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APTER | General Concepts and

Historical Events in
Science, Technology,
and Society

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PANE CREE
vi
 NE CePo
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SPSS Cll ESET,
; 1)
y
. Science as an intellectual activity. It encc.npasses
a systematic
LESSON and practical study of the natural and physical world.
This process of study involves systematic observation and
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT experimentation.
DEFINED SOCIETY
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline,
a fieldof study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the natural and physical world. This
is what we refer to as school science.

ae RaSSU Ra] 4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that
science is both knowledge and activities done by human
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: beings to develop better understanding of the world around
* discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific revolution; interwoven with people's lives.
and Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in order to know
« analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of and understand everything around them. They have persistently observed
the world like in Latin America, Eas: Asia, Middle East, and studied the natural and the physical world in order to find meanings
and Africa. and seek answers to many questions. They have developed noble ideas,
later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations
Epes MOGI to certain phenomena. Humans also used religion to rationalize the origins
of life and all lifeless forms.
This lesson will give light to the development of science and The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the
scientific ideas in the heart It is the goal of this lesson to
of the society. early 16th century up to the 1&th century in Europe. Why in Europe?
articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. ‘a The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine and the
blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and
Scientific Revolution the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests. This
does not mean, however, that science is a foreign idea transported from
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can other areas of the globe. Anyone who can examine the history of scicace,
exactly identify when anc where science begau. From the genesis of time, technology, medicine, and mathematics is aware that all great civilizations
science has existed. It is always interwoven with the society. So, how can of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions and activities
science be defined? related to these disciplines.
1. Scienceas an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the
systematic explanations and observations about the natural developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology,
and physical world. and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained
the emergence or birth of modem science as a result of these developments
@) Science, Technology, and Society

Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society i 3 ;
 ae 3 <= - ae res oa i 5 ‘ee:

soe
< 3 a Sik Os We 6H a ae a

oe a re a 3 Pee

from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas generated during this period by their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the physical
enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and and natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion fo
their way of life. There is no doubt that it ignited vast human interests to know and to discover.
rethink how they do science and view scientific processes.
Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to Creativity SCIENTISTS SCIENCE
scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some IDEAS
scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from
the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and Passion to SCIENCE
Curiosity know DISCOVERIES
theological views. Some nulers and religious leaders did not accept many
of the early works of scientists. But these did not stop people especially Passion to s
discover TECHNOLOGY
scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural and physical world.
Critical Thinking

Jur,
IDEAS

2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science

Figure
and Technology
Discoveries,

Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. They
HUMANS SOCIETY are ordinary people doing extraordinary
things. Some scientists
were never
appreciated during their times, some were sentenced to death, while
to Scientific Revolution
Figure 1. Influences
others were condemned by the Church during their time. In spite of all .
Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human the predicaments and challenges they experienced, they never stopped
beings, transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific experimenting, theorizing, and discovering new knowledge and ideas.
ideas. It significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations,
experiments, and observations. The scientific revolution also led to the In this part of the lesson, three notable scientists are discussed.
creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment For sure, there were many scientists who worked before and after these
of a strong foundation for modem science. In many ways, scientific individuals. However, it is important to note that these men, particularly
revolution transformed the natural world and the world of ideas. . ~ through their ideas, had shaken the world.

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Nicolaus Copernicus

ideas One of the Renaissance men, particularly
in the field of science,
is Nicolaus Copernicus. Knowledge about the nature of t'.e universe had
To further understand what exactly happened during the scientific been essentially unchanged since the great days of Ancient Greece, some
revolution, it is important to examine the different individuals whose ideas 1,500 years before Copernicus came on the scene (Gribbin, 2003). This
have shaken and contested the dominant theories and ideas during this continued up to the Renaissance period. In one important way, Copernicus
period—the truths of their time. Scientists in all periods of time are driven resembled the Greek ancient philosophers or thinkers—he did not do

i 4 ; Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society G)
 anything exterive such as observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to the Copernicus model, however, was the position of the stars. The stars
test his ideas. His ideas were an example of what is presently called as a cannot be placed in a fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere.
thought experiment. By the time he finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus Copernicus is also a courageous man. Although the Copemican
had been appointed as canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland. Despite model makes sense now, during those times, it was judged to be heretic _
his duty as a canon, he had plenty of time to sustain his interest in and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. The
astronomy. Copernicus was strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome Catholic Church banned the Copernican model and was ignored by Rome
published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes Mueller. This book for the rest of the 16th century.
contains Mieller’s observations of the heavens and some commentary on
earlier works especially that of Ptolemy. LOU isa SETHE
Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe was essentially
complete in 1510. Not long after that, he circulated a summary of his 1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the philosophy of
ideas to his few close friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little science?
Commentary). There was no proof that Copernicus was concemed about . Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the
the risk of persecution by the Church if he published his ideas formally. present time?
was a busy man. His duty as a canon and as a doctor
Copernicus 3. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific activities?
“affected his time to formally publish his work and advance his career in
astronomy. The publication of his book De revo/utionibus orbium coelestium
(On the Revolutions of the Heave-ly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start Charles Darwin
of the scientific revolution. Charies Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution. He changed
In his book, he wanted in which everytiing
a model of the universe our concept of the world’s creation and its evolution. Johnson (2012)
moved around a single center at unvarying rates (Griboin, 2003). described Darwin as a genius who came froma line of intellectually gifted
Copemicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The ’ and wealthy family. He developed his interest in natural history during
Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. his time as a student at Shrewsbury School. He would also spend time
The Moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth. Copericus’s taking long walks. to observe his surroundings while collecting specimens
model of the Earth orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the and he pored over books in his father’s library (Gribbin, 2003). According
planets into a logical sequence. In his model, Copernicus outlined two ~ to Johnson, Darwin went to the best schools but was observed to be a
kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside mediocre student. He struggled in his study in medicine and ministry,
the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits of Mars, which his father has imposed to him. Darwin's life soon changed when
Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the one of his professors recommended him to join a five-year voyage through
Sun. From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
for each planet to orbit once around the Sun. The result would. form Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This book
a sequence from Mercury, with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, is considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature.
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn with the longest year. He placed the planets in Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory
order of increasing distance from the Sun. One of the great problems in with overwhelming evidence. His book presented evidence on how species

