Chapter 3 PDF

EEE121: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 1
CHAPTER 3: MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
NOOR HASLIZA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN

LESSON OUTCOMES
• At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Define the concept of magnetic field, reluctance, Ohm’s Law for magnetic
circuit and magnetizing force
• Describe and apply the concepts of Ampere’s Circuital Law in magnetic
circuit.
• Solve/determine the magnetic circuit parameter for a series and series
parallel magnetic circuit.
CONTENTS – Chapter 3
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
3. KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) IN
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
4. KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL) IN
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
5. AIR GAPS
6. SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
7. SERIES-PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
1. INTRODUCTION
 Magnetism or magnetic circuit is important in almost all
electrical device such as generator, motor, transformer, television,
computer, telephone, etc.
 Few terms that have to be understood are:

a. Flux Density, B
b. Permeability, μ
c. Relative Permeability, μr
a. Flux Density, (B)
 When magnetomotif force (mmf) applied to magnetic

material, flux φ will be induced
 Magnetic flux (φ) measured in Webers (Wb)
 Flux density (B) is the number of flux lines per unit area and
measured in Tesla (T)
 Where, φ = flux [Wb]

B
A A = area [m2]
B = flux density [T]
b. Permeability, 
 The strength of magnetic field will vary in accordance

with the core used
 This variation in strength is due to the number of flux
lines passing through the core
Where, o = permeabilty of free
  o  r space (4 x 10-7 H/m)

r = relative permeabilty of
the core
 = permeability [Wb/ A.m]
c. Relative Permeability, r
 It is the ratio of permeability of a material,  to that of free space, o
 Where, r = relative permeabilty of the core
r  o = permeabilty of free
o space (4 x 10-7 H/m)
 = permeability of material
used [Wb/ A.m]
 Example:
Material Relative Permeability, r
Air 1
Permalloy 100,000
Cast Steel 1,000
Sheet Steel 4,000
Iron 5,195
Ferromagnetic r >> 1
 Magnetic circuit is like an electric circuit in the sense that flux, φ

(similar to current, I) is produced in a core (conductor) by mmf
(magnetomotif force), similar to electromotif force, emf in electric
circuit.
 A typical problem in magnetic circuits is to determine the amount of

current that must be supplied to a winding in order to produce a
specified flux in a core.
 Similarity between electric circuit and magnetic circuit
Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit
I
I

E R
Electromotif Force (emf), E = V = IR [V] Magnetomotif Force (mmf), ℱ= NI [A.t]
Current, I = V/R [A] Magnetic Flux, φ = BA [Wb]
Resistance, R = V/I [Ω]  l

Reluctance ,    [ At / Wb]
A A
Conductivity, σ [1/Ωm] Permeability,  [Wb/ A.m]
Current Density, j [A/m2] Magnetic Flux Density, B [Wb/m2 or T]
Electric Field Intensity, E [V/m] Magnetic Field Intensity or, H  B [At/m]

Magnetizing Force 
3. KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit
V  0 F  0
F  NI  0
 Practical equation for mmf drop:

F  H
NI   H
Ampere’s Circuital Law
where; H = magnetizing force

ℓ = length of section
Example 1: Consider the magnetic circuit in figure below, where the circuit is made up of 3
different ferromagnetic materials (iron, cast & sheet steel)
F  0
NI  ( H) cast iron  ( H) cast steel  ( H) sheet steel
NI   ( H)
- All terms are known except magnetizing force (H) for each material
- H can be obtained from B-H Curve (if flux, or flux density, B is known)
- Another method of obtaining H is from relationship of B= H
4. KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
(KCL) IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
 Fluxes entering a junction is equal to the sum of fluxes leaving the junction
Junction x
a c
I
b
N
Σ=0
At junction x: a = b + c
5. AIR GAPS
 Many practical electromagnetic has a small opening call an air gap.
 When an air gap occurs in magnetic circuit, the flux at the edge bends outwards as shown in
Figure (a). Thus,
g  c Known as fringing
Figure (a) Figure (b)

 For our purpose, the fringing effect is neglected and the flux distribution is assume to be as
Figure (b).
 Flux density of air gap, where; g  g  core
Bg 
Ag Ag  Acore
 Magnetizing Force of air gap, Hg 

