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Object Oriented Analysis and

Design

BY
DR. L. RANATHUNGA

Additional References

— Software Engineering – Ian Sommerville

— Visual Modeling with Rational Rose 2002 and UML
– Terry Quatrani
— Rational Software Architect – Quick start guide
— Object Oriented modeling and Design – James
Rambaugh, Michele Blaha, el.,

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What is Object-Oriented?

— Object oriented analysis and design is a bottom-up

way of thinking about problems using models
organized around real-world concepts.
— The fundamental building block is the object.
— Object combines data structures and behaviors in a
single entity.

What is Object-Oriented?

— Organisation of software as a collection of discrete

objects that incorporate both data structures and
behaviors.

— This is in contrast to conventional programming in

which data structures and behaviors are loosely
connected.

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Behavioral Models

— Systems have static & dynamic characteristics

¡ Structural models describe the static aspects of the system
¡ Behavioral models describe the dynamics and interactions of the
system and its components
— Behavioral models describe how the classes described in
the structural models interact in support of the use cases.

Characteristics of Objects

— Identity
¡ The data is quantized into discrete, distinguishable entities
called objects.
¡ ex : wheel of a bike, paragraph of a text, window on work
station, etc
— Classification
¡ The objects with same data structure (attributes) and
behaviors (methods) are grouped into a class.
¡ Ex: Bingo is an object, belongs to dog class and animal super
class (Abstract)

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Characteristics of Objects

— Polymorphism
¡ The same behavior may occur differently in different classes.
¡ ex : move operation on a window is differ from move
operation on file, etc
— Inheritance
¡ the sharing of attributes and operations among classes based
on hierarchical relationship.
¡ ex: classes can create sub classes

OO Design & Development

— Problems are changing but problem-domain remains

— Customer requirements may change but business
environment is same
— OOAD address problem-domain
— Structured methods address problem
— Reusability, Modularity, portability, Modifiability
are there

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What is Object-Oriented Development?

— New way of thinking about software based on

abstraction that exist in real world
— In this context development refers to the front
portion of the software life cycle: analysis, design,
Implementation
— The essence of OO development is the
identification and organisation of application-
domain concepts, rather than their final
representation in a programming language, OO or
not

What is Object-Oriented Development?

— OO development approach encourages software

developers to work and think in terms of the
application domain through most of the SE life
cycles.
— It is independent of a programming language until
final stage.
— It uses for communication & specification
description tools, documentation, interfacing,
programming

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Basic Principles of Object Orientation

Object Orientation

Encapsulation
Abstraction

Modularity

Hierarchy

What is Abstraction?

Salesperson
Not saying
Which
salesperson –
just a
salesperson
in general!!!
Product
Customer

Manages Complexity

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What is Encapsulation?

— Hide implementation from clients

¡ Clients depend on interface

How does an object encapsulate?

What does it encapsulate?

Improves flexible

What is Modularity?

— The breaking up of something complex into

manageable pieces Order
Entry

Order Processing
System Order
Fulfillment

Billing

Manages Complexity

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What is Hierarchy?

— Levels of abstraction Asset

Increasing
abstraction

BankAccount Security RealEstate

Savings Current Stock Bond

Elements at the same level of the hierarchy

Decreasing should be at the same level of abstraction
abstraction

Basic Concepts of Object Orientation

— Object
— Class
— Attribute
— Operation
— Interface (Polymorphism)
— Component
— Package
— Subsystem
— Relationships

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What is an Object?
— Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software
¡ Physical entity

Truck

¡ Conceptual entity
Chemical Process

¡ Software entity
Linked List

A More Formal Definition

— An object is a concept, abstraction, or thing with

sharp boundaries and meaning for an application
— An object is something that has:
¡ State
¡ Behavior
¡ Identity

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Representing Objects
— An object is represented as rectangles with
underlined names

: Professor
a + b = 10

ProfessorMala
Class Name Only
Professor Mala
ProfessorMala :
Professor Object Name Only

Class and Object Name

What is a Class?

— A class is a description of a group of objects with

common properties (attributes), behavior
(operations), relationships, and semantics
¡ An object is an instance of a class
— A class is an abstraction in that it:
¡ Emphasizes relevant characteristics
¡ suppresses other characteristics

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Sample Class

Class
Course

Properties Behavior
Name Add a student
Location Delete a student
a + b = 10
Days offered Get course time table
Credit hours Determine if it is full
Start time
End time

Representing Classes

— A class is represented using a compartmented

rectangle

a + b = 10
Professor

Professor Mala

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Class Compartments

— A class is comprised of three sections

¡ The first section contains the class name
¡ The second section shows the structure (attributes)
¡ The third section shows the behavior (operations)

Class Name Professor

name
Attributes empID
Operations create( )
save( )
delete( )
change( )

Classes of Objects

— How many classes do you see?

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The Relationship Between Classes and Objects

— A class is an abstract definition of an object

¡ It defines the structure and behavior of each object in the class
¡ It serves as a template for creating objects
— Objects are grouped into classes

Objects Class

Professor

Professor Geetha Professor Mala

Professor Seetha

What is an Attribute?
Object
Class

Attribute Attribute Value

:CourseOffering
number = 101
startTime = 900
CourseOffering endTime = 1100
number
startTime
endTime :CourseOffering
number = 104
startTime = 1300
endTime = 1500

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What is an Operation?

CourseOffering
Class
addStudent
deleteStudent
getStartTime
Operation getEndTime

What is Polymorphism?
— The ability to hide many different implementations
behind a single interface

Manufacturer B
Manufacturer A Manufacturer C

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What is an Interface?

