Cultural Communities in Mindanao PDF

ultural Communities In
MINDANAO
2 CULTURAL COMMUNITIES
LUMAD
MUSLIM
LUMAD
Indigenous Cultural Communities
LUMAD (Cultural Minorities)
make up about ten percent (10%) of the national population
most of them do not possess money or private property and
find it hard to integrate with mainstream society
In 1986, fifteen of the more than eighteen ICC in Mindanao
adopted the term lumad, a Bisayan word for “native” or
“indigenous,” to distinguish themselves from the Christians
and Muslims in Mindanao.
Republic Act 6734, enacted during Corazon Aquino’s time,
used the term to differentiate these ethnic communities from
the Bangsamoro people (Rodil, 2004).
Lumad are non-Muslim or
non-Christian, although “the
orientation of their cultural
developments appears to be
toward the Muslim groups”
(Jocano, 1998).
Most of the ICC in Mindanao

speak languages belonging
to the Manobo family of
languages, except the Blaan,
T’boli, and Teduray.
Cotabato Manobo
traditionally lived in the southwest
highlands of Mindanao
also known as the Dulangan and Tudag
In the old days in Northern Cotabato,

after Manobo boys and girls filed
and blackened their teeth, they
underwent a ceremony of tasting new
rice which qualifies them for admission
into full manhood and womanhood.
Bagobos
live in a very mountainous region of Mindanao between the
upper Pilangi and Davao rivers
they are divided into two main groups: Coastal Bagobo who were
influenced by Christianity, plantations and were largely assimilated;
Upland Bagobo, who traditionally practiced slash and burn
agriculture and derived about 25% of their food from hunting,
gathering and fishing.
Bagobo villages are very small and consist of only a few families living
on hill top. Their culture is characterized by strict incest
prohibitions, the formation of vengeance groups and the
production of long epic poems called tuwaang.
The image purportedly
show a Bagobo Datu
with his kinsmen in
full regalia. This image
was taken during the
American Colonial
occupation of Davao
in the early 1900’s.
Bilaanor B’laan
lives in south-central Mindanao. Also
known as the Balud, Baraan, Bilanes, Biraan,
Blann, Buluan, Buluanes, Tagalagad, Takogan,
Tumanao, Vilanes
They live in houses scattered among

gardens and are also ruled by datu
They wrap their dead inside tree barks.

Being enveloped as such, the dead person’s
body is then suspended from treetops.
Bukidnon
lives in the highlands of north-central
Mindanao. Also known as the Binokid,
Higaonan and Higaunen
They have traditionally been farmers

who raised corn, rice, sweet potatoes,
bananas and coconuts and used water
buffalo to plow their fields.
They used to live in communal houses

with as many as fifty families but now
they live in single-family houses.
Mandaya
an animist ethnic group that lives
along the Mayo River.
Youth filed and blacken their

teeth upon reaching puberty.
These acts were considered aids to

beauty which helped a young
person find a suitable partner for
marriage.
T’boli
live in the southern part of the province
of Cotabato, in the area around Lake
Sebu, west of the city General Santos
They practiced “slash and burn”

agriculture. These days slash and burn
agriculture is no longer possible.
the people went hunting or fishing for

additional food
MUSLIMS
The Most Significant Minority in PH
MUSLIMS
The Muslims are believers of Islam. Their culture has been
greatly influenced by Islam.
Islam means complete submission to the will of Allah.
Complete submission means all the affairs that happen to
man including his daily affairs be according to the will of
Allah, be it business, 146 government, education, social life,
arts, and culture.
The creed of the Muslims is simple: There is no god but the
God; Mohammed is His messenger.
God has revealed Himself to
different people and in different
languages to inspire thinkers such
as Moses, Jesus and Mohammed.
Muslims believe that Mohammed
was the last messenger of God.
God’s message is written in the
holy Al-Qur’an (in English, The
Koran).
Philippine Muslims consist of
subgroups defined on the basis
of language
Maguindanao
This Muslim group live in North Cotabato,
Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao
Provinces. They are the largest group of
Muslim Filipinos
Maguindanao originally means “people of

flooded plain.”
They speak a language that is in the same

group as most other Philippines languages,
including Tagalog, and are believed to have
converted to Islam around the 15th and 16th
centuries.
Maranao
Maranao means “people of the lake.” Their
homeland is called Lanao or “lake.”
Their language is similar to Maguindanaon and