©) Science, Technology,
and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology. and Socicty Q)

ee
 evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate Sigmund Freud
species. Like many other scholars, Darwin accumulated many pertinent Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. Rosenfels
materials and data that he could ever possibly need to substantiate his (1980) also described him as a towering literary figure and a very talented
theory. communicator who did his share to raise the consciousness of the civilized
Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that world in psychological matters.
moved beyond the realms of plants and animals into the realms of humans. However, apart from these, Freud also made a significant
His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. He contribution in the scientific world through the development of an
introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under important observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s
the realm of evolutionary thinking. This replaced the dominant views of inner life. This method is popularly known as the method of psychoanalysis.
a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged The scientific hypothesis he formulated formed the essential fundamental
position of having been created by God. Darwin's theory of evolution version of this method. For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a
scientifically questioned this view. scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. It is no
Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to doubt that amidst all questions on his works that led to some sort of

SERNA
AE
distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions; evolutionary academic controversy, his method of psychoanalysis had great impact on
biology and philoso science. More than these works, what made
of phy the scientific way of understanding human nature.
Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and Freud is not a traditional thinker. According to Weiner (2016),
unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during those days. his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding
His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more valve to evidence- some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at
based science, Darwin provided a different framework for doing scientific that time. His method was unorthodox—tocusing on human sexuality and
AcVENe, It is a science marked by observation and experiment. the evil nature of man. This posed immense challenges to scholars and
, oi jlhetstg2 ordinary citizens of his time. To some, they found his ideas not easy

EE ISS | especially in his explanations sexuality. : ;

Prcinl wea Baad Tao aes GS penton’ fiw the eclenaibe
“What is Darwin’s eaten to modern science? revolution but his contribution to knowledge can be seen in many aspects
2. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence the following of the human scene, including art, literature, philosophy, politics, and
fields in modern times: psychotherapy. Whether he is more of a psychologist or a scientist is for
people to decide. The fact remains that Freudian ideas and theories are

==
* Economy still considered nowadays as a great inspiration to examine human mind
+ Agriculture and behavior
in a more scientifically accepted way. |

- Religion

Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society CG)
() Science, Technology, and Society
 Furthermore, they used various tools and adapt themselves to
innovations especially in the field of arts. The Mayans built looms for
1. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral
controversies or questions on Freud’s ideas? called mica. They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce
rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
2. How can you describe Freud a scientist?
ideas asian

eS eee
The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced
3. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes

+ oe
societies in Mesoamerica. They are also famous as one of the world’s first
he would make to his theory? civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hicroglyphics.
They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based
on the numeral 20. Moreover, they independently developed the concept
Cradles of Early Science

+e
of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did.

=
Development of Science in Mesoamerica The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made
advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help

| haa
Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt
them in everyday life:
that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the
arrival of its European colonizers. 1. roads paved with stones;

Sys
The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted 2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
for approximately 2,000 years. These people are knowa for their works in disasters;
astronomy. They incorporated their advanced understanding of astrenomy 3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their
into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use crops to grow in all types of land;
their temples for astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid at
4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
Chichén Itzi in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the

SE
prepare them for planting season;
spring and fall equinoxes.
5. _ the first suspension bridge;
Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was
advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes ‘to keep records that only
eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. The Mayans experts can interpret; and ©
are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic
These calendars were very useful for their lite especially in planning their achievements.
activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
Foilowing the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also made substantial
The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.
crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. Some of their contributions are the following:
They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that
to different communities.
is why their children are mandated to get education regardless

() Science, Technology, and Society Chapter |: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society C)
 Bs sd ae i ak

of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of India is also famous in medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system
universal or inclusive education. of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC,
is still pract as a formiced
of alternative medic They discovered
ine. some
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during
medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure
their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The
various illnesses. Some ancient texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes
Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of
different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
their tribute to their gods.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They
3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic
and relax developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical
medication that could prevent muscle spasms
self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
muscles, which could help during surgery.
days each. Sama (2008) noted that their interest in astronomy was also
4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written in the
farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas 12th century. According to Sama (2008), this ancient text covered topics
and surrounded by canals. such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets;
5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar

Sm
STW RST
rituals, and planting season. eclipses; latituaes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent;
conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets
6. tion
of the
Inven canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in
with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Mocn.
water systems.
Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. Bisht (1982)
noted that the earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian
Developm in Asia
of Scienceent subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization, The people of this
civilization, according to Bisht (1982), tried to standardize measurement
Asia is the biggest continent in the would and the hore of many
of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-
ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific,
daro ruler.
and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Clifford (2008) and Bose (1998) pointed out that Indian astronomer
Middle East civilizations. These civilizations were incomparable in terms and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya, introduced
of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time. a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as
algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, another Indian, Brahmagupta, also
Suggested that giavity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained
India the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vastit bodies of water and the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the
fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. The Indians creatively world (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998). Another Indian named Madhava of
developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives. Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis
They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their (Joseph, 1991).
iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the
whole of Roman Empire.

@) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society ()

—_——
 “2, o LAST CARES
Cori Riss Sees ieee See.

Middle East Countries

China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims.
in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim
philosophy, and music, among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th |
influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, century. The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the
Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia. Myanmar, and other countries that belong Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the t
to the old Silk Road. intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge
to create innovations and develop new ideas, But contrary to the Greeks,
The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product
Muslim scientists placed greater value on science'experiments rather than
of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They
plain-thought experiments. This led to the development of the scientific
discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and
method in the Muslim world, and made significant improvements by
animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of acupuncture.
using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set
In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many within a generally empirical orientation. A Muslim scientist named Ibn
tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese

emir
al-H isayth
also regarded
am as the Father of Optics, especial forly
his

= RE WEIR Aint
civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
Ages le
that became known in the West only by the end of the Midd (Davies,
In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-
1995). They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
Khwa gave his
rizm
name to the concept
i of the algori whilethm
the term
propeller, among others. They developed a design of different models of
algebra is derived from al-jabr, the veginning of the title of one of his
bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983), invented the first seismological
publicetions. What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System originally
detector, and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et al., 1971). came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refirements
In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records ’ to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.
on supernoyas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully
Muslim chemists and a!chemists also played an important role in
recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their
the foundation of modern chemistry (Durant, 1980). In particular, some
effects to our world (Mayall, 1939). They observed the heavenly bodies
scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of Chemistry”
to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their caily

FF.
(Derewenda, 2007; Warren, 2005). ;
activities. They used lunar calendars, too. The Chinese are also known in
ology
seismThis . more prepared in times of natural calamities.
made them In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of
experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
Chine made substantial contributions in various fields. The list of
trials (Jacquart, 2008). His two most notable works in medicine, the Book
their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were
of Healing and The Cano
of Medicine,
n were used as standard medicinal
made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. However,
texts in both the Muslim world and ir. Europe during the 17th century.
cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing
Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature
into modern science. According to Needham (1986), it-may have been the
of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig
religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals that made
& Walter, 2000).
them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.

{ 14 } Science. Technology, and Socicty Chapter 1: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science. Technology, and Society Gs)

a
 There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient
contributions in the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, times. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from
and even in the field of social sciences. The decline of this golden age the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments
of Islam started in the 11th to 13th century due to the conquest of the during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. They invented metal tools
Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent
were destroyed. architectures.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early
people in the African continent. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains
Development of Science in Africa between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six-
emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical
The history of science and mathematics show that similar to other ancient artifact dated from 35,000 BCE. Ancient Egyptians are good in the four
civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers, too. fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills.
They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and
significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting
made
from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those
medicine. For example, the development of geometry was a product of
times, such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians
living along the Nile River. The rules of geometry were developed and
used to build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt.
These early scicace activities in Egypt were developed to improve the
quality of life of the Egyptians especially in building their early homes and Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history of science. It
cities. The great structures of the Egyptian pyremids and the carly dams marked the birth of science as a discipline and as a field of inquiry and
built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced gave birth to the development of the scientific method. It was a time
civilization. in the history of science where many scientific ideas and discoveries,
which were considered innovative and useful, were developed. Some of
Egypt was known to be a cente r whites buenas the
of alchemy,
these ideas were also controversial in the scientific community and in the
medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy and
political arena. The scientific revolution significantly changed how people
pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, study science and do scientific activities. It inspired human creativity »nd
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These critical thinking, moving away from thought experiments to data-driven
components displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of and experiment-based ideas.
studying science.
There were many intellectuals who made essential contributions
Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance, in science during the period of scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus
documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, developed a mode! of the universe in which everything moved around a single
and stellar, or a combination of the three. center at unvarying rates. He placed the Sun in the center of the universe
and all the planets were surrounding or orbiting it. Copernicus's model of

i Science. Technology, and Society Chapter 4: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society ©)
i 16
 into a
planets orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the planets
in the field
logical sequence. Charles Darwin made significant contribution 1. Form a small group.
evolution
of evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. His theory of 2. Review the history of science and make a timeline highlighting
in many fields until now. Sigmun d Freud
by natural selection is very useful
in underst anding human the major discoveries and developments in science.
developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped
behavior especially neurological conditions.
Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia,
Europe, Mesoamerica, and Africa. People in these continents invented
diseases,
tools to help them in everyday life, discovered medicines to cure
things, and
observed heavenly bodies, built structures, discovered many
invented mathematics as a tool and as a discipline. Science provided Bisht, R. (1982). "Excavations at Banawali: 1974-77." In Possehl,
and the
different ancient civilizations the means to survive and underst Gregory L. (Ed.). Harappan Civilization:A Contemporary Perspective.
human beings to develop
natural and physical world. It also enabled New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
various technologies that helped them in their everyday tasks. Bose, M. (1998). Late Classical India. A. Mukherjee & Co.

eee THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS

Clifford, P. (2008). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great
Minds Behind Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
Craig, B. & Walter, D. (2000). "Clinical Pharmacology in the
1. How did society shape science and how did science shape
Ui Middle Ages: Principles that Presage the 21st century.” Clinical
\ society?
Pharmacology& Therapeutics. 67 (5): 447-450.
2. How do social and human issues influence science?
Davies, E. (1995). Inventions. London: Dorling Kindersley.
-3. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society
Derewenda, Z. (2007). “On Wine, Chirality and Crystallography.”
affect the development of scientific culture, science activities,
Acta Crystaliographica Section. Section A, Foundations of
and science literacy?
Crystallography. 64(0) 246-258.
4. Considering the current state of our society, do you think
Durant, W. (1980). The Age of Faith. In The Story of Civilization. New
science literacy among people has contributed to the growth
York: Simon and Schuster.
of our economy?
Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books.
5. How can science influence government policies?
I Jacquart, D. (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages:
Theories and Substances.” European Review. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 16: 219-27.
Joseph, G. (1991). The Crest of the Peacock. London: Penguin.

