LIGHT CLASS 8 Module Complete

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VARDHMAN
VARDHMAN
SRIKALYAN
SRIKALYAN
INTERNATIONALSCHOOL
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
An English Medium Co-Educational School Affiliated to CBSE

An English Medium Co-Educational School Affiliated to CBSE
CBSE Affilication No.: 1730328
CBSE Affilication No.: 1730328
TARGET CLASSES
TARGET CLASSES
CLASS IX
CLASS VIII
PHYSICS
SCIENCE
TOPIC: MOTION
TOPIC: LIGHT
VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com
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Light
1. Introduction of Light
2. Reflection
3. Laws of Reflection
4. Object and Image
5. Image formed by Plane Mirror
6. Refraction of Light
7. Laws of Refraction.
8. Multiple Reflection

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9. Human Eye
10. Defects of Vision and their Correction

11. Refraction of Light through a Glass Prism
12. Dispersion of Light
13. Visually Challenged People
14. The Braille System
15. Eyecare and Nutrition
Light - Light is the form of energy, which enables us to see objects from which it comes (or from which it is
reflected). Light is a form of energy, which causes in us the sensation of sight. Light travels in straight lines.
Nature of light (Dual Nature of Light)

Light behaves as wave as well as particle.
Reflection of Light
When light falls on the surface of an object, it may be:
1. Absorbed (appear perfectly black)

2. Transmitted (transparent.)
3. Reflected
A ray of light is the straight line along which light travel. A ‘bundle of light rays’ is called ‘beam of light
Reflection
Bouncing back of light in the same medium through reflecting surface.

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Incident ray: Ray of light, which falls on mirror surface, is called incident ray.
Point of Incidence: Point at which incident ray falls on the mirror is called point of incidence.
Reflected ray: Ray of light, which is sent back by the mirror, is called the reflected ray.
Normal: A line at right angle to mirror surface at point of incidence.
Angle of Incidence: Angle made by incident ray with normal at point of incidence.
Angle of Reflection: Angle made by reflected ray with normal at the point of incidence.
Laws of Reflection of Light
1. First law of Reflection:

Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal (at point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.
2. Second law of Reflection:

The angle of Reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence. i = r
Objects
Luminous object
The objects like the sun, lamp, candle, etc., which emit their own light are called
luminous object.
Non-luminous object
Those objects, which do not emit light themselves but only reflect (or scatter) the light, which falls on them,
are called non-luminous objects. e.g., chair or table.

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Images
Image is an optical appearance produced when light rays coming from an object are reflected from a mirror (or
refracted through a lens).
An image is formed when the light rays coming from an object meet (or refraction through a lens). The images are of
two types:
1. Real Image:
The image, which can be obtained on a screen.
A real image is formed when light rays coming from an object actually meet at a point after reflection from a
mirror (or refraction through a lens).
2. Virtual Image:
The image, which cannot be obtained on a screen.
A virtual image is formed when light rays coming from an object only appear to meet at a point when produced
backwards (but do not actually meet) after reflection from a mirror (or refraction through a lens).
Regular and Diffused Reflection
Regular Reflection
 From polished surface.

 Reflected rays are parallel to each other.
 Image is seen in reflecting surface.
 Can be seen plane mirror, Water.
Diffuse Reflection
 From rough surfaces.

 Reflected rays move in various directions.
 Image is diffused or irregular.
 Can be seen in Scratched mirror, Rippling water.

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Formation of Image in Plane Mirror
Characteristics of image formed by Plane Mirror
(a) Virtual
(b) Erect
(c) Of Same Size
(d ) At the same distance behind the plane mirror
(e) Laterally inverted.
Lateral Inversion
The right side of our body becomes the left side in the image; whereas the left side of our body becomes right
side in the image.
Uses of plane mirror
 To see ourselves.
 Fixed on the inside walls of certain shops to make them look bigger.
 Fitted at blind turns of some busy roads so that drivers can seed the vehicles coming from the other side and
prevent accident.
 In making Periscopes.
Refraction of Light
The change in direction of light when it passes from one medium to another, is called refraction of light.
The bending of light when it passes from one medium to another, is called refraction of light.

