AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
AOT305 AERODYNAMICS II
PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: The course is meant to give the learners about compressible flow and its behaviours around
various profiles.

Prerequisite: Aerodynamics I

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Apply basic theorems in compressible fluid dynamics.

Understand the concepts of shock waves and compressible flow through variable area
CO 2
passage and able to solve complex problems.
Understand the concepts of expansion waves and simple flows and able to solve complex
CO 3
problems.
CO 4 Apply the design concepts of high speed aerodynamics theories.
Understand the concepts of boundary layer interaction with shockwave and hypersonic
CO 5
flows.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
10 11 12
CO 1 3 3
CO 2 3 3 1 2 2
CO 3 3 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 2
CO 5 3

Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests
End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 20 20 20
Apply 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
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Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10 questions
with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions.
Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer any one. Each question can
have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Derive Euler equation for a three dimensional Flow field and derive equivalent Bernoulli equation
applied to compressible fluid.

2. Derive an expression for the pressure, temperature, density ratio across a normal shock .

3. Explain how a moving shock wave problem can be solved.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. A wedge of flow deflection angle of θ is placed in a supersonic flow at an angle of attack α. Sketch the
streamline and wave patterns if α =0 deg, α > θ, θ = α, α < θ.

2. A C-D Nozzle expands to a variable back pressure. Sketch the streamline and waves when it works as
an under, over and optimum expanded nozzle.

3. Differentiate between normal and oblique shock.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Find an expression for Prandtl Mayer angle?

2. Write the conservation equations and hence sketch Fanno line and derive the condition for maximum
entropy point?

3. Write the conservation equations and hence Rayleigh line and derive the condition for maximum
enthalpy and entropy point.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Write notes about supercritical aerofoil.

2. Why delta wings are suitable for supersonic airplanes?

3. Explain design requirements for a supersonic aircraft?

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Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Sketch the wave structure in the boundary layer.

2. Write the centrifugal correction requirement for hypersonic flows?

3. Explain why the hypersonic flows are represented by primitive variables.

Model Question paper

QP CODE: Reg No: --------------------------

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIFTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: AOT305

Course Name: AERODYNAMICS II

Max.Marks:100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

(Each question carries 3 Marks)

1. Write the energy equation and hence construct Prandtl velocity ellipse and indicate the important points.
2. Determine the Mach number of an aircraft when the dynamic (velocity) temperature of air at entry to the
engine equals the static temperature.
3. For a given Mach number, the oblique shock is weaker than a normal shock wave, why?
4. Explain under expanded over expanded and optimum expanded nozzles.
5. A wedge is placed in a supersonic flow at an angle of attack. Sketch the streamlines and the wave patterns
if the wedge angle is less than the angle of attack.
6. Sketch the Fanno line for a choked flow in h-s plane. If the duct is extended sketch the new Fanno line.
7. Sketch and explain super critical aerofoil.
8. Explain transonic area rule briefly.
9. Explain the boundary layer interaction with shock wave.
10. Explain Newton’s sine square law.
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PART B

Answer any one full question from each module. Each question carries 14 Marks

Module 1

11. Derive Prandtl’s relation for stationary normal shock wave. (14)
(OR)

12. (a) A normal shock wave moves into a still air at 800m/s. The air ahead of the shockwave is at 101325
Pa, 288K. Find the velocity of the air after passage of the shockwave. (10)
(b) Why an expansion shock wave never exist? (4)
Module 2

13. (a) Derive the relationship connecting flow deflection angle, shock wave angle and Mach number?
(6)
(b) Air with Mach number M=2.5 is deflected with inward corner of a wall. The wave angles formed at
the corner is 60 deg. Determine the deflection angle and final Mach number.
(8)
(OR)
14. The supersonic inlet contains an oblique shock followed by a normal shock wave. If the free stream
Mach number and the flow deflection angle are 3 and 18 deg respectively, find the stagnation
pressure, stagnation temperature, static pressure, temperature and density downstream of the normal
shock wave?
(14)

Module 3

15. A convergent divergent nozzle of area ratio of 3 is discharges in to an atmosphere of 1bar and
288K.Find the total pressure required for optimum expansion. If the total pressure is increased 1bar
from optimum expansion find the Mach number after expansion of the air through the Prandtl Mayer
expansion, Find the leading Mach wave and trailing Mach wave angles?
(14)
(OR)
16. (a) Derive an expression for Prandtl Mayer angle. (4)
(b) Air at a Mach number 2 encounters a convex corner, the flow deflected to an angle of 10 deg. If the
upstream pressure and temperature are 1bar 288K, find the final pressure temperature and Mach
number of air. (10)

Module 4
17. Derive an expression for lift drag and pitching moment coefficients over an aerofoil by taking the
compressibility in account. (14)
(OR)
18. (a) Explain transonic area rule with sketches. (8)
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(b) Explain are the design considerations is to be made while design a supersonic aircraft.
(6)
Module 5
19. Explain the Near-normal Shock interaction with laminar and turbulent boundary layer with suitable
sketches. (14)
(OR)
20. Derive the pressure, density and temperature ratio across a shock wave if the free stream Mach
number is infinity?
(14)

Syllabus

MODULE 1

BASICS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID DYNAMICS : Compressibility, Concepts of stagnation condition, Prandtl

velocity ellipse, Continuity, Momentum and energy equations for steady one dimensional flow, Equivalent
Bernoulli’s equation for compressible fluid dynamics, velocity relation, Mach cone, Mach angle, Normal shock
relations, Prandtl’s relation, Hugoniot equation Rayleigh Supersonic Pitot tube equation, Moving normal
shock waves. (Simple numerical examples.

