Anatomi dan Fisiologi

Sistem Syaraf
Nervous System
There are two divisions….
CNS and PNS
Organization of the Nervous System
• 2 big initial divisions:
1. Central Nervous System
• The brain + the spinal cord
• The center of integration and control
2. Peripheral Nervous System
• The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
• Consists of:
• 31 Spinal nerves
• Carry info to and from the spinal cord
• 12 Cranial nerves
• Carry info to and from the brain
The Autonomic Nervous System
and Visceral Sensory Neurons
Anatomical Differences in
Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Divisions

• Issue from different regions of

the CNS
• Sympathetic – also called the
thoracolumbar division
• Parasympathetic – also
called the craniosacral
division
 • Cerebrum – made of white and grey matter
• Largest part of mammalian brain
• Higher order behavior (awareness, learning)
• Cerebellum – motor function and
Brain coordination
• Brain Stem –
• Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Mid-brain
• Autonomic Functions – things you don’t think
about
 Cerebrum

Forebrain Thalamus
Cerebral
Hypothalamus cortex

Pituitary gland

Midbrain

Pons

Hindbrain Medulla Spinal cord

oblongata

Cerebellum
FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE

Somatosensory
association
Speech area
Frontal
association
area
Taste
Reading

Speech

Hearing

Smell Visual
Auditory association
association area
area
Vision

TEMPORAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE

The brain has two
sides.
• The left side of the brain controls
the right side of the body.

• The right side of the brain controls

the left side of the body.
The Nervous System
• A network of billions of nerve cells linked together in a highly
organized fashion to form the rapid control center of the body.
• Functions include:
• Integrating center for homeostasis, movement, and almost all other body
functions.
• The mysterious source of those traits that we think of as setting humans apart
from animals
Nerves are like
telephone lines
• They send messages all over your
body
• These messages move through your
body faster than you can blink your
eyes
 Sensation
• Monitor's changes/events occurring in and
outside the body. Such changes are known
as stimuli and the cells that monitor them
are receptors
Basic Functions of Integration
the Nervous • The parallel processing and interpretation
of sensory information to determine the
System appropriate response
Reaction
• Motor output
• The activation of muscles or glands
(typically via the release of
neurotransmitters (NTs))
 • Responsible for communication between
the CNS and the rest of the body
• Can be divided into:
• Sensory Division
• Afferent division
Peripheral • Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
• Informs the CNS of the state of the body interior and
Nervous exterior
• Sensory nerve fibers can be somatic (from skin,
System skeletal muscles or joints) or visceral (from organs w/i
the ventral body cavity)
• Motor Division
• Efferent division
• Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors
(muscles/glands)
• Motor nerve fibers
 • Can be divided further:
• Somatic nervous system
Motor • VOLUNTARY (generally)
• Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses
Efferent from the CNS to skeletal muscles
• Autonomic nervous system
Division • INVOLUNTARY (generally)
• Conducts impulses from the CNS to
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
 Autonomic Nervous System
Can be divided into:
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• “Fight, Flight and Frigth”
• Activated during exercise,
excitement, and emergencies
• Parasympathetic Nervous
System
• “Rest and Digest”
• Concerned with conserving energy

These two systems are antagonistic. Typically, we balance these two to keep ourselves in
a state of dynamic balance.
 Sympathetic Nervous – Fight-Flight-Frigth

Increased
Increased Decreased
Blood Pupil Dilation
Heart Rate Urination
Pressure

Increased Bronchial Decreased

Sweating Dilation Salivation
Parasympathetic – Energy Sparing

Decreased
Decreased Pupil Increased
Blood
Heart Rate Constriction Urination
Pressure

Decreased Bronchial Increased

Sweating Constriction Salivation
Nervous Tissue
Two cell types
1. Neurons – Functional, signal conducting cells
2. Neuroglia – supporting cells
 Neuroglia
• Outnumber neurons by about
10 to 1 (the guy on the right had
an inordinate amount of them)
• Six types of supporting cells
• Four are found in the CNS:
1. Astrocytes
• Star-shaped, abundant, and
versatile
• Guide the migration of
developing neurons
• Act as K+ and NT buffers
• Involved in the formation of the
blood brain barrier
• Function in nutrient transfer
Neuroglia
2. Microglia
• Specialized immune cells that act as the
macrophages of the CNS
• Why is it important for the CNS to have its own
army of immune cells?
3. Ependymal Cells
• Low columnar epithelial-esque cells that line the
ventricles of the brain and the central canal of
the spinal cord
• Some are ciliated which facilitates the
movement of cerebrospinal fluid
 Neuroglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
• Produce the myelin
sheath which provides
the electrical insulation
for certain neurons in
the CNS
Neuroglia
• Two types of glia in the PNS
• Satellite cells
• Surround clusters of neuronal
cell bodies in the PNS
• Unknown function
• Schwann cells
• Form myelin sheaths around
the larger nerve fibers in the
PNS
• Vital to neuronal regeneration
Schwann Cells –
form the myelin
sheath for axons
⚫ Hold neurons in
place
⚫ Keep messages
from getting
scrambled
⚫ Increase Speed of
Transmition
⚫ Can reconnect a
cut axon : only in
PNS, not CNS
Neurons