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Angle of Incidence: The angle between incident array and normal (at the point of incidence) is called the angel of
incidence. It is denoted by letter [i].
Angle of Refraction: The angle between the refracted ray and the normal (at the point of incidence) is called angle of
refraction. It is denoted by letter [r].
Angle of Emergence: The angle, which the emergent ray makes with the normal, is called the angle of emergence. It is
denoted by letter [e]. In the refraction of light, the angle of refraction is usually not equal to the angel of incidence.
Causes of Refraction:
The speed of light is different in different media.
The refraction of light is due to the change in the speed of light on going from one medium to another.
When light enters from air into glass, its speed changes. And this change in sped of light in going form air to glass
causes the refraction lf light (or bending of light).
Greater the difference in the speeds of light in the two media, greater will be the amount of refraction.
Optically Rarer Medium: A medium in which the speed of light is more is known as
optically rarer medium

e.g. air is an optically rarer medium as compared to glass and water.

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Optically Denser Medium: A medium, in which the speed of light is less, is known as
optically denser medium.

e.g. Glass is optically denser medium than air and water.
 When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
 When array of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.
Case 1: Refraction of light when it goes from a Rarer medium to a Denser Medium: (Air to Glass)
 The angle of refraction (r) is smaller than the angle of incidence (i).
 Ray of light bends towards the Normal.
Case 2: Refraction of light when it goes from a Denser Medium to a Rarer Medium: (Glass to Air)
 The angle of refraction (r) is greater than the angle of incidence (i).
 Ray of light bends away from the Normal.
Case 3: Light falling normally (Perpendicularly) on a Glass Slab:
 Then there is not bending of the ray of light, and it goes straight.
Since the incident ray goes along the normal to the surface, the angle of incidence in this case is zero (o) and the
angle of refraction is also zero (o).
Laws of Refraction of Light
1. First Law: Incident ray, refracted ray and normal at point of incidence, all lie in same plane.
2. Second law: Angle of incidence is not equal to angle of refraction.

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How do we see objects?
When light coming from a luminous object or get reflected from a non-luminous body it enters our eyes. These rays
fall on retina at back of our eye from where they reach brain through optic nerve in the form of electrical signals.
Brain interprets image formed on retina enabling us to see object.
Multiple Reflections
Take two plane mirrors and place them such that they make an angle between them. Place an object (a lighted candle)
between mirrors. You can see several images in both mirrors. This is because image formed by one mirror acts as object
for second mirror. Number of images formed depends on angle between mirrors.
To find number of images we use a formula:
Kaleidoscope: Word kaleidoscope has originated from Greek words kalos meaning beautiful, eidos meaning form and
scopos meaning watcher. Hence, putting words together it means 'beautiful form watcher'. This instrument works on
principle of multiple reflections. It Mirror consists of three strips of plane mirrors of same size, inclined at an angle of
60° inside a tube.

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One end of tube must have provision for allowing light to enter. Other end should preferably be made of ground glass
on which pieces of brightly-colored bangles or beads are to be kept scattered.
Due to angular placement of mirrors, infinite number of designs will be formed based on how pieces of bangles or
beads arrange themselves It is unlikely that pieces would arrange themselves in any particular way repeatedly. Hence,
every design formed would be a unique one.
Periscope: It is another instrument which uses principle of multiple reflections. This instrument needs two plane
mirrors that are placed at an angle of 45° to the vertical. In kaleidoscope, mirrors are placed touching each other but
in a periscope, they are placed at a distance from each other inside a hollow tube. Image formed by one mirror acts as
object for another mirror.
The Human Eye

