Mastery Answers - Mechanics PDF

Mastery Questions – Mechanics
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
𝐹 2 = 22 + 42
𝐹 = √22 + 42 = 4.5 N
2
tan 𝜃 =
4
𝜃 = 27° or 𝜙 = 63°
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force by scale drawing.
𝐹 = 5.5 kN at 45° left and above the horizontal
State in words
• Newton’s 1st law.

When there is no resultant force a body at rest stays at rest and a body in motion continues
in a straight line at constant speed
• Newton’s 2nd law in acceleration form.
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration
• Newton’s 2nd law in momentum form.
Force is the rate of change of momentum
• Newton’s 3rd law.
If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts a force on body A of the same
magnitude but opposite in direction
A force of 10 N acts on a mass of 5.0 kg at rest.
a) Calculate the acceleration

𝐹 10
𝑎=𝑚= 5
= 2.0 m s−2
b) Calculate the velocity after 2.0 s
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 2.0 × 2.0 = 4.0 m s−1
c) Calculate the distance travelled in 3.0 s
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0 + × 2.0 × 3.02 = 9.0 m
2 2
A ball drops from a height of 10 m. Air resistance is negligible
a) Calculate the time taken for the ball to hit the ground
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
2𝑠 2×10
𝑡 = √ 𝑎 = √ 9.81 = 1.43 s
b) Calculate the velocity when the ball hits the ground
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 = 02 + 2 × 9.81 × 10 = 196.2
𝑣 = √2𝑎𝑠 = 14 m s −1
c) Explain what would happen to the time taken if air resistance is not negligible.
Weight acts down, air resistance acts up, total force is reduced.
Therefore acceleration is reduced. Takes longer to hit the earth, so time is increased.
d) Explain what would happen to the final velocity if air resistance is not negligible.
Weight acts down, air resistance acts up, total force is reduced.
Therefore acceleration is reduced. Therefore the final velocity is reduced.
Sketch a distance time and velocity time graph for a ball thrown vertically upwards at 5.0 m s-1. Mark
values on the axis.
𝑣−𝑢 −5−5
𝑡= 𝑎
= 9.81
= 1.0 s
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 2 −𝑢2 0−52
𝑠= 2𝑎
= 2×−9.81 = 2.6 m
A ball is projected horizontally at a speed of 10 m s-1 at a height of 20 m. Calculate the horizontal
distance travelled by the ball.
Vertically: (constant acceleration 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 9.81 m s−2 downwards)
2𝑠 2×20
𝑡 = √ 𝑎 = √ 9.81 = 2.02 s
Horizontally: (constant speed)
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 = 10 × 2.02 = 20 m
A ball is fired from the ground upwards at a speed of 10 m s-1 at a angle of 30° to the horizontal
across level ground. Calculate
a) the time of flight
Vertical:
𝑣𝑦 = 10 sin 30° = 5.0 m s−1

1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑡 (𝑢 + 2 𝑎𝑡) = 0
1
𝑢 + 2 𝑎𝑡 = 0
2𝑢 2×5.0
𝑡 = −𝑎 = −−9.81 = 1.0 s
b) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball
Horizontal:
𝑣𝑥 = 10 cos 30° = 8.66 m s −1

𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 = 8.66 × 1.0 = 8.7 m
c) the maximum height of the ball
Vertical:
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 2 −𝑢2 −5.02
𝑠= 2𝑎
= 2×−9.81 = 1.27 m
d) the maximum speed of the ball
At start and end so 10 m s−1
e) the minimum speed of the ball
Horizontal velocity (constant) when vertical velocity = 0; 𝑣 = 8.7 m s −1

A ball is fired upwards at a speed of 10 m s-1 at a angle of 30° to the horizontal from the top of a 50
m tall cliff. Calculate
a) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball

vertically:
𝑣𝑦 = 10 sin 30° = 5.0 m s−1
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
1
−50 = 5.0 × 𝑡 + (−9.81) × 𝑡 2
2
−4.905𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 + 50 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −5±√52 −4×−4.905×50
𝑡= 2𝑎
= 2×−4.905
𝑡 = 3.74 or −2.72
𝑡 = 3.74 s
Horizontally:
𝑣𝑥 = 10 cos 30° = 8.66 m s −1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 = 8.66 × 3.74 = 32 m
b) the maximum height of the ball

