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    Discussion 5

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    Mayur Kamatkar
    I/O puts strain on the CPU and hardware caches as it requires frequent context switching between device drivers and processes. It also stresses the memory bus during data transfers and reveals inefficiencies in the kernel's interrupt handling routines. While computers can now handle thousands of interrupts per second, interrupt handling remains somewhat costly. Several principles can improve I/O efficiency, such as reducing context switches, decreasing duplicated data transfers, using larger transfers to reduce interrupts, and offloading data copying to free up the CPU. Balancing performance across the CPU, memory, bus, and I/O is also important to avoid bottlenecks.

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    Discussion 5

    Uploaded by

    Mayur Kamatkar
    14 views1 page
    I/O puts strain on the CPU and hardware caches as it requires frequent context switching between device drivers and processes. It also stresses the memory bus during data transfers and reveals inefficiencies in the kernel's interrupt handling routines. While computers can now handle thousands of interrupts per second, interrupt handling remains somewhat costly. Several principles can improve I/O efficiency, such as reducing context switches, decreasing duplicated data transfers, using larger transfers to reduce interrupts, and offloading data copying to free up the CPU. Balancing performance across the CPU, memory, bus, and I/O is also important to avoid bottlenecks.

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    I/O puts strain on the CPU and hardware caches as it requires frequent context switching between device drivers and processes. It also stresses the memory bus during data transfers and reveals inefficiencies in the kernel's interrupt handling routines. While computers can now handle thousands of interrupts per second, interrupt handling remains somewhat costly. Several principles can improve I/O efficiency, such as reducing context switches, decreasing duplicated data transfers, using larger transfers to reduce interrupts, and offloading data copying to free up the CPU. Balancing performance across the CPU, memory, bus, and I/O is also important to avoid bottlenecks.

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    14 views1 page

    Discussion 5

    Uploaded by

    Mayur Kamatkar
    I/O puts strain on the CPU and hardware caches as it requires frequent context switching between device drivers and processes. It also stresses the memory bus during data transfers and reveals inefficiencies in the kernel's interrupt handling routines. While computers can now handle thousands of interrupts per second, interrupt handling remains somewhat costly. Several principles can improve I/O efficiency, such as reducing context switches, decreasing duplicated data transfers, using larger transfers to reduce interrupts, and offloading data copying to free up the CPU. Balancing performance across the CPU, memory, bus, and I/O is also important to avoid bottlenecks.

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    Discussion

    I/O is a significant role in system performance. It puts a lot of strain on the CPU to run device-driver
    code and schedule processes equitably and effectively as they block and unblock. The subsequent
    context changes put the CPU and its hardware caches under strain. I/O also reveals any inefficiencies in
    the kernel's interrupt-handling routines. Moreover, I/O strains the memory bus during data transfers
    between controllers and physical memory, as well as transfers between kernel buffers and application
    data space. One of the primary issues of a computer architect is how to deal with all of these demands
    elegantly. Despite the fact that current computers can handle thousands of interruptions per second,
    interrupt handling remains a somewhat costly process.

    Each interrupt prompts the system to shift its state, run the interrupt handler, and afterwards restore
    state. If the amount of cycles spent in busy awaiting is not excessive, programmed I/O may be more
    effective than interrupt-driven I/O. Typically, an I/O completion unblocks a process, resulting in the
    entire cost of a context switch. A high context-switch rate might also be caused by network traffic.\

    Many principles may be used to increase I/O efficiency:

    • Cut down on the number of context transitions.

    • Decrease the number of times data in memory must be duplicated when travelling between device
    and application.

    • Use big transfers, clever controllers, and polling to reduce the frequency of interruptions.

    • Boost concurrency by offloading basic data copying off the CPU using DMA-capable controllers or
    channels.

    • Transfer processing primitives into hardware, allowing device controllers to operate concurrently with
    the CPU and bus.

    • Maintain a balance of CPU, memory subsystem, bus, and r/O performance since an overload in one
    area can induce inactivity in others.

    Reference

    P. (2023, February 18). I/O performance | PadaKuu.com. www.padakuu.com.

    https://padakuu.com/io-performance-131-article

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