Chapter 1; General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society

18 Science, Technology, and Society

P. ee ay — = ——

: <
’ :
_
Si

Mayall, N. (1939). The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova, Astronomical

Society of the Pacific Leaflets, 3, 145.
LESSON
Needham, J. (1986). "Science and Civilization in China.” In
Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth, 3, 208. 2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
Needham, J., Wang, L. & Lu, G. (1971). Scie nce on in
and Civilizati
NATION-BUILDING
China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rosenfels, P. (1980). “Freud and the Scientific Method.” Accessed
February 17, 2017. http: www.gender.eserver.org/rosenfels/
Freud.him. ae ESO Sass
Sarma, K. (2008). “Astronomy in India.” Encyclopaedia of the History of At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd Ed.).
* discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine
Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
nation-building;
Warren, J. (2005). “War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly
* evaluste government policies pertaining to science and
Mismanaged Affair.” Third World Quarterly. 26 (4-5): 815-830.
technology in terms of their contributions to nation-
Weiner, E. (2016). The Geography of Genius: Lessons from the World’ building; and
Most Creative Places. New York: Simon & Schuster.
* identify actual science and technology policies of the
Zhorgguo ke xue yuan. (1983). Ancient China's Technology and Science. government and appraise their impact on the development
Beijing: Foreiga Languages Press. . of the Filipiro nation.

----F----INTRODUCIION. *
"This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology
in the development of the Philippine society. It identifies government
programs, projects, and policies geared toward boasting the science
and technological capacity of the country. This lesson will also include
discussions on Philippine indigenous science and technology.

Brief Historical Background of Science and

Technology in the Philippines
The history of science and technology in the Philippines started
way back before the country gained its independence from the American

Chapter I; General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology. and Society
Science, Technology. and Society @)
 ee 4
“ee
q
colonizers. Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the early Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different
They concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies.
inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions.
keeps Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday
had their own belief system and indigenous knowledge system that
years. life.
them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many
Life during the Spanish era slowly became modernized, adapting
Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life
some Western technology and their ways of life. The Filipinos developed
of the people. Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their
ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous
crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in
materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal
their daily tasks, and for food production. Science is Observed in the way
colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders.
they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They use science The galleon trade has brought additional technology and
in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient development in the Philippines. Although it is only beneficial for the
cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses of plants. Spaniards, these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural
practices, technology, and Western practices to reach the country. Some
Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and
Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the

ere
in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. They developed
advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the
tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
country.
during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and
The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade in
on waterways. They also developed technologies in creating musical

ern
Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be one of the most
instruments,
developed places in the region. Although the country is blessed with these
The different archeological artifacts discovered in different parts of developments, the superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic
the country also prove that the Metal Age also had a significant influence

WU Bae
doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science
oa the lives of early Filipinos.The sophisticated designs of go‘d and silver in the country.
jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological ideas
The Americans have more influence in the development cf
helped in the development of diffurent tools. Also, trading with China,
science and iechnology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards.
Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influenced their lives
“=

They established the public education system, improved the engineering

by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange.
works and the health conditions of the people. They established a modern
All these ancient practices in science and technology are considered research university, the University of the Philippines, and created more
now as indigenous science or folk science. public hospitals than the former colonial master. The mineral resources of
When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with the country were also explored and exploited during the American times.
them their own culture and practices. They established schools for boys Transportation and communication systems were improved, on not
and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It was the accessible throughout the country.
beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as The Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines.
school of science and technology. They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and

Science. Technology, and Society Chapter 1; General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society
i 22 i @)
 EL a SS EBC :
oD AERO ett a Pods ssbehe Be BO a on

private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature Internal Influences

studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally

* Survival
* Culture
known as “Science.” The teaching of science in higher education has * Economic
also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control
Activities

malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. Development

Ext 1 inf cee
The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of
* Foreign a
the Philippines to serve their own interests is, somehow, beneficial in the Colonizers
country. These allowed American scholars to introduce new knowledge * Trades with
Foreign
and technology in the country. The Protestant church missions in different Countries
places in the country also brought hospiials and schools to far-flung areas. * Intemational
Economic
Little by little, these efforts built a stronger foundation for science and Demands
technology in the country.
However, World War II has destabilized the development of the Figure 3. Influences in the Development of Science
country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into and Technology in the Philippines ,
ashes, houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The country ;
had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. The
Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives i
of the people and in the development of the Philippine society. However, g
human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the ‘
d The
was limited. improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge
capacity of the country to bring back whai i was destroye f
in the country. School science from basic education to graduate education
reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities ’

like schools, hospitals, and transportation systems. The reparation money

is improving slowly, and there are only few students enrolling in science 4
and nehioarpecourses.
from Japan was also concenirated on building highways ana in providing
as
Le

technologicai training and human resource development in the country.

ee
Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation
has been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its scicnce

we
and technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas i; Pee So ci ou ab Shanta an
Development Allocations from different countries to help the country Americans to:the development of science and technology in
improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. Human the Philippines?
resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on producing 2. What can you say about the state of science and technology
more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other
during the Spanish and American period?
professionals in the country.
3. How does school science shape science and technology in the
The development of science and technology in the Philippines,
ed factors and influences. Like
by several country? Z
based on its brief history, is shap
in the history of science in other countries, it is always shaped by human
and social activities, both internal and external.