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 2 −𝑢2 0−52
𝑠= 2𝑎
= 2×−9.81 = 123 m
c) the maximum speed of the ball
max 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 5.0 − 9.81 × 3.74 = −31.7 m s −1
𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = 8.662 + 31.72
𝑣 = 33 m s−1
d) the minimum speed of the ball
when 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 = 8.66 m s −1
Calculate 𝑣 and hence determine where this collision is elastic or not.
10 × 2 + 5 × −1 = 10 × 1.22 + 5𝑣
20−5−12.2
𝑣= 5
= 0.56 m s−1
1 1
Total 𝐸𝑘 before = 2 × 10 × 22 + 2 × 5 × (−1)2 = 22.5 J
1 1
Total 𝐸𝑘 after = 2 × 10 × (−1.22)2 + 2 × 5 × 0.562 = 8.2 J so inelastic
A ball of mass 100g travelling at 5.0 m s-1 collides normally with a wall elastically in 5.0 ms. Calculate
the force exerted on the ball by the wall.
Δ𝑚𝑣 0.1×−5.0−0.1×5.0
𝐹= 𝑡
= 5.0×10−3
= −200 N
If the same ball collides normally with the wall at 7.5 m s-1 and experiences the same force for the
same time, calculate the final velocity.
Δ𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢 = 𝐹𝑡
𝑚𝑣 = 𝐹𝑡 + 𝑚𝑢 = −200 × 5.0 × 10−3 + 0.1 × 7.5 = −0.25 m s−1

Sketch the distance time and acceleration time graphs for this velocity time graph.
1
Distance travelled in 10s = Area under graph = 2 × 25 × 10 = 125 m
y2 −y1 25−0
Acceleration = gradient = = = 2.5 m s−2
x2 −x1 10−0
For the velocity time graph shown below
• calculate the total displacement for the 10s covered by the graph
Areas under graph = 79 × 1 = 79 m
• calculate the maximum acceleration
𝑦 −𝑦 9.3−0
gradient=𝑥2 −𝑥1 = 1.8−0 = 5.2 m s −2
2 1
Sketch a velocity time graph for a parachute jump.
Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched.
Initially air resistance = 0, so only weight is acting. So accelerates at 9.81 m s−2 downwards. As
velocity increases so does air resistance (acting upwards). Resultant force and therefore acceleration
is reduced. Rate of increase of velocity decreases (graph gets less steep). Until air resistance =
weight. Balanced forces, so according to Newton 1, stays at constant speed.
Parachute opens which increases the surface area. So air resistance increases. Air resistance >
weight. So resultant force is upwards, so velocity decreases until air resistance = weight. Balanced
forces, so stays at reduced constant speed.
Define impulse.
Area under a force time graph
State the unit of impulse.
kg m s −1 or N s
The force exerted on a stationary toy car of mass 1.0 kg is shown below.
Calculate the impulse the toy car receives.

1
Impulse = Area under graph = 2 × 8 × 4 + 8 × 6 = 64 kg m s −1
Calculate the final velocity of the toy car.

64
𝑣= = 64 m s −1
1.0
The same impulse is used on a toy car with an initial velocity of 1.0 m s-1. Calculate the final velocity
of this toy car.
𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢 =Impulse
1×1
𝑣 = 64 + = 65 m s−1
1

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Mastery Questions – Mechanics

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

𝐹 = 5.5 kN at 45° left and above the horizontal

• Newton’s 1st law.

a) Calculate the acceleration

A ball drops from a height of 10 m. Air resistance is negligible

Vertically: (constant acceleration 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 9.81 m s−2 downwards)

Horizontally: (constant speed)

a) the time of flight

𝑣𝑦 = 10 sin 30° = 5.0 m s−1

b) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball

𝑣𝑥 = 10 cos 30° = 8.66 m s −1

d) the maximum speed of the ball

At start and end so 10 m s−1

e) the minimum speed of the ball

Horizontal velocity (constant) when vertical velocity = 0; 𝑣 = 8.7 m s −1

a) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball

b) the maximum height of the ball

Calculate 𝑣 and hence determine where this collision is elastic or not.

𝑚𝑣 = 𝐹𝑡 + 𝑚𝑢 = −200 × 5.0 × 10−3 + 0.1 × 7.5 = −0.25 m s−1

Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched.

Area under a force time graph

State the unit of impulse.

Calculate the impulse the toy car receives.

Calculate the final velocity of the toy car.

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