MODULE 2

NORMAL SHOCK AND OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES: Shock Polar, Reflection of oblique shocks, Interaction of
oblique shock waves, introduction to slip line compression corner effect – incident shock interaction.
Isentropic and non-isentropic flow through variable area passage and their operating characteristics. (Nozzles
and Diffusers). Area- Mach number relation Internal flow and Stall in subsonic inlets (Simple numerical
examples).

MODULE 3

EXPANSION WAVES: Prandtl-Meyer expansion, Maximum turning angle, Simple and non-simple regions.
Rayleigh flow, Fanno flow, Expansion waves, (Simple numerical examples).

MODULE 4

SUPERSONIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSIDERATIONS: Critical Mach number, drag divergence, Mach
number, Shock Stall, Supercritical Aerofoil Sections, Transonic area rule, Swept wing, Aerofoils for supersonic
flows supersonic wings Lift, drag, Pitching moment and Centre of pressure for supersonic profiles, Shock -
expansion theory, wave drag, Design considerations for supersonic aircraft- aerodynamic heating, (Simple
numerical examples).

Module 5

BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS IN SUPERSONIC FLOW: Some boundary-layer effects in supersonic flow:- Near-
normal Shock interaction with laminar and turbulent boundary layer, Shock wave boundary layer interaction in
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supersonic flow, Introduction to hypersonic flows:-Basic hypersonic shock relation, similarity parameters,
Hypersonic shock expansion wave relations.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, John D Anderson.
2. Anderson, J. D, "Modern Compressible Flow", McGraw-Hill & Co.
3. Rathakrishnan E, Gas Tables, Orient Blackswan Private Limited - New Delhi (2013).
4. S M Yahya, Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations, New Age International Publishing, 2001.
5. Gas dynamics, Maurice J Zucrow, Jow D. Hoffman.
6. Aerodynamics for Engineers, John J Bertin and Russel M.
7. Shapiro, A. H., "Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow", Ronald Press, 1982.
8. Oosthuizen,P.H., &Carscallen,W.E., "Compressible Fluid Flow", McGraw- Hill & Co.,1997.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Module No. of Lectures

1 MODULE 1 - BASICS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID DYNAMICS
Basics of compressible fluid dynamics:- Compressibility, Concepts of
1.1 stagnation condition, Prandtl velocity ellipse, Continuity, Momentum 3
and energy equations for steady one dimensional flow,
Equivalent Bernoulli’s equation for compressible fluid dynamics, velocity
1.2 2
relation, Mach cone, Mach angle,
Normal shock relations, Prandtl’s relation, Huguenot equation Rayleigh
1.3 Supersonic Pitot tube equation, Moving normal shock waves. (Simple 4
numerical examples)
2 MODULE 2 – NORMAL SHOCK AND OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES
Shock Polar, Reflection of oblique shocks, Interaction of oblique shock
2.1 3
waves, Introduction to slip line,
2.2 Compression corner effect incident shock interaction. 1
Isentropic and non-isentropic flow through variable area passage and
2.3 their operating characteristics under different pressure conditions. 4
(Nozzles and Diffusers). (Simple numerical examples).
2.4 Area- Mach number relation 1
3 MODULE 3– EXPANSION WAVES
3.1 Rayleigh flow, Fanno flow, (Simple numerical examples). 4
3.2 Expansion waves, Prandtl-Meyer expansion, 3
3.3 Maximum turning angle, Simple and non-simple regions. 2
4 MODULE 4 -SUPERSONIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSIDERATIONS
Critical Mach number, drag divergence, Mach number, Shock Stall,
4.1 4
Supercritical Aerofoil Sections, Transonic area rule, Swept wing,
Aerofoils for supersonic flows supersonic wings Lift, drag, Pitching
4.2 3
moment and Centre of pressure for supersonic profiles,
4.3 Shock - expansion theory, wave drag, Design considerations for 2
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supersonic aircraft - aerodynamic heating. (Simple numerical examples).

5 MODULE 5 -BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS IN SUPERSONIC FLOW
Boundary layer and boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness,
5.1 4
momentum thickness, energy thickness,
Blasius solution, boundary layer equations for a steady, two dimensional
5.2 4
incompressible flow,
Introduction to boundary layer interaction with shock wave, Introduction
5.3 1
to hypersonic flows (Simple numerical examples).