Iranun and they form the largest Muslim
community and cultural minority in the
Philippines with families that are traditionally
large and close-knit
They have traditionally been fishermen and

farmers and lived in villages made up of a few
households
Sama
These people are highly dispersed in
the Sulu Archipelago.
They are considered boat-people,

spending most of their time in constant
movement throughout the islands in
the area or living on the water.
The Sama are also considered the sea-

gypsies of the Philippines.
Yakan
the majority Muslim group in Basilan, south
of Mindanao
The Yakan have generally two spheres of

belief integrating Islamic principles and
traditional beliefs into what is referred to as
“folk Islam”
The Yakans were primarily under the Sulu

Sultanate. However, the Yakan have remained
in many instances separate from any rule, other
than that of Sultanates their Datu follows
IIanon or Iranun
The lranun are said by many to have been the
origin of the ethnic groups within the Lanao
del Sur to the Maguindanao areas
The Iranun language is in fact seen in the

Maranao and Maguindanao languages.
The Iranun were said to have fought under the

Maguindanao sultanate. Many sultans of
Maguindanao were said to have been from the
lranuns.
Kolibugan
Kolibugan means “half-breeds.”
Originally from the Subanon tribes, these

people are called such because their
culture has been said to be half breed,
having come into Islam through
intermarriage with Muslim communities.
These people live the Subanun organization

and language.The term kolibugan is as well
used to refer to all peoples who have
accepted Islam through intermarriage.
Sangil
The Sangil are found in the Balut Sarangani,
parts of South Cotabato and Davao Del Sur
provinces.
They are said to have come from Sanghe

(islands in Indonesia between the Celebes),
the origin of the name Sangil.
They are also known for their boat making.

They have also been said to be the buccaneers
who attacked Spanish territories in other
parts of the Philippines.
Kalagan
The Kalagan are mostly found in the
Davao provinces.
Their islamization was achieved

through the arrival of the
Maguindaon and the Tausug.
However, when the Maguindanao
sultanate and Tausug left, the Kalagan
became marginalized and with less
improvement in their social
organization.
Muslim Inhabitants of Palawan
Palawan inhabitants (Panimusan) were

Islamized through the Sulu sultanate,
through the Tausug who went there to introduce
Islam to the local people. Now, the Muslim
populations in the area are found in Batarasa,
Quezon, Brooke’s Point, Espanola, Narra,
Roxas, Taytay and Aborlan.
Jama Mapun
The largest concentration of Jama Mapun is on the
island of Cagayan de Sulu.
They are more oriented towards a land-based

existence but are also heavily oriented towards
maritime trade emphasizing copra and forest
products
Kinship is traced bilaterally, but there are unilineal

features such as the patrilineal inheritance of titles
Political structure revolves around the Sultanate, but

there is also an ancestor-based grouping called
lungun.
Badjao
the Badjao are scattered along the coastal areas of
Tawi Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some coastal
municipalities of Zamboanga del Sur in the ARMM
Known as the “sea gypsies”, “Sama Laut” (Sea Sama)

of the Sulu and Celebes Seas
found living on houseboats where they make their

livelihood solely on the sea as expert fishermen,
deep sea divers, and navigators
They come to shore to barter their harvests for farmed

produce such as fruits and cassava.
LUMADS MUSLIMS
Maguindanao
Cotabato Manobo Maranao
Tausug
Bagobos Sama
Bilaanor B`laan Yakan
Bukidnon IIanon or Iranun
Kolibugan
Mandaya Sangil
T’boli of Mindanao Kalagan
Muslim Inhabitants of Palawan
Jama Mapun
Badjao
Subanun
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ultural Communities In

Most of the ICC in Mindanao

also known as the Dulangan and Tudag

In the old days in Northern Cotabato,

They live in houses scattered among

They wrap their dead inside tree barks.

They have traditionally been farmers

They used to live in communal houses

Youth filed and blacken their

These acts were considered aids to

They practiced “slash and burn”

the people went hunting or fishing for

Maguindanao originally means “people of

They speak a language that is in the same

Their language is similar to Maguindanaon and

They have traditionally been fishermen and

They are considered boat-people,

The Sama are also considered the sea-

The Yakan have generally two spheres of

The Yakans were primarily under the Sulu

The Iranun language is in fact seen in the

The Iranun were said to have fought under the

Originally from the Subanon tribes, these

These people live the Subanun organization

They are said to have come from Sanghe

They are also known for their boat making.

Their islamization was achieved

Palawan inhabitants (Panimusan) were

They are more oriented towards a land-based

Kinship is traced bilaterally, but there are unilineal

Political structure revolves around the Sultanate, but

Known as the “sea gypsies”, “Sama Laut” (Sea Sama)

found living on houseboats where they make their

They come to shore to barter their harvests for farmed

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