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    4 CHAPTER 3 Motion in One Dimension PDF

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    ملهم العبدالسلامة

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    4 CHAPTER 3 Motion in One Dimension PDF

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    ملهم العبدالسلامة
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    4 CHAPTER 3 Motion in One Dimension.pdf

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    16 views23 pages

    4 CHAPTER 3 Motion in One Dimension PDF

    Uploaded by

    ملهم العبدالسلامة

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    CHAPTER 3

    MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION


    (Motion Along a Straight Line)
    Goals for Chapter 3

    • To describe straight-line motion in terms of velocity and


    acceleration

    • To distinguish between average and instantaneous velocity


    and average and instantaneous acceleration

    • To understand straight-line motion with constant


    acceleration

    • To examine freely falling bodies


    Displacement, time, and average velocity
    • A particle moving along the x-axis has a coordinate x.
    • The change in the particle’s coordinate is x = x2  x1.
    • The average velocity of the particle is vav-x = x/t.
    Motion with constant acceleration

    • For a particle with


    constant acceleration,
    the velocity changes at
    the same rate
    throughout the
    motion.
    When an acceleration is constant in any straight-line motion we can
    apply following four equations.

    (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)
    Example:
    A car moving along the x-axis starts from the position 𝑥𝑖 = 2𝑚 when
    𝑡𝑖 = 0 and stops at 𝑥𝑓 = −3𝑚 when 𝑡𝑓 = 2 𝑠. Find the displacement and
    the average velocity.

    Solution:
    The car’s displacement is given by:

    The average velocity is then given by:


    Example:
    The position of a particle moving along the x-axis varies with time t according to
    the relation 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 12 𝑡 + 20, where x is given in meters and t in seconds.
    (a) Find the velocity and the acceleration of the particle as a function of time. (b)
    At what time particle is at rest? (c) What is the particle’s velocity when its
    acceleration is 18 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
    Solution:
    (a) the velocity v as a function of time t,

    the acceleration 𝑎 as a function of time t,

    (b) Setting v = 0 in the velocity relation yields:

    𝑡 =2𝑠
    (c) Since 𝑎 = 6𝑡 = 18 𝑚/𝑠 2 then 𝑡 = 3 𝑠

    𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 12 = 3 × 32 − 12 = 15𝑚/𝑠

    Example:
    A car accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 100 km/h in 18 s.
    (a) Find the acceleration of the car. (b) Find the distance that the car
    travels. (c) After reaching 100 km/h , if the car brakes to a full stop over
    a distance of 100 m, then find its uniform deceleration.
    Solution:

    (a)
    (b)

    (c)
    Example:
    Solution:

    (a) Position at t=2 s

    1
    𝑥 − 5 = 15 × 2 + × 4 × 22 ⟹ 𝑥 = 43 𝑚
    2

    Velocity at t=2 s

    1
    43 − 5 = 15 + 𝑣 × 2; 𝑣 = 23 𝑚/𝑠
    2
    (b)

    25 = 15 + 4 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠

    1
    𝑥−5= 15 + 25 × 2.5 ⟹ 𝑥 = 55 𝑚
    2
    Freely falling bodies

    • Free fall is the motion of


    an object under the
    influence of only gravity.

    • The velocity change is


    the same in each time
    interval, so the
    acceleration is constant.
    Use the kinematic equations with 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 = −9.80 𝑚/𝑠 2

    |𝒂| = 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
    Equations for free-fall motion with constant acceleration
    Example:
    A ball is dropped from a tall building, as shown in figure. Find the following
    for the ball’s motion: (a) its acceleration, (b) the distance it falls in 2 s, (c)
    its speed after falling 15 m, (d) the time it takes to fall 25 m, and (e) the
    time it takes to reach a velocity of 29.4 m/s.

    Solution:

    (a) Since the ball is falling down: 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

    (b)
    (c)

    𝑣 = 17.2 𝑚/𝑠

    (d)

    (e)
    Example:
    A boy throws a ball upwards, giving it an initial speed of 15 m/s.
    Neglect air resistance. (a) How long does the ball take to return
    to the boy’s hand? (b) What will be its velocity then?

    Solution:

    (a)

    (b)

    We should select the negative sign, because the ball is moving downward just
    before returning to the boy’s hand, i.e. 𝑣 = −15 𝑚/𝑠.

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