(Zaimoglu, 2015) perform a test to check the effects of randomly Polypropylene fibers with some

additional materials i.e. (Cement, Borogypsum and Fly Ash) on unrestrained shrinking strength of fine-
grained soil preserved for 7,14 and 28 days and applied Taguchi method on samples. A sequence of
unrestrained tests were organized on every specimen. Experimental results concluded that unrestrained
shrinking strength increased by increasing poly propylene fiber in sample. Soil samples used in this
research was acquired from fine-grained soil deposit of Konakl –Erzurum in the Eastern Anatolia Region
of Turkey.

Figure 1: Test Results for every Trial

(Pradhan et al., 2012)proposed a study which determined the results of random insertion of
polypropylene fibers on strength feature of soil. Locally obtained cohesive soil was used as medium and
polypropylene fibers with three aspect ratios (l/d = 75, 100 and 125) were used as reinforcement. Direct
shear tests, unconfined compression tests and CBR tests were conducted on un-reinforced as well as
reinforced soil to estimate the strength of fiber-reinforced soil. Experimental results shows that adding
randomly distributed polypropylene fibers in soil increased the peak and residual shear strength,
unconfined compressive strength and CBR soil. Samples of soil obtained from Sambalpur town, India.
Polypropylene fibers used in this study were collected from the local market and used as reinforcement.
Soil was classified as CL on the report to Unified Soil Classification System. After sample preparation,
Direct Shear Test, Unconfined Compression Test and CBR Test were conducted by author. Results
concluded that maximum increase in peak and residual angle of internal friction was observed at 0.4%.

Figure 2: Failure envelopes for fiber reinforced soil obtained from direct shear test
(Zaimoglu & Yetimoglu, 2012) Conducted a sequence of compression tests, direct shear tests, and
California Bearing Ratio tests to check the effect of randomly distributed polypropylene fiber on strength
behavior of fine grained soil. polypropylene fiber was varied between 0.25 and 1% by dry weight of
reinforced samples. Experimental results concluded that California Bearing Ratio, unconfined
compression strength and cohesion intercept were increased by adding fibers while shear strength was
not changed by fiber reinforcement. The sample in this research was obtained by natural fine grained
deposit in Erzurum province, Turkey. Sample was cleaned by 0.076 mm sieve and dried in oven at 105 ±
5C for 24 h then classified as high plasticity silt with unified soil classification system.

Figure 3: Effect of polypropylene fiber content on CBR

(Zaimoglu et al., 2016) conducted a study to check the effect of randomly distributed polypropylene
fibers, mixted liquid and some additional materials on plasticity index of fine-grained soil and then
applied Taguchi method on prepared samples. Soil samples used is this research obtained from fine-
grained soil from Konakl –Erzurum in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Most effective evaluation
parameters on plastic limit were C and BG. Ratio of plasticity index for liquid mixed with water
decreased by increasing PP ratio.

Figure 4: Response Graphs of Main Effects for DW + 0.15% AE

(Malekzadeh & Bilsel, 2012) proposed a method to observed the effects of polypropylene fiber on
highest dry density and supreme moisture content with different fiber additions. Dynamic compaction
tests conducted on an expensive soil sample with 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% polypropylene fiber
additionsand samples were prepared statically with the same dry density. compaction tests and
unconfined compression test were applied on samples. Experimental results concluded that alleviation
of sample soul using polypropylene fiber was an effective technique in enhancing properties of subsoil.
Expensive clay sample acquired from an expansive clay deposit in Famagusta, North Cyprus.

Figure 5: Percent swell of unreinforced and reinforced soil specimens versus time

(C.-S. Tang et al., 2016) Proposed a method in which tensile behavior of soil was improved by adding
polypropylene fibers. Direct tensile tests with different fibers contents, water and dry densities were
applied on fiber reinforced soil specimens with different fibers. Desiccation tests was performed to
check the effectiveness of fiber that improved soil tensile cracking resistance. Experimental results of
tensile tests concluded that fiber inclusion reduced the post peak strength and increased the soil peak
strength in fiber content while increased in water content decreased the tensile strength of reinforced
and unreinforced.

Figure 6: Variation in crack parameters with fiber content, average crack width and length
(Zaimoglu, 2010) Performed a study to evaluate the consequence of randomly distributed polypropylene
fibers on robustness and durability behavior of fine-grained soil put through to freezing–thawing cycles.
It was noticed that the mass loss is reinforced soil was 50% less than unreinforced soil while the results
concluded that initially. The results indicated that the initial tension of the stress–strain was not
affected by fiber reinforcement in the unconfined compression tests. The most noticeable outcome of
fiber was observed on the sample reinforced with 0.75% polypropylene fiber.