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Government Policies on Science and 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Technology Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with
ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation of
The Philippine government introduced and implemented several
gy. the Food and Drug Administration
programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technolo
the
The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet * Creating an education council dedicated to
capacitat e the people to
demands of a technologically driven world and standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
live in a world driven by science. * Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-
Padilla-Concepcion (2015) reported that in 2015, in response to based research as pool of information ;
ent of
the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the Departm * Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National
¢ Legislating
a law supporting human genome projects
Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors
meeting
in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
consulta tion, the NCRP is
the ASEAN 2015 Goals. As a resuit of the * Protecting and conserving
improve the biodiversity by full
expected to recommend policies and programs that will implementation of existing laws
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN Region.
.

* Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries

—

The NCRP clustered these policies into four, namely: * Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenuus
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies people's conservation
————e

and Governance * Formulation of common food and safety standards

+ — Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without
adding to the curriculum,
+ Emphasizing teacuirg in the mother tongue . There are also other existing progrems supported by the Philippine
ee

. Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT government through the DOST. Some of these projects are the following:
broadband * Providing funds for basic research and patents related to
« Local food security science and technology. The government funds basic and
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and applied researches. Funding of these research and projects
Space Sciences, and Mathematics are also from the Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from
« Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment different countries.
opportunities * — Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies
¢ Outright grants for peer monitoring of stude: .s in the field of science and technology. Saloma
+ Review of R.A. 9184 (2015) pointed out that the country needs to produce more
+ Hamessing science and technology as an independent doctoral graduates in the field of science and technology, and
mover of development produce more research in these fields, including engineering.

(2s) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter 1: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society i 27 }

AEG ROE
 * Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High Special science classes were organized and special science elementary :
School System for training young Filipinos in the field of schools were established in different regions. Aside from these, science and
science and technology. mathematics in basic education were continuously improved. The current °
K to 12 education program included Science, Technology, Engineering,
¢ Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe
and Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high
and industry partnerships. school program to encourage more students to enroll in science-related
* Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists fields in college.
abroad to come home and work in the Philippines or conduct
Lately, the Commission on Higher Education launched its
research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based
Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to
scientists.
allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some US-
* Developing science and technology parks in academic based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research
campuses to encourage academe and industry partnerships. and projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, and
Science Complex and technology. This project is hoped to strengthen the STEM competitiveness
* The establishment of the National
of the country.
National Engineering Complex within the University of the
Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more There are many other areas and fields that the country is looking
science and technology and engineering manpower resources forward to embark various research and projects, The following are some
needed by the country. They also aimed to produce more of them:
researches in these fields. 1. Use of alternative and safe energy
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering Harnessing mineral resources

wy
(PAASF, 2008) identified several capacity-building programs such as: Finding cure for various diseases and illness

¢ Establishment of national centers of excellence Climate change and global warming

Increasing food production
Manpower and institutional development programs, such as

DAW
*
the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to
Preservation of natural resources
produce more PhD graduates in science and engincering Coping with natural disasters and calamities

SN
Infrastructure development
* Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries
that will lead the country in different research and development The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to
areas science and technology. These laws serve as a legal framework for science
and technology in the country.. These laws vaiy according to different
« Establishment of science and technology business centers to
themes such as: conservation, health-related, technology-building, and
assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures
supporting basic research, among others. Some laws and policies are in
* Strengthen science education at an early stage through the line with international treaties such as .ne United Nations (UN), United
Philippine Science High School system Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
In the field of education, several science-related programs and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other international
agencies.
projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the country.

Chapter I; General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society @)
@) Science, Technology, and Society
 7, :- pede As KF tyes a Pay yup ~ 4 Bs say eat
22 sea. SExy ae Leyes Tae Baye JOU ai iets

These Filipino scientists are:

National Goals
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba — for his outstanding research on
tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
. 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso — for his works on observing the
international Treaty characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images
AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIE NCE
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. — known internationally in the field of
= Policies
* Programs electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous
* Projects Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Legal Frameworks
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz — notable for her research on sea snail
venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit — for his research on herbal medicine
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III — for his research on filapia culture
and Problems

PE
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. — for inventing the meconium
Figure 4, Development of Science and Technology Policies in the Philippines drugs testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena — for doing research on plant
As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in science biotechnology
and technology is shaped or influenced by several variables: policies need 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz — for being an outstanding educator

SoBe RSNA TI
to be aligned to national goals, consider international commitments based and graph theorist
on legal frameworks, and respond to various social needs, issues, and
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan — for his research iu the field of
probicms. Science and technology policies ensure that the whole country
communications technology
and all people will experience the progress that science can bring. Policies
are guides to direct all efforts to a goai of developing a scientifically There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized
advanced country. here and abroad for their outstanding contributions in science:
¢ Caesar A. Saloma — an internationally renowned physicist
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science * Edgardo Gomez — famous scientist in maiine science