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The eye is the organ that allows seeing the world around us. It is one of the most precious gifts to mankind. It is one
of the most wonderful and perfect optical instruments.
Structure
The eye consists of an eyeball that is approximately spherical in shape having a diameter of about 25 mm. The walls
of eyeball consist of two major layers.
1. Sclerotic layer:
The outer covering is known as sclerotic layer. It is a tough, opaque white substance. It forms the white of the
eye. The front of this coating forms a curved section known as Cornea.
2. Choroid:
This is inner layer of an eye.
(a) Iris:
The iris is a coloured diaphragm behind the cornea. The hole in the iris through which light passes (the
pupil) is black because no light is reflected from it. The pupil dilates or contracts depending upon the
amount of light available.
(b) Eye lens:

Behind the pupil and the iris is the eye-lens. It is a transparent crystalline structure made up of many
concentric layers. It is kept in its position by strong elastic frame called Suspensory ligaments.
(c) Ciliary muscles:

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These muscles held the eye lens in position and control the focal length of the eye lens. By contracting and
expanding they increase and decrease the focal length of the eye lens.
3. Retina:
The retina of our eye has a large number of light sensitive cells. It acts as a screen form image formation in the
eye. When light falls on these receptors, they send electrical signals to the brain through optic nerve.
The cells on the retina are of two shapes:
(a) Rod shaped
The rod shaped cells on the retina respond to the intensity of light.
(b) Cone shaped

The cone shaped cells of our retina respond to colours.
4. Yellow spot:
The most sensitive point on the retina is called the yellow spot. It has a little depression called fovea centralis,
where sharp image is formed.
5. Blind spot:
The least sensitive point is known as the blind spot. There are no rods and cones at the point where optic
nerves leave the eyeball to go to the brain.
The Function of Iris & Pupil: The eye regulates the amount of light entering the
eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.
The adjustment of the size of the pupil takes some time-
a. When we go from a bright light to a darkened cinema hall, at first we cannot see our surrounding clearly. After
a short time our vision improves, and we can see the persons sitting around us. This is due to the fact that in
bright sunlight the pupil of our eye is small.
b. If we go from a dark room into bright sunlight or switch on a bright lamp, then we feel the glare in our eyes.
This is due to the fact that in a dark room, the pupil of our eye is large.
Accommodation
The ability of an eye to focus the distant object as well as the nearby objects on the retina by
changing the focal length (or converging power) of its lens is called accommodation.
A normal eye has a power of accommodation which enables objects a far as infinity and as
close as 25 cm to be focused on the retina.
Having two eyes gives a wider field of view

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A human being has a horizontal field of view of about 1500 with one eye open but with two eyes open, the field of view
becomes 1800. This means that with two eyes open, we can see a much larger area in front of us.
Defects of Vision and their Correction
1. Myopia (Short-sightedness or Near-sightedness): Myopia is that defect of vision due to which a person cannot
see the distant objects clearly though he can see the nearby objects clearly.
Correction by: Concave lens.
2. Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness or far-sightedness): In this defect a person cannot see the nearby objects
clearly though he can see the distant objects clearly.
Correction by: Convex lens.
3. Presbyopia: in this defect a person cannot see the near object as well as far object clearly.
Correction: bifocal lenses in which upper part consists of a concave lens to correct myopia and the
lower part consists of a convex lens to correct hypermetropia for reading purposes.
4. Cataract: eye of a person becomes progressively cloudy resulting in

blurred vision is called cataract.
5. Astigmatism: Suffered person cannot see the vertical and horizontal lines simultaneously.
Correction: Cylindrical lens.
6. Colour Blindness: Suffered person unable to differentiate between Red and Green colour.
Refraction of Light through a Glass Prism

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When a ray of light passes through a prism, it bends towards the base of prism.
The angle between incident ray and emergent ray is called angle of deviation.
Dispersion of Light
Splitting up of white light into seven colours on passing through a transparent medium like a glass prism is called
dispersion of light. Red light is less dispersed whereas violet light more dispersed.
The bend of seven colours formed on a white screen, when a beam of white light is passed through a glass prism, is
called spectrum of white light.