Figure 7: variation of mass loss with fiber ratio

(Plé & Lê, 2012) applied direct tensile tests and compression tests under restraint on unreinforced and
reinforced clayey soil obtained from the lower Aptien clay deposits and used for the authentic cap cover
of site. Main attributes of sample clay was improvement in soil resistance and in the fragile index.
Proposed methodology is technically achievable and refine mineral barrier. Polypropylene fiber is the
most common imitation material used to reinforce concrete and clay. Experimental results show that in
compression, the synthesized material becomes more rigid.

Figure 8: Effect of the fiber content on the brittleness index

(Mali & Singh, 2014) Evaluate the strength behavior of soils reinforced with coir fibers and
polypropylene fibers and scrap tire rubber fibers as used for experimental investigation. Stress-Strain
Response in Triaxial Tests, Stress-Strain Response in Unconfined Compression Tests were applied for
evaluating results. Triaxial test results concluded that the stress-strain behavior of soil was improved by
consolidate coir fibers in the silty soil sample, and the deviator stress failure was increased 3.5 times
over plain soil by fiber addition. UCS value of fiber-reinforced was higher than those unreinforced
samples. When the fiber length is in between 40 and 60%, stress is at peak. Direct shear test results
concluded that shear strength of polypropylene fiber-reinforced soil increases by adding fibers up to
0.4% and Unconfined compression test results shows that UCS of polypropylene fiber-reinforced soil is
higher than the parent soil.

Figure 9: Effect of fiber length on UCS of fiber-reinforced soil.

(Investigations et al., 1987) Proposed a study with the primary objectives of obtained data on effects of
fibers on strength of a flatted fine-grained residual limestone soil that was classified as lean sandy clay
having liquid limit of 42 and plasticity was 22. Three different imitation fibers were used i.e. a spun nylon
string, polypropylene rope fiber and polypropylene olefin concrete reinforcement fiber trade-named
Fibermesh. Author defined the compaction curve by comparing the not confined compression strength
and reinforced specimens compacted on sufficiently range of water. Test conditions were checked on
duplicated specimens prepared by authors. After compaction, unconfined compression test was
performed that concluded that strength of reinforced soil compacted near and wet optimum were
greater than for the plain soil at same water level.
 Figure 10: Effect of Fiber Inclusion on Unconfined Compression Stress-Strain Relations

(Bin-Shafique et al., 2017) Study the effects of size and type of oriented polymeric fibers on strength and
failure strain of Fly Ash with high plasticity soil. The polyethylene fiber soil indicates a little bit higher
strengths because of its greater tensile strength and elastic modulus. Selected soil sample for research
has 89% fines, 52 liquid limit, 21 plasticity index and 2.7 gravity collected from Boral Material
Technologies in San Antonio, TX. Experimental results shows the specific gravity of 0.91, modulus
elasticity was 4.13 GPa and tensile strength of 0.28.

Figure 11: Effect of fiber size on tensile strength of stabilized soil

(Tiwari & Satyam, 2019) Investigate the potential mecho-chemical reinforcement of clay soil to judge the
effects of upward heave and pressue. Polypropylene fibers used in this study have high strength,
provides microfine reinforcement, non-corrosive, chemically inert and available in various length. In this
present study, fibers of length 6mm were obtained by Bajaj Reinforcements Nagpur India.
 Figure 12: Combined expansion curves with and without reinforced expansive soil

(C. S. Tang et al., 2012) Used an image-processing technique to quantitatively described the results of
fiber addition on the geometrical and the morphological attributes of crack patterns. Clayey soil for this
research obtained from Nanjing area of China that is generally disturbuted in lower and middle reaches
of Yangtze river and used in different construction projects. Experimental results shows that by adding
fibers, crack resistance was improved and desiccation cracks was reduced.