School science is filled with names of foreign scientists: Einstein, ¢ William Padolina — chemistry and president of National
Galileo Galilei, Newton, Faraday, Darwin, and many other Western Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)—Philippines
* gcientists, We rarely hear of Filipino scientists being discussed in science "+ Angel Alcala — marine science
classes. Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists °
There are other scientists in the Philippines who were not identified
who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These
in the list. Yet, the Philippines still need more scientists and engineers, and
scientists are also famous abroad especially in different science disciplines: there is a need to support scientific research in the country. The Jniversity
agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine, marine science, chemistry, of the Philippines-Los Bafios is a science paradise for agriculture, forestry,
engineering, and biology. plant and animal science, and veterinary science. It has produced numerous
scientists and various research in the fields mentioned. The University of the

() Science. Technology, and Society Chapter i: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology. and Socicty @)
 pc epiouas SAR LOB rt) ERM anal Rat le Site tis Ee ge CRS ie es
Fes CSS. ros Sr ee Sa ee Oe ce
ok. Siler Se

Philippines—Visayas is also a national center for marine science, fisheries, Many Filipino scientists, whether they are in the country or abroad,
and other related sciences. The University of the Philippines-Manila is a always excel in their job. The Filipino spirit in their souls has never faded.
center of excellence and has produced many researchers, doctors, health They continue to bring honor to the country. They make ordinary things
professionals, and scientists in the area of medical and public health. in an extraordinary way, They are always at par with other scientists in
The University of the Philippines-Diliman also has established a national spite of the limited facilities we have here in the country.
science and engineering complex to develop more research and produce
more scientists and engineers in the country. The government must find .
ways to establish more research laboratories and research institutes. There
is also a need to find ways on how their researches are disseminated to This lesson discussed the influence of science and technology in
the public. the development of the Philippines as a country. Even before the time of
Many of these Filipino scientists are products of good school Spanish colonization in the Philippines, various people and communities
science. It means they were taught and inspired by great teachers. Their already practiced science. They invented tools and built structures,
studied
interests in science started to manifest during their childhood years. Their the medicinal uses of plants, observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons
natural environment ignited their curiosity to learn more about the natural and weather, and used indigenous science in agriculture. These are
considcred indigenous science, which is one of the foundations of modem
and physical environment. Schools and the laboratories where they studied
and worked nurtured this.
science.
The growth of science and its development asa field in the country
is a hybrid of indigenous and foreign ideas. Spain’ and the United States,
Individual Interests
in Science being the former colonial masters of the country, played an important
role in building the foundation of science ir the Philippines. To further
| SCHOOL SCIENCE Strengthen the science program in the Philippines, the government
SCIENCE establishes various science programs, policies, and projects.
LABORATORIES
Through the years, many Filipinos were able to establish themselves
ray (REAL-LIFE
CONTEXT) as scientists and science educators in various scientific areas and fields.
(TEACHERS Invention and innovations were done by these Filipino scientists. Finally,
| AND LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT) the demands of globalization, especially the ASEAN economic agenda,
Natural prompted the Philippines to invest in science and technology programs
Environment and projects.

| 1

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

Figure5. Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientists

: 32 } Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society ©)
 1. Identify several issues in the Philippines. What science-
and technology-related policies could be developed and
implemented to solve these issues? SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
2. What can you say about the implementation of some science PHILIPPINES
and technology policies and projects in the country?
3. What are the laws related to science and technology in the
Philippines from the year 2000?
4. How are these laws implemented?
/ ee LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
¢ discuss the conc science education; and
ofept

AYE sea Pere se

1. Identify several Filipino scientists. science schools established to promote science
e identify
2. Research on their contributions in the field of science education in the Philippines.
3. Examine what made them pursue a career in science.
4. Present the result of your work in class. ee AU Ue tt

Nagata0 ee .
The Philippines is trying its best to improve the state of science
education in the country. This lesson will discuss the coucept of science
STU

Concepcion, G.P. (Editor). (2012). Science Philippines: Essays on Science

iy Filipinos Volumes 1—3. Diliman, Quezon City: Universiiy of education and will identify some strategies to promote science education
Sete

the Philippines Press. in the country. One of the strategies is to establish science schools that will

OS
Concepcion, G.P., Padlan, EA. & Saloma, C.A. (Editors). (2008). encourage students to pursue their career in science and technology and to
Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better
nurture their gifted potentials in science.
a Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines

Lee-Chua. 9. (2000). 10 Outstanding Filipizo Scientists. Quezon City: The Concept of Science Education
Anvil Publishing.
Padilla-Concepcion, G. (2015). Science Philippines: Essays on Science Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding
cae Volume II. Quezon City: University of the Philippines science, Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively
ress. teach science. This means exploring pedagogical theories and models
Philippine-American Association for Science and Engineering. in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively.
(2008). “Science and Technology in Economic Development.” Learning science, on the other hand, includes both pedagogy and the most
In Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better interesting aspect, Which is helping students understand and love science.
Philippines. 1. 6-9.

Science, Technology, and Socicty G)

: 34 } Chapter 1: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society
 Mago ES Cxcheent oy SRE Fs a “ob i
Pee aie Tada Cian aeis* Sis ARE GRD SM SESS Ei oR
Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process works. This is done through offering basic science courses in the General
skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and Education curriculum. Science education in the tertiary level also
activities in everyday life. focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and
other professionals in various science-related fields such as engineering,
Getting deeper into the discourse of science education, John
agriculture, medicine, and health sciences. The state provides scholarships
Dewey (2001) stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment
to encourage more students to pursue science courses.
to teach students. Accordingly, nature must indeed furnish its physical
stimuli to provide wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking.
It is not surprising therefore that science education is important. In fact,
Science Schools in the Philippines
Marx (1994) opines that science is going to be one of the most important
school subjects in the future. One outstanding program for science education supported by the
Science educatior is justified by the vast amount of scientific government is the establishment of science schools in various parts of the
knowledge developed in this area that prepares citizens in a scientifically country: There are also several government programs implemented by the
and technologically driven world. Science education provides skills and Department of Education and few private schools for science education. ”
f
knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in what Knight (1986)
describes as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet x
~
Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
the goals of science in the society (Tilghman, 2005). Developing a science
culture is therefore an immense responsibility for schools. This is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines. 3
¥
It is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology .
”

(DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for secondary t

=
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary course with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with s
%
Education the end-view of preparing its students for 2 science career (Republic Act £
No. 3661). The school maintains a dormitory for all its students. é
In basic education, science education he!ps studenis learn important $
Since its inception, the PSHSS continues to pursue its vision to
“3
>
concepts and facts that are related to everyday life (Carale & Campo,
develop Filipino science scholars with scientific minds and passion for
2003; Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman, 2003) including important skills
excellence. PSHSS students have proven to be a beacon of excellence,
skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed
such as process
courage, and hope for the country. They have brought honor to the
in coping up with daily life activities (Chaille & Britain, 2002). Science
Philippines through their exemplary achievements in various international
education also develops positive attitude such as: the love for knowledge,
competitions and research circles. When the students graduate from the
passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity
school, they are expected to pursue degrees in science and technology at
(Lind, 1997). Science education will develop a strong foundation for
various colleges and universities locally or abroad.
studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future.
cultured
This is an investment for the country to c-velop a scientifically
and literate citizenry.
Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project is in
In tertiary education, science education deals with developing
pursuance to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51
students’ understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific
s. 2010. This project started in June 2007 with 57 identified elementary
Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society ©)

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schools that participated or were identified as science elementary schools Manila Science High School
in the country. Since its inception, the number have grown to more than 1, 1963 as the Manila
The school was established on October
60 schools nationwide and this is now its sixth year of implementation. It is the first science high school in the
Science High School (MSHS).
The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with Philippines. The organizatidn and curriculum of the school puts more
scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to: emphasis on science and mathematics. MSHS aims to produce scientists
with souls. In order to do this, humanities courses and other electives are
* provide a learning environment to science-inclined children
included in their curriculum. Students are also encouraged to participate
through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple
in various extracurricular activities. The school administers an entrance
intelligences of the learners;
exam, the Manila Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), for
* promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and students who wish to enroll. The MSAT has five parts: aptitude in science,
* foster the holistic development of the learners. aptitude test in mathematics, problem-solving test in science, problem-
solving test in mathematics, and proficiency in English. The school prides
a longer
The subject Science and Health is taught in Grade | with
itself from producing outstanding alumni and for winning various national
time compared to other subjects: 70 minutes for Grades | to III and
competitions.
80 minutes for Grades IV to VI. The curriculum also utilizes different
instructional approaches that address the learning styles and needs of the
learners like the use of investigatory projects. Central Visayan Institute Foundation
It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation
Quezon City Regiona! Science High School known as the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis
of classical and modern pedagogical theories adapted to foster the highest
The school was established or September 17, 1967. Originally,
tevel of learning, creativity, and productivity.
it was named Quezon City Science High School. It was tumed into a
regional science high school for the National Capital Region in 1999. The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical _
The school was a product of a dream to establish a special science school Physics (RCTP) established in 1992, which organizes small internat:onal
for talented students in science and mathematics. The focus of the workshops to foster the informal but intense exchange of ideas and
curriculum is on science and technology. The schoo! still teaches the basic perspectives un outstanding problems in physics and mathematics. ~
education courses prescribed by the Department of Education (DepEd)
for secondary education. However, there are additional subjects in sciences a : —
and technology that students should take. The school envisions to serve 23
a venue in providing maximum opportunities for science-gifted students Science education deals with the teaching and learning of science
to develop spirit of inquiry and creativity. The school is well-supported by and in helping the public develop science literacy. This is important in
the local government unit and by the Parents and Teachers /ssociation the promotion and development of science and technology in the country.
(PTA). The school is under the Department of Education. Science education deals with the development of people in science, which
is the heart of science, technology, and society.

Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society : 39 :
 te “i “ a ~
Ter: gh =
eve? he v
es ke ; cf
Rae ad