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The seven colours of the spectrum are: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet.
The Rainbow
The rainbow is an arch of seven colours visible in the sky, which is produced by the dispersion of sun’s light by
raindrops in the atmosphere. The rainbow is formed in the sky when the sun is shining and it is raining at the same
time.
A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of sun.
A rainbow is produced by the dispersion of white sunlight by raindrops (or water drops) in the atmosphere. Each
raindrop acts as a tiny glass prism splitting the sunlight into a spectrum.
Visually Challenged People

Those whose vision is extremely poor or they are blind because either their cornea, eye lens, retina or optic nerve fails
to perform its function properly.
These people make use of other senses like sense of touch and hearing or man-made aids to identify things. These an
be categorized into two types:
1. Non-optical aids:
A. Visual aids: Help in providing required size of words, appropriate light intensity and material at proper
distance for people whose vision is extremely poor.
B. Auditory aids: Includes tape recorders, compact discs, talking books.
C. Tactual aids: Braille writer, slate and stylus.
D. Electric aids: Talking calculators, Closed circuit television, Audio CDs.
2. Optical aids:
A. Lenses: Contact lens, Bifocal lens used to correct visual limitations.
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B. Magnifiers and Telescopic aids: to view chalkboard and class demonstrations.
The Braille System
Non-optical, tactual aid used by visually challenged people developed by Louis Braille.
In this text is rinted on a thick sheet of paper in the form of a pattern of raised dots. Dotted symbols represent letters,
numbers, punctuation marks, etc.
A visually challenged person can feel these raised dots with fingers and recognize letters. This way they are also able
to read books and other text printed in Braille.
Eyecare and Nutrition
1. Wash eyes twice a day.

2. Don’t rub eye if something falls in it.
3. Avoid reading in dim light.
4. Consult doctor in case of injury.
5. Blink eyes time to tome during reading or working on computer.
6. Don’t look at bright light.
7. Balanced diet with sufficient quantity of Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Vitamin E.

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EXERCISE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. Regular refection is also known as
a)straight reflection b)specular reflection c)surface reflection d) none of these
2. Light travels in
a)rectilinear propagation b)zig-zag motion c)curved motion d)none of these
3. Group of rays is known as
a)image b)beam c)reflection d)none of these
4. Image formed by the plane mirror
a) laterally inverted b)larger than object c) dot size d)none of these
5. Bounce back of light is known as
a)image b) reflection c)interfraction d)refraction
6. Angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of
a)incident b)normal c)lateral inversion d) reflection
7. Any smooth or polished surface which can reflect a ray of light is known as
a)glass b)mirror c)water d) all of these
8. The mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards
a)convex b)concave c)plane d)all of these
9. The rear view and side view glasses in cars are made of
a)concave mirror b)convex mirror c)plane mirror d)convex lens
10. Which of the following does not utilize spherical mirrors?
a)spectacles b)car headlights c)rear view glass d)looking glass
11. A real image
a) can be taken on screen b)always inverted c)cannot be on screen d)all of these
12. The plane mirror always forms
a) a real and erect image of the same size
b) a real and inverted image of the same size
c) a virtual and erect image of the same size
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d) a virtual and inverted image of the same size
13. Who discovered Braille Script ?
a)Louis Pasture b) Louis Braille c)Robert Hooke d)none of these
14. Nature of light is
a)duel b)single c)artificial d)all of these
15. In Braille script ,there are
a)alphabet b)diagrams c)dotted symbols d)all of these
16. Rain bow is formed by the phenomena called
a)rainfall b)dispersion c)refraction d)all of these
17. The proper sequence of rainbow spectrum is
a)VRIBGOY b)VIBGYOR c)ROYGBIV d)VYOGIRB
18. Largest band in VIBGYOR
a) red b)indigo c)violet d)blue
19. White light is consist of
a)one color b)ten colors c)eight colors d)seven colors
20. Smallest band in VIBGYOR is
a)blue b)red c)green d)yellow
21. The angle between incident ray and emergent ray is
a)angle of deviation b)angle of reflection
c)angle of refraction d)none of these
22. Which kind of lens is used in Astigmatism?
a)round lens b)cylindrical lens c)spherical lens d)none of these
23. Cone shape cells respond towards
a)color b)intensity of light c)darkness d)object
24. Ray of light which falls on the mirror surface
a)reflected b) incident c)bouncing ray d)none of these
25. The types of spherical mirror are
a)4 types b)2 types c)6 types d)5 types

