Thamarai International School, Thanjavur

Grade : 10 Activity Subject: Physics

Exp.No-1 Topic-Verification of Ohm’s law Grade-10

Aim: To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through
it and to determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I.

Materials required: Nichrome or manganin wire, ammeter, voltmeter, battery eliminator, rheostat, one-
way plug key and connecting wires.

Formula:
If the physical conditions such as temperature, pressure, mechanical strain etc remain the same the current
(I) flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V) across the
conductor. Mathematically
I∞ V or V∞I or v=IR or R=V/I
R- Resistance offered by the conductor to the flow of electric current.

Procedure:

 Set up the circuit arrangement as shown in the circuit diagram

 Note the least count of the ammeter and voltmeter
 Find any zero error in ammeter or volt meter.
 Plug in the key and switch on the battery eliminator and adjust the potential difference by sliding
rheostats variable terminal till the ammeter and volt meter shows readings
 Note the readings of ammeter and voltmeter and repeat the experiment for five more observations.
 Calculate the value of R and plot a graph between V and I.

Circuit Diagram

Observations:
 Least Count of ammeter 0.01mA…………………
 Least count of oltmeter…0.1V………………
S.No Voltmeter Ammeter reading R=V/I
reading(V) in volts (I) in ampere
1
2
3
4
5
Mean value of R =
Calculations:
 Calculate the value of R by using the formula R=V/I
 Mean value of R is ……………….
 Calculate the value of R by finding the slope of V-I graph.

Result:
 The resistance of the given wire obtained experimentally is ………………………
 The resistance of the given wire obtained graphically is ……………………………….

Precautions:
 The ends of the connecting wires should be neat and clean.
 All connections should be kept tight.
 Range of voltmeter should be greater than applied voltage.
 A low resistance ranged rheostat must be used.

Exp.No-2 Topic-Refraction of Light through a Rectangular glass slab Grade-10

Aim

To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence.
Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, and angle of emergence, and interpret the result.

Materials Required

A drawing board, 4-6 all pins, White sheet of paper,Rectangular glass slab,A protractor,A scale,A
pencil,Thumb pins

Procedure

1. Fix a white sheet on the soft drawing board using thumb pins.
2. Place the glass slab at the centre of the white paper and draw its outline boundary using a sharp
pencil.Let ABCD be the rectangular figure obtained by drawing.
3. Mark a point E on AB and draw a perpendicular EN and label it as a normal ray.
4. Draw one angle of 30° with the help of protractor with EN. Fix pins at P and Q at 4-5 cm on the ray
that is obtained by the angle.Place the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
5. To fix R and S, see through the glass slab from side CD, such that when seen through the glass slab,
all the pins P, Q, R, and S should lie in a straight line.Draw small circles around the pins P, Q, R and
S and remove the pins.
6. Remove the glass slab.Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F. Draw a perpendicular
N’M’ to CD at point F.
 7. Using a pencil, join the points E and F.
8. Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e, the incident angle, refracted angle, and emergent
angle.
9. The lateral displacement is obtained by extending the ray PQ in a dotted line which is parallel to ray
FRS.
10. Measure the lateral displacement.
11. Repeat the same procedure for angles 45° and 60°.

Ray Diagram

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Angle of incidence Angle of Angle of <i - <e <PEN-

<i = <PEN refraction <r = emergence <e = <SFM’
<MEF <SFM’
1.
2.
3.

Conclusion:

1.The angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are equal

2. The light is traveling from rarer to denser medium, the angle of refraction is lesser than the angle of
incidence.
3. For different angles of incidence the lateral displacement will remain the same.

Subject: Chemistry

CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATIONS

AIM:
To make the children understand about
 Combination reactions
 Double displacement reactions
 Displacement reactions
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Calcium oxide, water, beaker, lead nitrate solution, potassium iodide solution, zinc granules, copper
sulphate crystals
THEORY:
COMBINATION REACTIONS:
The reactions in which two reactants combine together to form products
Cao + H₂O ͢ ca(OH)2
Calcium oxide calcium hydroxide
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
The reactions in which there is exchange of ions known as double displacement reactions
Pb(No₃)2 + 2KI ͢ PbI2 + 2KNO₃
Lead nitrate potassium iodide lead iodide
(Colourless) (Yellow)
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS:
The reaction in which more reactive element can displace less reactive element to form compound
Zn + Cu SO₄ ͢ Zn SO₄ + Cu
Zinc copper sulphate zinc sulphate copper
grey blue colourless reddish brown

Subject: Biology

Experiment No :1

Temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata

Aim
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.