There are many different

The functional and Specialized to conduct types of neurons, but most
structural unit of the information from one part have certain structural and
nervous system of the body to another functional characteristics
in common:

- Cell body (soma)

- One or more specialized, slender
processes (axons/dendrites)
- An input region (dendrites/soma)
- A conducting component (axon)
- A secretory (output) region (axon
terminal)
 • By Number of Processes:
Classification • Unipolar – one process
of Nerve Cells • Bipolar – one dendrite and one axon
• Multipolar (99%) – branching to create
(Neurons) more than one of each
Soma
• Contains nucleus plus most normal
organelles
• Biosynthetic center of the neuron
• Contains a very active and developed
rough endoplasmic reticulum which is
responsible for the synthesis of protein
• The neuronal rough ER is referred to as
the Nissl body
In the soma above, notice the small black
• Contains many bundles of protein
filaments (neurofibrils) which help circle. It is the nucleolus, the site of ribosome
maintain the shape, structure, and synthesis. The light circular area around it is
integrity of the cell the nucleus. The mottled dark areas found
throughout the cytoplasm are the Nissl
substance.
Somata
• Contain multiple
mitochondria
• Acts as a receptive service
for interaction with other
neurons
• Most somata are found in
the bony environs of the
CNS
• Clusters of somata in the
CNS are known as nuclei
Clusters of somata in the
PNS are known as ganglia
Neuronal Processes
• Armlike extensions emanating from every neuron.
• The CNS consists of both somata and processes whereas the bulk of the PNS consists of
processes.
• Tracts = Bundles of processes in the CNS (red arrow)
Nerves = Bundles of processes in the PNS
• 2 types of processes that differ in structure and function:
• Dendrites and Axons
• Dendrites are thin, branched processes whose main function is to receive incoming
signals
• They effectively increase the surface area of a neuron to increase its ability to
communicate with other neurons.
• Small, mushroom-shaped dendritic spines further increase the SA
• Convey info towards the soma using graded potentials – which are somewhat like action
potentials

Notice the multiple processes

extending from the neuron on the
right. Also notice the multiple
dark circular dots in the slide.
They’re not neurons, so they
must be…a
Axons
• Axolemma = axon plasma membrane.
• Surrounded by a myelin sheath, a wrapping
of lipid which:
• Protects the axon and electrically isolates it
• Increases the rate of AP transmission
• This wrapping is never complete.
Interspersed along the axon are gaps where
there is no myelin – these are nodes of
Ranvier.
• In the PNS, the exterior of the Schwann cell
surrounding an axon is the neurilemma
• Nodes of
Ranvier – Gaps
in myelin sheath
on the axon
Myelinization
• Myelin Sheath – the specialized glial cells
that wrap around the axon of neurons
• Within the CNS →
Oligodendrocytes
• Within the PNS → Schwann Cells
 Myelination in the CNS

Myelination in the PNS

• A bundle of processes in the PNS is a nerve
• Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by an endoneurium (too small to
see on the photomicrograph) – a layer of loose CT
• Groups of fibers are
bound together into
bundles (fascicles) by
a perineurium (red
arrow)
• All the fascicles of a
nerve are enclosed by
an epineurium (black
arrow)
 • One neuron will transmit info to another neuron or to a
muscle or gland cell by releasing chemicals called
neurotransmitters
• The site of this chemical interplay is known as the
synapse
• An axon terminal (synaptic knob) will abut another cell, a
neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell
Chemical • This is the site of transduction – the conversion of an electrical
signal into a chemical signal
Signals
Neurotransmitters -
Chemicals released by the pre-synaptic neuron
Effects of the Neurotransmitter
• Different neurons can contain different NTs
• Different postsynaptic cells may contain different
receptors.
• Thus, the effects of an NT can vary
• Some NTs cause cation channels to open, which
results in a graded depolarization
• Some NTs cause anion channels to open, which
results in a graded hyperpolarization
Neurotransmitter
Removal
• NTs are removed
from the synaptic
cleft via:
• Enzymatic
degradation
• Diffusion
• Reuptake
Terminology

Groups of Cell Bodies – Groups of Nerve Processes –

CNS – Nuclei CNS – Tracts
PNS – Ganglia PNS - Nerves
 Spinal Reflex - rapid,
Does not
automatic response require brain
to sensory input

Reflexes
Reflex Arc - sensory receptor →
sensory neuron → CNS →
interneuron → motor neuron →
target organ
Visceral
Reflex Arc
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