Bg
where;  g  o
O
Bg  Bcore
Example 1
The magnetic core below consists of three types of materials which
are sheet steel
steel, cast steel and cast iron
iron. The cross sectional areas for
the materials are 2 x 10-3 m2. If the flux that pass through the air gap
is 4 x 10-4 Wb, find the value of current I that flows in the windings.
Given that the number of turns is 1000 turns. Neglect fringing and
magnetic effect. (use μo = 4π x 10-7)
nsmh... 9
Example1 For air gap:
Given, B  μoH
A = 2 x 10-3 m2, Фgap = 4 x 10-4 Wb, 0 .2
Hgap   159.15 kAt / m
N = 1000 4π  10 7
lss = 450 mm,, lcs = 300 mm,,
Form B-H curve:
lci = 649 mm, lg = 1mm
Cast Steel:
At B = 0.2 T, Hcs = 170 At/m
Φ Cast Iron:
At B = 0.2 T, Hci = 400 At/m
Sheet Steel:
At B = 0.2 T, Hss = 40 At/m
By performing KVL at magnetic circuit loop:

 1000 I  Hl ss  Hl cs  Hl gap  Hl cii  0
Ф = Фgap = 4 x 10-4 Wb  1000 I  (40  450m)  (170  300m)
 (159.15k 1m)  (400  649m)  0
Φ 4 x 10 -4 1000 I  487.75
B   0.2T
A 2 x 10 -3
 0.48775 A
nsmh... I 10
Example 2
The magnetic circuit shown in Figure Q4b is made of cast steel. The
cross-sectional
cross sectional area of all limbs is 5 x 10-4 m2. If the number of turns
is 500, determine the current i that will produce a magnetic flux of 1 x
10-4 Wb in the air gap 1.
(Neglect magnetic leakage and fringing effect)
nsmh... 11
Example 2 For air gap 1:
Given, g1 = 1 x 10-4 Wb B g1 0.2
A = 5 x 10-4 m2 H g1    159.15 k At / m
o 4  10  7
l1 =199 mm, lg1 = 1 mm, l2 = 540 mm
lg2 = 1 mm,, lT =599 mm From B-H curve:
At B1 = 0.2 T, H1 = 170 At/m
2 T
R H2l2 = H1l1 + Hg1lg1

1 T
R 1 H2 (540 m) = (170)(199 m) + (159.15 k) (1 m)

R 2
R g2
R (170)(199 m))  (159.15

(159 15 k) (1 m))
H2 
g1
540m
H 2  357.37 At / m
1 = g1 = 1 x 10-4 Wb
1 1  10 4
B1  B g 1    0.2T
A 5  10 4
nsmh... 12
Example 2
From BB-H
H curve:
T 4.110 4 Wbb
At H2 = 377.37 At/m, B2 = 0.62 T BT   4
 0.82 T
A 5 10
2  B2  A Bg 2  BT  0.82 T
 0.62  5  10  4
 3.1  10  4 Wb From B-H curve:
T  1  2 At BT = 0.82 T, HT = 525 At/m
Bg2
T  110  4  3.110  4 H g2  
0.82
 652.54 At / m
4
o 4  10  7
 4.110 Wb
KVL at right oop:
H g 2l g 2  H T lT  500i  H1l1  H g1l g1  0
(652.54 k )(1m)  (525)(599m)  500 I  (170)(199m)  (159.15k )(1m)  0
(652.54 k )(1m)  (525)(599m)  (170)(199m)  (159.15k )(1m)
i
500
i  2.32 A nsmh... 13

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EEE121: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 1

CHAPTER 3: MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

NOOR HASLIZA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN

 Few terms that have to be understood are:

 When magnetomotif force (mmf) applied to magnetic

 Where, φ = flux [Wb]

 The strength of magnetic field will vary in accordance

Where, o = permeabilty of free

  o  r space (4 x 10-7 H/m)

 Where, r = relative permeabilty of the core

 Magnetic circuit is like an electric circuit in the sense that flux, φ

 A typical problem in magnetic circuits is to determine the amount of

Electromotif Force (emf), E = V = IR [V] Magnetomotif Force (mmf), ℱ= NI [A.t]

Current, I = V/R [A] Magnetic Flux, φ = BA [Wb]

Resistance, R = V/I [Ω]  l

Current Density, j [A/m2] Magnetic Flux Density, B [Wb/m2 or T]

Electric Field Intensity, E [V/m] Magnetic Field Intensity or, H  B [At/m]

 Practical equation for mmf drop:

where; H = magnetizing force

Figure (a) Figure (b)

 Magnetizing Force of air gap, Hg 

By performing KVL at magnetic circuit loop:

R H2l2 = H1l1 + Hg1lg1

R 1 H2 (540 m) = (170)(199 m) + (159.15 k) (1 m)

R (170)(199 m))  (159.15

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