphere, which is called the
atmosphere.
5 We know most about the crust of the Earth which is the outermost
sphere. This layer is very thin compared with the diameter of the
whole Earth. It is only about 10 km thick under the ocean and about.
30 km thick on land. It consists of rock which contains a lot of
minerals. These are usually in compounds called oxides, containing
10 oxygen, or sulphides, containing sulphur.
The mantle is much thicker than the crust. It is about 300 km thick. It
consists mainly of rocks, but we do not know much about their
composition.
The core, which is situated inside the mantle, seems to be divided
15 into two parts. The inner core is about 2800 km in diameter. We
believe that it is mainly composed of iron, but it also contains about
10 % nickel. The layer surrounding the inner cox is called the outer
core and is approximately 2000 km thick. It is probably composed of

27
 molten iron and nickel. However, the metals in the inner core seem to
20 be rigid, and therefore solid. This is because they are under very high
pressure, which causes solidification in spite of the high temperatures
at the centre of the Earth.

Label this diagram :

12. Say whether these statements are true or false and give reasons:

a) The core is spherical in shape.

b) We know more about the composition of the crust than the
composition of the mantle.
c) The crust consists of minerals.
d) Iron oxide contains sulphur.
e) The inner core is situated at the centre of the Earth.
f) The outer and inner cores consist of iron.
g) We know that the inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid.
h) At the centre of the Earth, temperature and pressure are both very
high.

13. Read these notes. Then make similar notes about the other parts of the Earth.

Name inner core

Location: at centre of earth
Measurement : diameter approx. 2800 km
Composition: solid iron and nickel
Other properties: very hot, high pressure, rigid

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