UNIVERSITAS KHAIRUN

FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA

PRODI SASTRA INGGRIS

NAMA: JUNITA SUSANTI

CLASS: 3-A
SUBJECT: BASIC ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY
NPM: 06212111006

 COMPOUND VERSUS PHRASES

Compound and Phrase are one of an important branch of linguistics that deals with the scope
of word formation. Compound versus phrase is the crucial point to recognize by learners who
learn about linguistic in more deeply. In this case, I will analyze how the process of
compounding two or three words which have differences part of speech into a new word with
has differences in meaning before it is compounded.And also how the words compound as
phrase in a sentences.

Example : As a simple example, the words ‘flower’is noun,means‘the type of plant that can
produce its flower’and ‘pot’is noun, means‘bowl used by children as a toilet’. When those
words are compounded the meaning will be different. But the part of speech does not change.
It is because the words ‘flower’ and ‘pot’ have the same part of speech, namely noun. When a
noun (N) and noun (N) are compounded the part of speech does not change, that is the
rule.And the example of phrase, ‘the bracelet is made of gold’. Made of gold is a kind of
adjective phrase.

More example :

More examples about kind of compound

Adjective + Verb compound: high + light → highlight

Verb + preposition compound: break + up → breakup

Preposition + Verb compound: out + run → outrun

Adjective + Adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet

Preposition + Preposition compound: in + to → into

Noun + Noun compound: note + book → notebook

Adjective + Noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry

Verb + Noun compound: work + room → workroom

Noun + verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed

Verb + Verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry

The study of language is inseparable with compounds and phrases because both compound
and phrase are one of the studying of linguistics.However, Compound and Phrase are
confusing the learners of linguistic because both of them are not easy to distinguish because
there are many cases in which compounds are quite similar to phrases with a similar meaning,
for instance, ice cream, with its variable stress pattern, is a phrase for some and a
compound for other speakers“ although there is not denotative difference of meaning”.
This also can be one of my reasons why I am doing this research.

Compounds and phrases are the studying of linguistics which relates to the scope of the word
formation, as I explained in the previous discussion. If there is a question,what is the
importance of learning about the compound versus phrase? Simple,because the compounds
are have similarity to phrase in meaning. It makes confusing the learners to indicate whether
the words are compounds or not. So that’s why, this is important to explore in farther. For
instance, in a certain common situation in which we might ask the question whether an
expression is a single word or a syntactic phrase involves (potential) Compounds, such as
the expressions backboard, backdoor, back Seatarecompounds or phrases. In this section
we discuss some properties of compounds that allow us to distinguish them from phrases.
Hopefully, after discussing the compound and phrase, we are able to distinguish between
compounds and phrase in easily.

1. Compounds may be compositional, meaning that the meaning of the new word is
determined by combining the meanings of the parts, or noncom positional, meaning that the
meaning of the new word cannot be determined by combining the meanings of the parts. For
example, a blueberry is a berry that is blue. However, a breakup is not a relationship that was
separated each other. And the word black birdis not compound, but it is noun phrase.

2. I found many examples about phrases and compounds as I explained before. Therefore, I
am going to continue analyzing the further explanation for each kind of example which I
explained in the previous discussion. But in this section I will focus on analyzing compound
noun and noun phrase.

3. I would like firstly to analyze about Compound noun, is formed from two nouns, or an
adjectives and nouns. Compound nouns should not be confused with nouns modified by
adjectives, verbs, and other nouns. For example, the adjective blackof the noun phrase black
bird is different from the adjective black of the compound noun blackbirdin that black of
black bird functions as a noun phrase modifier while the black of blackbird is an inseparable
part of the noun: a black bird also refers to any bird that is black in color while a blackbird is
a specific type of bird.Structurally irregular compounds include postmodified constructions
as well as exocentric constructions such as hatchback, redneck, and shithead.
Primary compounds are notable for their often idiosyncratic semantics. The meanings of such
compounds do not deriveregularly from the meanings of their two components in the way
attributiveness determines meaning.Thus, blackbird to manage that a bird which has black
feathers and a mosquito netkeeps mosquitoes out while butterflies arecaptured using a
butterfly net.

