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    2 Chapter 1 Measurement and Unit Systems PDF

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    ملهم العبدالسلامة
    The document discusses measurement and unit systems in physics. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which uses seven base units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. [END SUMMARY]

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    2 Chapter 1 Measurement and Unit Systems PDF

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    ملهم العبدالسلامة
    59 views13 pages
    The document discusses measurement and unit systems in physics. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which uses seven base units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. [END SUMMARY]

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    2 Chapter 1 Measurement and Unit Systems.pdf

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    The document discusses measurement and unit systems in physics. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which uses seven base units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. [END SUMMARY]

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views13 pages

    2 Chapter 1 Measurement and Unit Systems PDF

    Uploaded by

    ملهم العبدالسلامة
    The document discusses measurement and unit systems in physics. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which uses seven base units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. [END SUMMARY]

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    CHAPTER 1

    MEASUREMENT AND UNIT SYSTEMS

    1
    The laws of physics are expressed in terms of basic quantities that
    require a clear definition for the purpose of measurements. Among these
    measured quantities are length, time, mass, temperature, force, velocity,
    density, resistivity and many more.

    Currently there are two widely used unit systems;

     The British Engineering Unit

     Metric System (or Système International [SI]).

    In this course we use the SI unit system.

    Seven physical quantities have been selected as base quantities in SI unit


    system. Table 1.1 depicts these quantities, their unit names, and their
    unit symbols.
    2
    • Length, time, and mass are three fundamental quantities of
    mechanical physics.

    3
    Unit prefixes
    An additional convenient way to deal with very large or very small numbers in
    physics is to use the prefixes listed in Table 1.2. Each one of these prefixes
    represents a certain power of 10.

    4
    Some larger and smaller units for the fundamental quantities are given
    in the following table

    5
    Accordingly, we can express a particular magnitude of force as:

    or a particular time interval as:

    We often need to change units in which a physical quantity is expressed.


    We do that by using a method called chain-link conversion, For example,
    because 1 minute and 60 seconds are identical time intervals, then we can
    write:

    6
    Example
    Convert the following: (a) 1 kilometer per hour to meter per second,
    (b) 1 mile per hour to meter per second, and (c) 1 mile (mi) per hour to
    kilometer per hour [to a good approximation 1mi = 1.609 km=1609 m].

    Solution:
    (a) To convert the speed from the kilometers per hour unit to meters per second
    unit, we write:

    (b) To convert from miles per hour to meters per second, we write:

    (c) To convert from miles per hour to kilometers per hour, we write:

    7
    Example

    Use the prefixes introduced in Table 1.2 to express the following:


    (a)103 J joule , (b) 106 𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠, (c) 109 𝑊 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 , (d) 10−2 𝑚 (𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟),
    (e) 10−3 𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑), (f) 10−6 g (gram), (g) 10−9 𝐹 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 , (h)
    10−12 𝐴 (𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒).

    Solution:

    (a)103 J joule = 1 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 1 𝑘𝐽

    (b) 106 𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 1 Mega bytes = 1 MB

    (c) 109 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡= 1 Giga watt = 1GW

    (d) 10−2 𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 centimeter = 1cm


    8
    (e) 10−3 𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑) = 1 milli seconds= 1ms

    (𝒇) 10−6 g (gram) = 1 micro gram= 1 𝜇𝑔

    (g) 10−9 𝐹 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1 nano Farad = 1 nF

    (h) 10−12 𝐴 (𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒) = 1 pico Ampere = 1pA

    9
    Example

    How many seconds are there in a year?

    Solution:

    One calendar common year has 365 days:

    1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = (365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) × (24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠/1 𝑑𝑎𝑦) ×

    (60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠/1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟) 𝑥 (60𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒)

    = 31536000 seconds = 3.15 × 107 𝑠

    10
    Example

    The density of gold is 19.3 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . What is this value in kilogram per
    cubic meter (kg/𝑚3 ) ?

    Solution:

    𝑔 10−3 𝑘𝑔
    𝑑 = 19.3 = 19.3 × = 19.3 × 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
    𝑐𝑚3 10−6 𝑚3

    11
    Unit consistency and conversions

    • An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added


    or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure you’re
    adding “apples to apples”) i.e. 2 kg plus 8 s is meaningless.

    • Always carry units through calculations.

    12
    Example

    𝑚1 𝑚 2
    Newton’s law of universal gravitation is given by 𝐹 = 𝐺 where F
    𝑟2
    is the force of attraction of one mass, 𝑚1 , upon another mass, 𝑚2 , at a
    distance r. Find the SI units of the constant G.

    Solution:
    𝑚1 𝑚2
    𝐹=𝐺
    𝑟2
    𝑘𝑔×𝑘𝑔
    𝑁=𝐺×
    𝑚2

    𝑁.𝑚2
    so, 𝐺=
    𝑘𝑔2

    13

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