Materials Required
Freshly plucked leaf of Rheo or Tradescantia, petri dish, slide, coverslip, needle, forceps, brash, dropper,
watch glass, filter paper, glycerine, safranin solution and microscope.

Procedure

1. Take a freshly plucked leaf (Rheo or Tradescantia).

2. Stretch the leaf with its dorsal (lower) part facing upwards.
3. Break the leaf by applying suitable pressure so that the epidermis projects from the leaf.
4. Cut the epidermis and put it in a petri dish.
5. Take a watch glass, add few drops of water and a drop of stain in it.
6. Transfer the small piece of epidermis from petri dish into the watch glass with the help of brash.
7. Allow the peel to remain in the stain for 2-3 minutes, so that it can take up the stain.
8. With the help of brush transfer the stained peel into a petri dish with water to remove the extra stain.
9. Now take a clean slide and place it on a filter paper. In the centre of the slide put a drop of glycerine
and transfer the stained peel from petri dish on the slide.
10. Gently hold the coverslip with the needle and place it on the peel. Avoid air bubbles formation.
 11. Use the filter paper to clean the excess stain, water or glycerine that comes out from the coverslip
sides.
12. Ensure that the slide is clean and place it under the microscope. First view it under low power (10X)
and then under high power(45X).
13. Record your observations.

Observations

1. In an epidermal peel we see single layer of cells.

2. In between the epidermal layer small spots are seen.
3. When focused under powerful microscope the stomata pores are clearly seen.
4. Each stomata pore has two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
5. Each guard cell has one nucleus and many chloroplasts.

Conclusion
Epidermal layer of leaf peel has many stomata pores. Each stomatal pore has two kidney shaped guard cells,
in dicots plants. Each guard cell has one nucleus and many chloroplasts.
Precautions

1. While removing the epidermal peel, ensure that you pluck the thinner scrap of leaf.
2. Do not overstain the peel.
3. Avoid air-bubbles formation while placing the coverslip.
4. The peel should not be folded.
5. The slide should be clean and dry before placing it under microscope.

Experiment no :2

Test for release of co2 during respiration

Aim
To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.

(A) Test for release of CO2 during respiration in animals.

Materials Required
Two test tubes, a cork with two holes, two glass tubes, syringe, lime water.

Procedure

1. Take some freshly prepared lime water in two test tubes.

2. Fit cork with two holes in test tubes A and B.
3. Fix two glass tubes in this cork of test tube A as shown in the figure.
4. Exhale air into the tube and record your observations.
5. In another test tube B, which has lime water, pass air through syringe and record your observations.

Observation

 In test tube A, the lime water turns milky sooner than in test tube B.

Conclusion

1. The exhaled air contains lot of CO2 which turns lime water milky.
2. This proves that during respiration we exhale CO2 gas.
Precautions

1. The glass tube should be dipped in the lime water.

2. The lime water should be freshly prepared.

(B) To test release of C02 by plants during respiration.

Materials Required
A conical flask, small test tube, cork, thread, germinating seeds, a bent tube, a beaker, water and freshly
prepared lime water.

Procedure

1. Take two conical flasks, add germinating seeds with little water sprinkled over it.
2. Fix the mouth of conical flasks with cork in which a bent tube is fixed.
3. Suspend a small test tube containing KOH solution in it with the help of a thread in conical flask A.
4. Allow the mouth of the bent tube to be immersed in water in set-up A and in lime water in set-up B
as shown below.
5. Record your observations after few hours.

Observations

1. In set-up A, the water level in the bent tube dipped in beaker increases after few hours.
This is because the oxygen present in the conical flask is taken up by germinating seeds and
CO2 released due to respiration is absorbed by KOH present in small tube. Hence, the air pressure in
the flask reduces and water level rises.
2. In set-up B, the freshly prepared lime water turns milky. This is due to excess CO2 released into the
test tube during respiration of germinating seeds.

Conclusion
This shows that CO2 is given out during respiration.

Precautions

1. Lime water should be freshly prepared.

2. KOH solution should be freshly prepared.
3. Germinating seeds should have lot of moisture in them.