John Kenneth C. Rago Bsce 2 - Blk. 2

John Kenneth C.
Rago
BSCE 2 – Blk. 2
ACTIVITY 1: REFLECTION PAPER

Direction: In a letter size paper, write your answer to the following questions
1. What is the bigger context in which I make my individual decisions?
I think the bigger context to make my own decision is what will be the possible
consequences of my actions.
To be honest, I’m afraid of failures so it is harder for me to take a first step. Thus,
I’m always getting left behind on the starting line. My acquaintances are ahead of me in
different situations. I have done uncountable mistakes though, but I called it as trial and
error. I imagine first what the possible consequences are if I did things this way. I create
infinite results inside my mind until I get tired of it. Then, I will take a rest for a short time
before I try to execute my plans. With this, when I take the first step, I can walk with
confidence and competency.
2. Explain the role of mental frames in moral experience. Site examples

Mental Frame is how you perceive a situation by using your imagination where
you put yourself in position and think of things that will help you survive or get out in any
difficult situation. It will help one’s mind to think rationally which you comprehend the
situation both negatively and positively then create a good solution. Hence, it guides us
to make our own decision in daily life.
One of the real life examples of mental framing is; a patient consulted to a doctor.
The doctor said he have to undergo in a surgery in order to improve his condition.
However, the operation might be not get turned really well. If the patient would agree to
the doctor’s recommendation, he will have a fifty percent chance of surviving the
operation and a fifty percent chance of dying. Yet if he refuse, he have only a few days
to live. For this reason, the patient have to choose and must take risk for his sake.
Next, a basketball team worked hard every day before participating in a
competition. Then, after the competition, they got only second place. The team whole-
heartedly accepted the result because they are one of the best although they didn’t
stood a single chance in the team who got the first place.
In conclusion, mental frame improve our decision making skills and helps us to
live a better life.
3. Discuss briefly the characteristics of the different philosophies discussed.

a. Aristotle
What’s distinctive about human beings is our ability to reason and to live under
reason. Therefore, good human beings live and act following reason and can be
described as existing in a state of Eudaimonia – which means happiness.
b. St. Thomas Aquinas

i. Eternal Law
- It means God's rational purpose and plan for all things. And because the
Eternal Law is a pan of God's mind then it has always, and will always, exist. The
Eternal Law is not simply something that God decided at some point to write.
ii. Natural Law
- It does not generate an external set of rules that are written down for us to
consult but rather it generates general rules that any rational agent can come to
recognize simply in virtue of being rational.
iii. Human Law
- It gives rise to what he calls "Secondary Precepts" – that are imposed by
governments, groups, clubs, societies, etc. It is not always morally acceptable to follow
secondary precepts. It is only morally acceptable if they are consistent with the Natural
Law. If they are, then we ought to follow them, if they are not, then we ought not.
iv. Divine Law
- Divine laws are those that God has, in His grace, seen fit to give us and are
those “mysteries’, those rules given by God which we find in scripture: for example, the
Ten Commandments.
c. Kant
Kant's central claim was that: It is impossible to conceive anything at all in the
world, or even cut of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except
goodwill.
d. Jeremy Bentham
Actions are morally right if they tend to promote happiness or pleasure (and
morally wrong if they tend to promote unhappiness or pain) among all those affected by
them.
e. John Stuart Mill

Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they
tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
.
4. Define the following terms in your own words: freedom, morality, justice, and fairness,
and relate your definition to Kant’s philosophy.
a. Freedom is the state of being free in other words a person can able to do anything.
b. Morality refers to the distinction of good and bad or right and wrong.
c. Justice is a quality of being just or fair.
d. Fairness is an ability to make a judgement free of discrimination and dishonesty.
Relating to Kant’s philosophy, freedom is an independence from being constrained

by another’s choice. It is an ability to govern one’s action on the basis of reason and not
desire. You do not live exactly of what your heart desires. The “ability to be free” but
sometimes there are some restrictions. Morality for Kant can be seen as law, duty, and
obligation as the very heart of it. As it is, law; it is where we can define and differentiate
right from wrong. As per Kant, justice is giving the person what he/she deserves. It can
be as same as fairness.
EXERCISE 1:
Direction: In a letter size paper, write your answer to the following questions
1. Open, read, and answer the question below from the given link
a. Link: https://www.scu.edu/ethics-in-technology-practice/ethicallenses/
b. Question; In what cases should we refuse, for compelling ethical reasons, to honor
the social norms of another tradition, and in what cases should we incorporate and
uphold others’ norms? How will we decide, and by what standard or process?
From early civilization to modernization, every country have different cultures.

Social norms are the unwritten rules of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are
considered acceptable in a particular social group or culture. Norms provide us with an
expected idea of how to behave, and function to provide order and predictability in society.
Honoring social norms of another tradition is one of the ways to fit in a group or
country. However, there are cases that you may refuse to follow their norms if you have
certain reasons or circumstances. Like for example, there is a campus ministry in a
school that leaded by Roman Catholics. Students must have to attend the mass for the
sake of getting a high grade in Values subject. Yet, Evangelicals and Catholics have
different norms. Hence, an Evangelical student don’t have to follow the norms of
Catholics during a mass like doing the Sign of the Cross.
On the other hand, there are cases that we must accept the social norms of
other. Incorporating other’s norms shows respect and can cause harmony. It can
smoothen the flow of getting a better relationship in an individual or bigger group.
Ethics is the study of the standards of right and wrong that inform us as to how
we ought to behave. These standards relate to unwritten rules that are necessary for
humans to live among each other, such as “don’t hurt others.” We function better as a
society when we treat each other well.

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John Kenneth C.

ACTIVITY 1: REFLECTION PAPER

2. Explain the role of mental frames in moral experience. Site examples

3. Discuss briefly the characteristics of the different philosophies discussed.

b. St. Thomas Aquinas

e. John Stuart Mill

Relating to Kant’s philosophy, freedom is an independence from being constrained

From early civilization to modernization, every country have different cultures.

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