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    Carnot Cycle

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    Raj Sathwara
    The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the highest possible efficiency for converting heat into work. It consists of four processes: two reversible isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve operating between two given temperatures. In practice, it is impossible to achieve a true Carnot cycle due to irreversible processes. The Rankine cycle is similar to the Carnot cycle but is used to model actual steam power plants. It consists of four processes: heat addition at constant pressure in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, heat rejection at constant pressure in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump.

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    Carnot Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Raj Sathwara
    14 views2 pages
    The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the highest possible efficiency for converting heat into work. It consists of four processes: two reversible isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve operating between two given temperatures. In practice, it is impossible to achieve a true Carnot cycle due to irreversible processes. The Rankine cycle is similar to the Carnot cycle but is used to model actual steam power plants. It consists of four processes: heat addition at constant pressure in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, heat rejection at constant pressure in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump.

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    The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the highest possible efficiency for converting heat into work. It consists of four processes: two reversible isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve operating between two given temperatures. In practice, it is impossible to achieve a true Carnot cycle due to irreversible processes. The Rankine cycle is similar to the Carnot cycle but is used to model actual steam power plants. It consists of four processes: heat addition at constant pressure in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, heat rejection at constant pressure in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    14 views2 pages

    Carnot Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Raj Sathwara
    The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the highest possible efficiency for converting heat into work. It consists of four processes: two reversible isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve operating between two given temperatures. In practice, it is impossible to achieve a true Carnot cycle due to irreversible processes. The Rankine cycle is similar to the Carnot cycle but is used to model actual steam power plants. It consists of four processes: heat addition at constant pressure in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, heat rejection at constant pressure in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump.

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    Carnot cycle

    Sadi Carnot in 1824 first proposed the concept of heat engine working on reversible cycle
    called carnot cycle.
    According to Carnot theorem “No cycle can be more efficient than a reversible cycle
    operating between the same temperature limits.”
    Carnot cycle is useful to compare the efficiency of any cycle under consideration with the
    efficiency of any cycle operating between the same two temperatures.
    A Carnot cycle is a hypothetical cycle consisting four different processes: two reversible
    isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic (isentropic) processes.
    Assumptions made in the working of the Carnot cycle
    a) Working fluid is a perfect gas.
    b) Piston cylinder arrangement is weightless and does not produce friction during motion.
    c) The walls of cylinder and piston are considered as perfectly insulated.
    d) Compression and expansion are reversible.
    e) The transfer of heat does not change the temperature of sources or sink. Fig. 5.2 shows
    essential elements for a Carnot cycle, P-v and T-S diagrams
    This cycle has the highest possible efficiency and it consists four simple operations as below:
    1. Isothermal Expansion (1 – 2)
    2. Isentropic Expansion (2 – 3)
    3. Isothermal Compression (3 – 4)
    4. Isentropic Compression (4 – 1)
    Isothermal expansion (1 – 2):- The source of heat (H) is applied to the end of the cylinder
    and isothermal reversible expansion occurs at temperature T1. During this process Q1 heat
    is supplied to the system
    Adiabatic expansion (2 – 3):- Adiabatic cover (C) is brought in contact with the cylinder head.
    The cylinder becomes perfect insulator because of non-conducting walls and end. Hence no
    heat transfer takes place. The fluid expands adiabatically and reversibly. The temperature
    falls from T1 to T3.
    Isothermal compression (3 – 4):- Adiabatic cover is removed and sink (S) is applied to the
    end of the cylinder. The heat, Q2 is transferred reversibly and isothermally at temperature
    T3 from the system to the sink (
    Adiabatic compression (4 – 1):- Adiabatic cover is brought in contact with cylinder head. This
    completes the cycle and system is returned to its original state at 1. During the process, the
    temperature of system is raised from T3 to T1
    Limitations of Carnot Gas Cycle:
    a) The Carnot cycle is hypothetical.
    b) The thermal efficiency of Carnot cycle depends upon absolute temperature of heat
    source T1 and heat sink T3 only, and independent of the working substance.
    c) Practically it is not possible to neglect friction between piston and cylinder. It can be
    minimized but cannot be eliminated.
    d) It is impossible to construct cylinder walls which are perfect insulator. Some amount of
    heat will always be transferred. Hence perfect adiabatic process cannot be achieved.
    e) The isothermal and adiabatic processes take place during the same stroke. Therefore the
    piston has to move very slowly for isothermal process and it has to move very fast during
    remaining stoke for adiabatic process which is practically not possible.
    f) The output obtained per cycle is very small. This work may not be able to overcome the
    friction of the reciprocating parts.
    . Rankine Cycle
    The Rankine cycle is the ideal cycle for steam power plants. In a steam power plants, the
    heat energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy or power. The ideal Rankine
    cycle is shown schematically and on P-V, T-s & h-s diagram in Fig. 5.3. The liquid, vapour and
    wet regions are also indicated with the help of saturation curve
    process 4 – 1: Constant pressure heat addition in the boiler The water is heated at constant
    pressure p1 in the boiler until the saturation temperature is reached, Saturated water is
    converted into saturated steam at constant pressure. During 1-1’ process steam is
    superheated in super heater. Heat supplied is given by Q h h s   1 4
    Process 1 – 2: Isentropic expansion in the turbine High pressure and high temperature
    superheated, dry saturated or wet steam generated in the boiler at p1 and T1 is supplied to
    the steam turbine. This steam expands isentropically into steam turbine up to the
    condenser pressure. Steam turbine develops mechanical work, WT due to expansion of
    steam. Turbine work is given by, W h
    Process 2 – 3: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser The exhaust steam from turbine
    enters into condenser, where it is condensed at constant pressure by circulating cooling water in the
    tubes. The heat rejected by exhaust steam is QR. Heat rejected is given by, Q h h R   2 3

    Process 3 – 4: Isentropic compression in the pump (Pumping Process) The condensed water coming
    from condenser is pumped to boiler at boiler pressure with the help of feed pump. To do so work,
    WP is supplied to feed pump. Pump work is given by, W h h

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