— Interfaces formalize polymorphism

— Interfaces support plug-and-play architectures
Tube
<<interface>>
Shape
Pyramid
Draw
Move
Scale
Rotate Cube

Realization relationship

Interface Representations
Tube
Iconic
Representation
Pyramid

Shape Cube

Canonical Tube
(Class/Stereotype) <<interface>>
Representation Shape
Pyramid
Draw
Move
Scale
Rotate Cube

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What is a Component?

— A non-trivial, nearly independent, and replaceable part of a

system that fulfills a clear function in the context of a well-
defined architecture
— A component may be
¡ A source code component
¡ A run time components or
OO Principle:
¡ An executable component Encapsulation

Source File <<EXE>> <<DLL>>

Name Executable Component
Name Component Name
Interface

What is a Package?
¨ A package is a general purpose mechanism for
organizing elements into groups
¨ A model element which can contain other model
elements

OO Principle:
Package Name Modularity
¨ Uses
¡ Organize the model under development
¡ A unit of configuration management

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What is a Subsystem?

— A combination of a package (can contain other

model elements) and a class (has behavior)
— Realizes one or more interfaces which define its
behavior
Realization
Subsystem
<<subsystem>>
Interface Subsystem Name
Interface

OO Principles: Encapsulation and Modularity

Subsystems and Components

— Components are the physical realization of an abstraction
in the design
— Subsystems can be used to represent the component in
the design
Design Model Implementation Model

<<subsystem>> Component
Component Name Name
Component
Component
Interface Interface

OO Principles: Encapsulation and Modularity

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Relationships

— Association
— Aggregation
— Composition
— Dependency
— Generalization
— Realization

Relationships: Association
— Models a semantic connection among classes

Association Name

Professor Works for University

Association
Role Names

Class University
Professor
Employee Employer

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Relationships: Aggregation
— A special form of association that models a whole-
part relationship between an aggregate (the whole)
and its parts

Whole Part

Student Schedule

Aggregation

Relationships: Composition

— A form of aggregation with strong ownership and

coincident lifetimes
¡ The parts cannot survive the whole/aggregate

Whole Part

Student Schedule

Aggregation

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Association: Multiplicity and Navigation

— Multiplicity defines how many objects participate in a
relationships
¡ The number of instances of one class related to ONE instance of
the other class
¡ Specified for each end of the association
— Associations and aggregations are bi-directional by
default, but it is often desirable to restrict navigation
to one direction
¡ If navigation is restricted, an arrowhead is added to indicate the
direction of the navigation

Association: Multiplicity
— Unspecified
— Exactly one
1
— Zero or more (many, unlimited)
0..*

*
— One or more
1..*
— Zero or one
0..1
— Specified range
2..4
— Multiple, disjoint ranges
2, 4..6

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Example: Multiplicity and Navigation

Multiplicity

Student 1 0..* Schedule

Navigation

Relationships: Dependency
— A relationship between two model elements where a
change in one may cause a change in the other

Client Supplier Component

Class

Package Client Supplier

Dependency
relationship

ClientPackage SupplierPackage
Dependency
relationship

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Relationships: Generalization

— A relationship among classes where one class

shares the structure and/or behavior of one or
more classes
— Defines a hierarchy of abstractions in which a
subclass inherits from one or more superclasses
¡ Single inheritance
¡ Multiple inheritance
— Generalization is an is-a-kind of relationship

Example: Single Inheritance

— One class inherits from another
Ancestor

Account
balance
name
Superclass number
(parent) Withdraw()
CreateStatement()
Generalization
Relationship

Current Savings

Subclasses Withdraw() GetInterest()

Withdraw()

Descendents

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Example: Multiple Inheritance

— A class can inherit from several other classes

FlyingThing Animal

multiple
inheritance

Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse

Use multiple inheritance only when needed, and

always with caution !

What Gets Inherited?

— A subclass inherits its parent s attributes,
operations, and relationships
— A subclass may:
¡ Add additional attributes, operations, relationships
¡ Redefine inherited operations
— Common attributes, operations, and/or
relationships are shown at the highest applicable
level in the hierarchy

Inheritance leverages the similarities among classes

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Example: What Gets Inherited

GroundVehicle
owner Person
Superclass weight
(parent) licenseNumber 0..* 1

register( )
generalization

Car Truck Trailer

Subclass size Tonnage
getTax( )

Relationships: Realization
— One classifier serves as the contract that the other
classifier agrees to carry out
— Found between:
¡ Interfaces and the classifiers that realize them

Class Component
Subsystem
Interface Interface
Interface
Elided form
¡ Use cases and the collaborations that realize them

Canonical form

Use Case Use-Case Realization

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Strengths of Object Orientation

— A single paradigm
— Facilitates architectural and code reuse
— Models more closely reflect the real world
¡ More accurately describe corporate data and processes
¡ Decomposed based on natural partitioning
¡ Easier to understand and maintain
— Stability
¡ A small change in requirements does not mean massive
changes in the system under development

Class Diagram for the Sales Example

Sale

seller buyer item sold shipping mechanism

Salesperson Customer Product Vehicle

Corporate Individual Truck Train

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Effect of Requirements Change

Suppose you need a
new type of shipping
vehicle ... Sale

seller buyer item sold shipping mechanism

Salesperson Customer Product Vehicle

Corporate Individual Truck Train Airplane

Change involves adding a new subclass

— Questions?
— Next à UML Notations

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