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    Assignment Biology Sem1 PDF

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    aleeya nazirah
    This document is a biology assignment on the topic of gene regulation and expression of the lac operon in E. coli. It discusses how the lac operon allows E. coli to control the production of enzymes for digesting lactose. Specifically, it contains 3 genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are expressed as a single mRNA controlled by a promoter. It predicts that in the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator and blocks transcription, while in the presence of lactose, the repressor detaches and transcription occurs. The significance of the lac operon is that it allows prokaryotes like E. coli to produce enzymes only when lactose is present as an energy

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    Assignment Biology Sem1 PDF

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    aleeya nazirah
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    This document is a biology assignment on the topic of gene regulation and expression of the lac operon in E. coli. It discusses how the lac operon allows E. coli to control the production of enzymes for digesting lactose. Specifically, it contains 3 genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are expressed as a single mRNA controlled by a promoter. It predicts that in the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator and blocks transcription, while in the presence of lactose, the repressor detaches and transcription occurs. The significance of the lac operon is that it allows prokaryotes like E. coli to produce enzymes only when lactose is present as an energy

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    This document is a biology assignment on the topic of gene regulation and expression of the lac operon in E. coli. It discusses how the lac operon allows E. coli to control the production of enzymes for digesting lactose. Specifically, it contains 3 genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are expressed as a single mRNA controlled by a promoter. It predicts that in the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator and blocks transcription, while in the presence of lactose, the repressor detaches and transcription occurs. The significance of the lac operon is that it allows prokaryotes like E. coli to produce enzymes only when lactose is present as an energy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views7 pages

    Assignment Biology Sem1 PDF

    Uploaded by

    aleeya nazirah
    This document is a biology assignment on the topic of gene regulation and expression of the lac operon in E. coli. It discusses how the lac operon allows E. coli to control the production of enzymes for digesting lactose. Specifically, it contains 3 genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are expressed as a single mRNA controlled by a promoter. It predicts that in the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator and blocks transcription, while in the presence of lactose, the repressor detaches and transcription occurs. The significance of the lac operon is that it allows prokaryotes like E. coli to produce enzymes only when lactose is present as an energy

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    of 7

    KEDAH MATRICULATION COLLEGE

    BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
    BIOLOGY 1 (SB015)
    SESSION 2021/2022

    TOPIC 6 :EXPRESSION OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION


    SECTION A/B/C

    NAME :NUR ALEEYA NAZIRAH BINTI


    BASHARUDIN
    MATRIC NUMBER : MS2118122816
    TUTORIAL : DHT13
    LECTURER’S NAME : NOORLIZA BT MD YATIM
    6.4GENE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION – LAC OPERON

    i . Review about Lac Operon in E.coli

    Operon is a genetic regulatory system that found in bacteria and their viruses which
    in genes coding for functionally related proteins clustered along the DNA . This features also
    allows protein synthesis to be controlled coordinately in response to the needs of the cell .
    By providing the means is to produce proteins only when and where they are required , the
    operon allows the cell to conserve energy which is it very important for part of an organism
    life strategy . Lac operon can be define as a system that allows the E.coli to repress the
    production of enzymes .Lac operon contains three genes which is LacZ , LacY and LacA .
    These genes are transcribed as a single mRNA under control of one promoter .

    An operon also consists of promoter , operator , and structural genes that code for
    the enzymes . Promoter is the site of attachment or binding site of RNA polymerase and it is
    needed to start transcription . Next , Operator is the binding site for the attachment of the
    repressor protein that controls the transcription of the operon and structural gene is a gene
    that that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor . In Lac Operon
    , the structural are divided into three which is Lac Z , Lac Y and Lac A where these genes
    are encode for the production of β-galactosidase , permease and transacetylase respectively
    ..
    ii . Predict what happens when lactose is absent and when it is present

    The inducer in Lac operon is allolactose . Allolactose is an isomer of lactose . If the


    lactose is absent , the repressor bind itself to the operator and cause the lac operon is switch
    off .Other than that , repressor protein also blocks the parts of promoter and RNA
    polymerase cannot bind to the promoter . The operon is not active because the transcription
    of structural genes is blocked by repressor-operator complex .So , no transcription occur
    and LacZ , LacY and LacA are not transcribed also three structural enzymes are cannot be
    produced .

    Meanwhile , if the lactose is present , lac operon is swtich on . Lactose molecule will
    enter to E.coli and then some of lactose will be coverted into allolactose . Next , allolactose
    are binds to repressor protein which is produced by regulator gene to form allolactose-
    repressor complex . The repressor protein will alters and change the shape and repressor
    protein unable to bind to the operator or detaches from the operator . So , the operon is
    activated . After that , RNA polymerase then binds to the promoter and transcription of
    structural genes (LacZ , LacY and LacA ) will takes place to form mRNA . After transcription ,
    the translation of m RNA will occur where m RNA translated to produce three enzymes
    which are β-galactosidase , permease and transacelyte by ribosome . Then , lactose will be
    hydrolise into galactose and glucose .
    LacZ(S1) is the one of structural genes that encode for produces enzyme call β-
    galactosidase . This enzyme are function to hydrolyzes or breakdown lactose to glucose and
    galactose . Next , enzyme Lactose permease which is produced by structural gene LacY
    (S2) .This enzyme is function as transports lactose into the cell or into the E.coli . Lastly is
    Lac A (S3) gene products is enzyme lactose transacetylase and it has unknown and not
    usually necessary function .These are very important for process of lactose metabolism .

    iii . Discover the significance of lac operon to prokaryotes .

    When glucose is present and and lactose is absent , enzyme β-galactosidase are not
    produce .Next is when glucose is present and lactose is present , enzyme β-galactosidase
    are also cannot be produced . But when glucose absent and lactose are absent , no enzyme
    β-galactosidase will be produced. While when glucose is absent and lactose is present ,
    enzyme β-galactosidase are can be produce .

    The importance of lac operon is operon is a genetic unit that produces the enzymes
    necessary for the digestion of lactose . This also found in E.coli and some other enteric
    bacteria that contains gene coding for proteins in charge of transporting lactose into the
    cytosol and digesting it into glucose . This glucose is then used to make energy .

    Conclusion

    Lac operon is a cluster of gene that consists of a promoter , operator and the
    structural genes LacZ , LacY and LacA . Lactose is break down into glucose and galactose
    with the help of enzyme β-galactosidase . This enzyme is produced by LacZ gene . In
    mechanism of Lac operon , a repressor protein that is produced by the LacI gene repress
    transcription when it bind to the operator . If lactose is present , the repressor can binds to it
    and transcription process is occur . But when lactose is absent , the transcripton is blocked
    by repressor-operator complex . So , no transcription is occur and no enzymes can be
    produce .

    Reference
    • Gralla , J.D 1992 . lac Repressor . In S.L .McKnight and K.R Yamonoto
    ,eds.,Transcriptional Regulation . Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press,pp.629-642
    • www.britannica.com/science/operon
    • http://ms.wikiqube.net/wiki/Lac_operon
    • https://www.khanacademy.org

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