GENBIO

GENBIO CUTICLE
ENERGY – is the capacity to cause change, t has ability to UPPER EPIDERMIS – upper layer alls for protein
rearrange a collection of matter
LOWER EPIDERMIS - lower external layer cells of a leaf
KINETIC ENERGY – associated with relative motion of
MESOPHYL - paligade cells tightly packed upper layer of
object. Associated with mass and speed
chloroplast
THERMAL ENERGY – type of kinetic energy associated with
VASCULAR BUNDLE(XYLEM ,PHLOEM)
randon movement of atoms
STOMA/STOMATA GUARDS CELLS – control the exchange
LIGHT ENERGY – main energy sources is the sun and power
of gases and water
photosynthesis (anabolic process)
CHLOROPLAST – the process photosynthesis in plants ang
POTENTIAL ENERGY – posessed energy of a matter at rest
algae occurs in chloroplast
(nonmoving). Attibuted mass and position
CHLOROPHYL – is the green subtances in plants
CHEMICAL ENERGY – potential energy release in a
chemical reaction CHOLOROPHYL II A: most common type of chlorophyl II
absorb blue,red,violet
THERMODYNAMICS-the study of energy transformation
that occurs in any system CHLOROPHYL II B: absorb only blue reflects yellow
colaration
FIRST LAW- energy can be transfer and transform but it
cannot be created nor destroyed CHLOROPHYL II C&D: less common chlorophyl that can be
found in some algae E.G dinoflagellales
SECOND LAW - every energy transfer or transformation
increases the energy of the universe. CHLOROPHYL II E: rare type of cholorophyl found in some
golden algae
AUTOTROPHS – organisms capable of making there own
food TYPES OF PHOTOSYNTHETHIC PIGMETS
HETEROTROPHS – consumers of the biosphere CHLOROPHYL II – primary pigments in photosynthesis from
which greenlish porplyrin ring that easily loss and gain
ATP(ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
electrons
ADP(ADENOSINE DISPROSPHATE)
CAROTENOIDS – one of accessory photosynthethic
FATS/LIPIDS – energy about 146 ATP molecules triglyceride pigments that usually yellow,orange and red in color
PROTEIN – energy about 36 ATP molecules PHYCOBILINS - water soluable pigmets in the group on any
red, and blue photosynthethic pigment in some algae like
MOLECULES (CARBOHYDRATES,LIPIDS,PROTEIN)
cynobacteria
ENERGY(4 CALPER MG ,9 CAL PER MG ,4 CAL PER MG)
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS – organism capable of producing

their own food by using the energy coming from the
sunlight BASIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
PIGMENTS – organic molecules that selectively absorb light *OUTER MEMBRANE
PHOTOSYSTEM – functional structural units of protein *INTER MEMBRANE

complexes
*INNER MEMBRANE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS – the process that converts solar energy
STROMA -a colorless aqueous protein rich fluid where
into chemical energy
thylakoid system floats around
*6Co2+6H2o(LIGTH)66h1206+602
THYLAKOID SYSTEM – collection of membraneous sacks
REACTANT(CARBON DIOXIDE+WATER +LIGHT ENERGY called thylakoids
{SUGAR +OXYGEN })
GRANA – stocks of 10 – 20 thylakoids ,site of converting LOCATION
light energy from the sun to chemical energy *STROMA
LUMEN – intracellular space inside thylakoid CREATES:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS *GLUCOSE (C6H1206)
DEFINED: process that converts solar energy into glucose * It has the metabolic pathway of photosynthesis that uses
ATP & NADPH
WHO:autotrophs (PLANTS,ALGAE,SOME BACTERIA)
*Also called CALVIN BENSON CYCLE
WHAT:endergonic chemical reaction( REQUIRES ENERGY)
*It takes in stroma of chloroplast
END RESULT
3 MAIN STAGES
1:SUGAR(GLUCOSE)
1:CARBON FIXATION – this reaction catelized by the
2:OXYGEN(WASTE)
enzyme rubisco that attaches a carbon dioxide molecule
STAGE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) produces six carbon
molecule that quickly breaks down into 3:
*Splits H20 phosphoglycerate or 3PGA often reffered as C3 pathway
*Released 02 2:CARBON REDUCTION - ATP and NADPH are use to
convert the 3PGA into carbon glyceraldehyde – 3
*Reduce NADP+NADPH
phosphate G3P PGAL
*Generate ATP from ADP
The 2 molecules of PGA converted into 2 molecules of
*Forms sugar from CO2 using ATP & NADPH phosphoglyceraldehyde PGAL
*Begins with carbon fixation incorporating CO2 into

organic molecules
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

3:REGENERATION OF RUBP - some 3GP molecules go to
LOCATION: make glucose while others most be recycled to generated
the RUBP acceptor
*Thylakoids membranes
*Three turn of CALVIN CYCLE are necessary to produce one
*Photosystem(CAPTURES AND TRANSFER ENERGY) net game of PGAL
CREATE: RESPIRATION - the products of photosynthesis are use
*O2 incellular respiration that converting energy from nutrients
into ATP . releasing energy in the process as weak so called
*ATP HIGH ENERGY bonds stronger in the product
*NADPH AEROBIC RESPIRATION - requires oxygen and most of it
occurs in the mitochondria ,molecular oxygen is the final
PHOTOSYSTEM 1 - absorbs red light at about 700 nm
electron acceptor most eukaryotes and prokaryotes use to
which has primary reaction center of aspecial chlorophyll
obtain energy from glucose
called P700
(C6H12+6O2 – 6CO2+6H20)
PHOTOSYSTEM 2 – absorbs orange light about 680 has a
primary reaction of special chlorophyll called P680 WATER
– SPLITTING COMPLEX
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION – presence of light during the

ligth dependent reaction in the formation of ATP
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION OR CALVIN CYCLE

GENBIO

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GENBIO CUTICLE

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS – organism capable of producing

PIGMENTS – organic molecules that selectively absorb light *OUTER MEMBRANE

PHOTOSYSTEM – functional structural units of protein *INTER MEMBRANE

LUMEN – intracellular space inside thylakoid CREATES:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS *GLUCOSE (C6H1206)

*Begins with carbon fixation incorporating CO2 into

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION – presence of light during the

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION OR CALVIN CYCLE

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