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26. The lateral mirror image of AMIT will be
a)TIMA b)AMIT c)TIWA d)TAMI
27. A straight line passing through the centre of the mirror is known as
a)axis b)principal line c)principal focus d)all of these
28. A line at right angle to the mirror surface at point of incident is
a)incident b)reflected c)transmitted d)normal
29. The speed of light is____________in different media
a)same b)equal c)different d)all of these
30. A medium in which the speed of light is more is
a)optimum b)rarer c)denser d)all of these
31. Word KALEIDOSCOPE has originated from
a)Latin word b)French word c)Roman word d)Greek word
32. Cloudy blurred vision in human eye results in
a)cataract b)astigmatism c)blindness d)myopia
33. Bifocal lens is used in
a)myopia b)hypermetropia c)presbyopia d)all of these
34. What is that object that reflects some light and transmits some light is called
a)coloured b)opaque c)diffuse d)translucent
35. The human eye forms the image of an object at its
a)retina b)ciliary muscles c)iris d)cornea
36. When light ray enter the eye, most of the refraction occurs at the
a)crystalline b)outer surface of the cornea c)iris d)pupil
37. The colour of a green leaf ,when light passing through a yellow filter is incident on it,
a)black b)yellow c)red d)green
38. Quantity of light entering the eyes is controlled by
a)retina b)iris c)eye lens d)ciliary muscles
39. An incident ray makes an angle of 300 with a plane mirror.Then the angle of reflection will be
a)300 b)600 c)450 d)900

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40. Which of the following does not utilize spherical mirrors?
a)spectacles b)car headlights c)rear view glass d)looking glass

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
Q.41 Draw well labeled structure of human eye?

Q.42 Write five points for taking care of eyes.
Q.43 What is spectrum of light?
Q.44 What are transparent objects?Give few examples.
Q.45 What is diffused refection ?
Q.46 What is virtual image?
Q.47 Why moon is a non-luminous object? Explain.
Q.48 What is angle of deviation ?
Q.49 Explain the refraction from glass slab.
Q.50 What is refracted ray?
ANSWER KEY
QUES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS b a b a b a b a a d
QUES 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ANS a a b a c b b b d b
QUES 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
ANS a b b b b a a d c B
QUES 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
ANS d a c d c b d b a d

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An English Medium Co-Educational School Affiliated to CBSE

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

10. Defects of Vision and their Correction

Nature of light (Dual Nature of Light)

1. Absorbed (appear perfectly black)

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

Normal: A line at right angle to mirror surface at point of incidence.

Laws of Reflection of Light

1. First law of Reflection:

2. Second law of Reflection:

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

Regular and Diffused Reflection

 From polished surface.

 From rough surfaces.

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

Characteristics of image formed by Plane Mirror

(c) Of Same Size

(d ) At the same distance behind the plane mirror

(e) Laterally inverted.

Uses of plane mirror

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

The speed of light is different in different media.

optically rarer medium

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

optically denser medium.

Case 3: Light falling normally (Perpendicularly) on a Glass Slab:

Laws of Refraction of Light

2. Second law: Angle of incidence is not equal to angle of refraction.

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

How do we see objects?

To find number of images we use a formula:

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

The Human Eye

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

(b) Eye lens:

(c) Ciliary muscles:

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

(b) Cone shaped

eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

The adjustment of the size of the pupil takes some time-

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

Defects of Vision and their Correction

Correction by: Concave lens.

Correction by: Convex lens.

4. Cataract: eye of a person becomes progressively cloudy resulting in

Correction: Cylindrical lens.

Refraction of Light through a Glass Prism

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

called spectrum of white light.

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of sun.

Visually Challenged People

The Braille System

Eyecare and Nutrition

1. Wash eyes twice a day.

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

VARDHMAN SRIKALYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, HATHOJ, JAIPUR www.vardhmanedu.com

a)300 b)600 c)450 d)900