Here is another set of example:

Milk bottle ‘bottle for containing milk’

· Milkman ‘man who delivers milk’

· Milk-float ‘float carrying milk’

· Milk-fever ‘disease caused by lack of the calcium contained in milk’

· Milk-tooth ‘tooth present while young mammal is still drinking milk’

· Milk-weed ‘weed with sap like milk’

· Milk-tart ‘tart made with milk’

While these compounds are formally regular, their meanings are with one exception listed
rather than following from the principles of attribution discussed above. Those principles
would simply not get anywhere near identifying for us the items symbolized by the forms:
instead of the relevant meanings rely heavily on our knowledge whereby bottles contain
things, men do things, floats carry things etc. In each case, the key to the meaning seems to
be provided by the semantics of the head. A further example of this is milk-tart becomes
milktart is then an attributive construction rather than a primary compound.

 COMPUND VERB

compound verb is defined as a verb that consists of multiple words combined together.
Compound verbs can take the form of: a single word as in backslide or sidestep; a multiple
word phrase as in open up or turn back; or multiple words connected by a hyphen as in jump-
start or double-click.

The following list gives just some examples of the many compound verbs we use: act up,
blindside, crack down, double-dip, ease off, face down, get up, hand over, iron out, join
together, kill off, leave behind, move up, overachieve, punch up, quiet down, redshirt, stick
to, thin out, undercut, video call, watch for, yield to, zigzag.
Four types of compound verbs: While it depends on the exact grammar resource you use,
compound verbs are often divided into four main types.

1. Prepositional verbs

Prepositional verbs are compound verbs that are a combination of a verb and a
preposition. Unlike the next type of verb we’ll look at, prepositional verbs often keep the
literal meanings of the individual words that combine to form them. For example, the
verb talk means to speak with someone and the preposition to can refer to direction or
connection. The prepositional verb talk to means to speak with someone, so both the
literal meanings of talk and to are retained. Again unlike our next type of verb,
prepositional verbs typically do not separate out and are usually followed by an object.
For example, we would say I laughed at the funny clown but we would not say I laughed
the funny clown at.

2. Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs are compound verbs that combine a verb with another part of speech,
usually an adverb or a preposition. Unlike prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs often have
idiomatic meanings that are different from the individual words used to form them. For
example, the verb bring means to carry something somewhere and the adverb/preposition
up often means “to a more elevated position.” However, the phrasal verb bring up means
to raise a child, to raise a topic, or to vomit. The meaning of the compound verb is
completely different from the individual parts. Unlike prepositional verbs, it is possible
for phrasal verbs to either be separable or inseparable. A separable phrasal verb can be
split apart and still make grammatical sense while an inseparable phrasal verb cannot. For
example, take back is separable as it is correct to say He took back his hat from the butler
and He took his hat back from the butler. On the other hand, cut across is inseparable as
the sentence We cut across the street makes sense but We cut the street across does not.

3. Compound verbs with helping verbs

A third category of compound verbs consists of verbs that are combined with helping
verbs, also known as auxiliary verbs. Examples of auxiliary verbs include be, have, do,
can, could, might, may, and will. These words are placed before a main verb in order to
form verb phrases that serve a variety of purposes. To give one example, the helping verb
be is used to form the present continuous tense in the sentence I am eating lunch right
now. As another example, the modal verb can is often used to express ability or
permission as in Monkeys can climb trees.
 4. Compound single-word verbs

The last type of compound verbs are compound single-word verbs. This broad type of
compound verb is formed by combining a verb with another word (possibly even another
verb) to form a new word with a distinct meaning. For example, the word double means
“twice” or “twofold” and the verb check means “to verify” or “to inspect.” The verb
double-check combines these two words to form a new word that means “to check twice.”

Compound single-word verbs come in two different forms: hyphenated and non-hyphenated.
For example:

Non-hyphenated: overestimate, proofread, blackmail, backflip, sugarcoat

Hyphenated: baby-sit, dry-clean, flash-freeze, second-guess, bad-mouth.

Compound verb examples in sentences. Now that we’ve learned more about the different
types of compound verbs, let’s look at a bunch of different examples of how we can use them
in our sentences :

1. The airplane took off early in the morning.

2. She dressed up for the fancy dinner party.

3. Bill cleaned the mess up.

4. We meant to go hiking yesterday but we were too busy.

5. I was sleeping during the movie.

6. By the time Scott arrives, his sister will have been studying for two hours.

7. The prince was double-crossed by his cruel uncle.

8. The pit crew supercharged the race car with a new type of fuel.