Figure 13: Crack reduction ratio for various fiber contents. R2, coefficient of determination

(Tiwari & Satyam, 2021) Used machine learning method from artificial intelligence i.e. artificial neural
network (ANN) and trained by LOOCV for the n-1 observations and achieved the best model to
anticipated the excluded data set. Soil used in this study was obtained at depth of 2.5 m in Indian
Institute of Technology Indore campus and PP fiber made by plastic collected from Bajaj
Reinforcements.
 Figure 14: Results of the grid search approach for each activation function considered

(Vakili et al., 2018) Improved the erosion resistance and strength of soul by reinforcement of
polypropylene fiber with high degree of diffusion by using a novel procedure. Double hydrometer tests,
pinhole tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, hole erosion tests, scanning electron microscope
tests, and X-ray diffraction tests were applied on the diffusion clay in its dispersive state. Clay samples
used in this study was obtained from Estahban, Iran. Experimental results concluded that lonely
polypropylene fiber reinforcement was not capable of reducing diffusionto the good level while the
combined treatment with lignosulfonate and PP resulted in acceptable level of erosion resistance and
adequate mechanical strength.

Figure 15: . XRD analysis; a) dispersive soil sample, b) dispersive soil sample treated with 2% lignosulfonate and 0.35%
polypropylene fiber after 7 days of curing

(Mohseni et al., 2019) Assessed the physical and mechanical attributes of polypropylene fiber-reinforced
lightweight geopolymer material. Geopolymer concrete was synthesis using RHA and NA precursor and
alkaline solution that was consists of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The RHA powder acquired
by burned the rice husk pellets through electric kiln at 500 – 70 C temperature by 5 C/min of heating for
6 hours. Results concluded that PP fibers improves mechanical attributes while LWA reduced the
strength of compressive and flexural.
 Figure 16: The correlation between compressive strength and charge passed results of

(NICKLING & ECCLESTONE, 1981) Used a sensitive laser monetering system to detect grain motion
during initial tests. It observed that a little bit of soluble salt increased the threshold value of sand
because of their bonda are like cement. So, increased concentration of salt growth cause smooth sand
surface initially to develop an irregular texture which effects threshold of shear velocity directly. It also
observed concentration plots vary by increasing scatter of data as a threshold in shear velocity. Results
concluded that presence of soluble salts increased the fluid threshold shear velocity of sand by forming
cement-like bonds between all grains.

Figure 17: Effect of increasing NaCl surface concentration on threshold shear velocity

(Di Bella et al., 2014) Prepared and analysed three lime based plasters to check the influence of different
types of fibers used as reinforcement. Each plastic was prepared by adding (0.2% w) of polypropylene,
sisal and kenaf. Main binder was a hydrated lime. Results shows that Polypropylene fibers of high
density (0.91 g/cm3 ) and nominal length of 5mm, were used in this study to reinforce the plaster. The
consistency of the mortar is approximately 79.48%.
 Figure 18: Weight loss for all kind of plasters

(Zhou et al., 2007) Perfomed A Q-mode cluster analysis to group the stations and measured the depth in
sediment samples. The distance between objects were calculated by Euclidean distance formula. To
evaluate this research, fifteen samples was obtained in wet season as well as in dry season. The
between-groups linkage method was used for the combination of the clusters. The statistical procedures
in this study were performed using SPSS v. 11.0.

Figure 19: The TOC/Clay distribution in the sediments of vibrocores C1, C2 and

(Liao et al., 2012) Produced fine-grained AZ31B alloy by RCP, a severe plastic deformation process to
evaluate behavior of two fine-grained alloys by using immersion test, cyclic neutral-salt spray test and
electrochemical analysis. The material used in this study was ASTM-specified AZ31B alloy and hot-
extruded AM60 alloy. Author compared the both AZ31B and AM60 alloys with coarser grains to predict
the final result.
 Figure 20: Relationship between corrosion rate and grain size

(Blume et al., 2005) Proposed a technique to determined the CSC with batch and column experiments.
Samples of homogeneous quartz sand and mineralogically heterogeneous sediment obtained from
Hanford formation in southeast Washington. Experimental results shows that the batch method has
good results than the column method and batch method can used to determined CSCs in natural
sediments.

Figure 21: . Particle release due to shear stress as a function of shaking

(Jadhao & Nagarnaik, 2008) Proposed a study to identify and qualify the addition of fibers variables i.e.
content and length on the performance of fiber reinforcement soil by Fly Ash. A sequence of laboratory
compression strength tests and California bearing ratio tests were applied on sample soil in which
different fiber lengths of Polypropylene fibers were used as reinforcement. Experimental results of
direct shear test shows that increase in strength and ductility reduced the post peak strength and the
shear strength test in directly propotional to area of fiber ratio and certain length of fiber. Sample data
was locally available and fresh Fly Ash collected from Nashik Thermal Power Station, Eklahare, Nashik
(Maharahtra), India.
 Figure 22: Variation of relative benefit Bpf with fiber length

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