Grade 9 Robotics Reviewer Quarter 2 PDF

ROBOTICS QUARTER 2
REVIEWER
This reviewer contains…
I. Forming a Diode to create a Rectifier

II. Parts of the Power Supply
III. Converting Decimal to Binary
IV. Logic Gates
V. Boolean Algebra
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Forming a Diode to Create a Rectifier
What is a Diode?
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily
in one direction; it has low resistance in one direction, and high resistance in the
other.
What is a Rectifier?
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current, which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current, which flows in only one direction.
The reverse operation is performed by an inverter. The process is known as
rectification, since it “straightens” the direction of current
A rectifier consists of 4 diodes which are formed banded sides or the

cathodes together such that they are held in an arrow like shape.
I. Creating a Rectifier
1. Take four 1N4007 diodes.
2. Pick two of them and align there banded

sides or the cathodes together such that
they are held in an arrow like shape.
3. Now twist the terminals tightly such that

the joint holds the orientation intact.
example figure:
Power Supply and it’s Parts and Function
What is a Power Supply?

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a
source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.
I. Parts of a Power Supply
Transformer
- steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC
Smoothing/Capacitor
- smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple
Rectifier
- converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying
Regulator/Transistor
- eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
Converting Decimal to Binary and
Converting Binary to Decimal
What is a Binary?
Binary describes a numbering scheme in which there
are only two possible values for each digit -- 0 or 1 --
and is the basis for all binary code used in computing 1 – means true or on
systems. These systems use this code to understand
0 – means false or off
operational instructions and user input and to
present a relevant output to the user.
What is a decimal?
Decimal is a term that describes the base-10 number system, probably the most
commonly used number system. The decimal number system consists of ten
single-digit numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The number after 9 is 10
I. Methods of Converting Decimals to Binary
Subtraction Method
- Multiply the variable of 1 by 2 and repeat by multiplying the solution by
2 until you get the value closest to the decimal
Example:
75 = 1 ×2 × 4 × 8 × 16 × 32 × 64 = 128
128 is not the closest value to 75 so we cancel it out
64 is the closest value to 75
75 – 64 = 11
Find the value closest to the solution
11 – 8 = 3
3–2=1
The values used to subtract the solution are
64, 8, 2 and 1 as 1 is the last solution will be used to convert it to the value
1 in binary
(64 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 75
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Division Method
- Simply divide the values by 2. If the quotient has a remainder, it is
converted to 1 in binary
Example: 75
75 ÷ 2 = 37 R1
37 ÷ 2 = 18 R1
18 ÷ 2 = 9 R0
9 ÷ 2 = 4 R1
4 ÷ 2 = 2 R0
2 ÷ 2 = 1 R0
1 ÷ 2 = 0 R1
So the final answer is: 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

II. Converting Binary to Decimal
Power rule
- Add notations of 2 including the power of 0 on each The power of 0
binary digit from right to left is equal to 1
- Each notations represent the value of each binary digits
- 0 value including the notation will be cancelled out
- Add all the value
Figure example:
So, 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 157

The decimal value of the binary is 157
Logic Gates, Truth Tables, Boolean Algebra,
AND OR NOT NAND & NOR Gates
I. Logic Gates
What is a logic gate?
A Logic Gate is the basic building block of any
digital system. It is an electronic circuit having 0 – no digital signal
one or more than one input and only one output.
1 – digital signal
The relationship between the input and output
is based on a certain logic.
OR Gate
- It has 2 inputs and 1 output, therefore there can be 2 rays to 2 possible
output
Example of the logic table of OR gate:
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Simply put, as long as there’s a signal, the output will always be 1.

AND Gate
- Similar to OR gate it has 2 inputs and 1 output, therefore it can have 2
rays to 2 possible outputs. The AND gate works based on a mathematical
meaning AND which means multiply.
Output:
A×B=Y
Example of the logic table of AND gate:
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
NOT Gate
- An inverter or NOT gate is one that outputs the opposite state as what is
input. It has only one input and one output
Example of the logic table of the NOT gate:

Input Output
0 1
1 0
The input will always be the opposite of the output.

The NOT gate can be paired with other gates
For example, AND gate is connected to a NOT gate, AND gate signals
passing through the NOT gate will be converted. Therefore, the output will be the
opposite value.
Example illustration:
AND gate logic table to NOT gate logic table
Input Output Input Output
A B Y A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0
NOR gate NAND gate
NOT and AND gates are also called NAND gates, while NOT and OR gates are
called NOR gates.
XOR Gate
- XOR gate or Exclusive OR gate is simply OR gate but unlike OR gate, if the
signal input are both high (1X, 1Y) and low (0X, 0Y) the output signal will
be 0.
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XNOR Gate
- It is developed by combining XOR gate and NOT gate.
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
II. Boolean Algebra

What is the Boolean Algebra?
In computing, the term Boolean means a result that can only
have one of two possible values: true or false. Boolean logic takes two
statements or expressions and applies a logical operator to generate
a Boolean value that can be either true or false. To return the result,
operators like AND, OR, NOT, etc. are used.
Boolean Algebra Rules:

Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:

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ROBOTICS QUARTER 2

This reviewer contains…

I. Forming a Diode to create a Rectifier

A rectifier consists of 4 diodes which are formed banded sides or the

1. Take four 1N4007 diodes.

2. Pick two of them and align there banded

3. Now twist the terminals tightly such that

What is a Power Supply?

I. Parts of a Power Supply

I. Methods of Converting Decimals to Binary

So the final answer is: 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

So, 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 157

Example of the logic table of OR gate:

Simply put, as long as there’s a signal, the output will always be 1.

Example of the logic table of AND gate:

Example of the logic table of the NOT gate:

The input will always be the opposite of the output.

Input Output Input Output

NOR gate NAND gate

II. Boolean Algebra

Boolean Algebra Rules:

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