This lesson focused on discussing the concept of science education Central Visayas Institute of Technology. (2013). “Science Curriculum
and introduced science education in the Philippines from basic education for K-12.” Accessed January 26, 2017. http://cvif.awardspace.
to tertiary education. To promote science education, science schools were com/Department of Education.
established to develop gifted students in science and mathematics, such Department of Education. (2002). “Primer on 2002 Elementary
as the Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), Manila Science Education Curriculum.”
High School, Quezon City Regional Science High School, and the Special Department of Education. (2002). “The 2002 Basic Education
Science Elementary Schools Project. Science programs ard projects were Curriculum.”
organized and developed to nurture innovation in science in the country,
Department of Education Order 57 s. 2011. “Policy Guidelines in
and to encourage individuals to pursue careers and research in science and
the Implementation of the Special Science Elementary Schools
technology.
(SSES) Project.”
Knight, D. (1986). The Age of Science: The Scientific World-view in the
ESR USS
LSU Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Inc.
a.
Lind, K.A. (1997). "Science in the Developmentally Appropriate
. What other government projects and programs are available Integrated Curriculum.” In C.H. Hart, D.C. Burts, and R.
(Eds.), Integrated Curriculum and Developmentally
ms
for science education in the Philippines? Charlesworth, fees
. Are there private schools with outstanding science education
Appropriate Practice: Birth to Age Eight. (pp. 75~101). New York: ae
yee
State University of New York Press.
programs? Identify and compare their science education iS
pregrams with public science schools. Marx, G. (1994), "Shortcut to the Future." In B. Jennison and J. ss
Ogborn, (Eds.), Wonder and Delight: Essays in Science Education in ies
Honor of the Life and Work of Eric Rogers 1902-1990. (pp. 5-18).
London: Institute of Physics Publishing.
rs
bh
Manila Szience High School. Accessed January 26, 2017.. http:// .
manilascience.edu.ph/.
. Discuss science-related issues and problems in the country.
Meador, K.S. (2005). "Thinking Creatively About Sience: Suggestions
2. Identify science and technology policies that could be adapted for Primary Teachers.” In S. Johnson and J. Kendrick, (Eds.),
or implemented in the Philippines. Science education for Gifted Students (pp. 13-22). Texas: Prufrock
Press, Inc.
Quezon City Regional Science High School. Accessed January 26,
agateee) 2017. http://quesci.com/
Tilghman, S.T. (2005). Strange Bedfellows: Science, Politics, and Religion.
Carale, L.R., & Campo, P.C. (2003). Concept Development in Filipino A George Romanes Lecture presented at Oxford University.
Children: The Circulatory System. Quezon City: University of the Worth, K. & Grollman, S. (2003). Worms, Shadows, and Whirlpools:
Philippines, National Institute of Science and Mathematics Science in the Early Childhood Classroom. Newton, MA: Educational
Education. Development Center Publication.

() Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I; General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society (*)
 Em
gy in emery
oe See $m OS mom Cy mw .
SS died
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Sts ae BAe
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(ae Gen
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fa 4 v

and life stories of people on their daily life struggles. Their views about |
nature and their reflections c 1 their experiences in daily life are evident in
their stories, poems, and songs.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and
practiced by the indigenous people are:
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
* predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in
observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies;

* using herbal medicine;

LESSON OBJECTIVES ° * preserving foods;

¢ classifying plants and animals into families and groups based

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: on cultural properties;
¢ discuss the concept of indigenous science; and.
* preserving and selecting good seeds for planting;
¢ discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the
development of science and technology in the Philippines. * using indigenous technology in daily lives;
¢ building local irrigation systems;

INTRODUCTION * « — classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural

properties;
This lesson focuses on indigenuus science and technology in the ¢. producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
Philippines. Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent
tools that will help them in everyday life. They aiso developed alternative « keeping the custom of growinz plants and vegetables in the
yard.
ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around
them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is
the foundation of indigenous science.
Indigenous Science
Indigenous Knowledge System Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system
practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations (Gribbin,
indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of 200i; Mkapa, 2004; Sibisi, 2094. It includes complex arrays of knowledge,
young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their
members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. enumerable interactions with the natural milieu: agriculture, medicine,
Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their naming anc explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with
methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge changing environments (Pawilen, 2005). Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is
in their minds. The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture.
their culture and the environment. These lessons comprised of good values

i 42 } Science, Technology, and Socicty Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society 43 =
 According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science includes everything, Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding
from metaphysics to philosophy and various practical technologies indigenous science. Accordingly, indigenous scicace is composed of l

practiced by indigenous peoples both past and present. laccarino (2003) traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by
elaborated this idea by explaining that science is a part of culture, and how community values and culture.
science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or
consistent to scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000), namely:
(1) motivating attitudes; (2) cooperating attitudes; (3) practical attitudes;
and (4) reflective attitudes. These cultural belicfs therefore can be good uses guided by composed of
foundation for developing positive values toward learning and doing
Community Traditional
science and in bringing science in a personal level.
— Culture and Vaiues Knowledge
Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has
developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between the Figure 6. The Concept of Indigenous Science
in
‘*

society and the environment. According to Kuhn (1962), developmental =

1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, =
stages of most sciences are characterized by continual competition between 7
comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring,
a number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all re

roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method.

communicating, and predicting. bf
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values ‘
Sibisi (2004) also pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics
such as the following:
z%
of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, which were
derived from traditional knowledge and practices. ¢ The iand is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the
creator.
* The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin £
c
eee PALAU Sel ACO) of their identity as people.
ue
¢ All living and nonliving things are interconnected and
What is your understanding of indigenous science? interdependent with each other.
yPeny re

What are examples of indigenous science practices? =. Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and
other natural resources, They have a responsibility to
Why do some people believe in indigenous science?
preserve it.
Do you think indigenous science should be considered science?
« Nature is a friend to human beings—it needs respect and
What is the role of indigenous science in the development of proper care.
science and technology? 3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge
practiced and valued by people and communities such as
ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods,
and folk astronomy.

{«) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society ¢ }
 iis
‘
ss * EIRaa ERS: de ws

Yre
eae ns ser tm ek
ae lS +? 4 - sak PSs ne

Indigenous science is important in the development of science and

technology in the Philippines. Like the ancient civilizations, indigenous
science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field
1. Identify Filipino indigenous knowledge.
and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding
the natural environment and in coping with everyday life. UNESCO's 2. Research on the connection of indigenous knowledge to
Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999) science and technology.
recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to 3. Present the result of your work to the class,
science and technology.

SN :
Nageita Ge .
This lesson discussed the concept of indigenous knowledge and its
influence to the development of indigenous science. The communities in Cajete, G. (2004), “A Multi-contextual Model for Developing

2
r
the Philippines have maintained vast amounts of indigenous knowledge, Culturally Responsive Indigenous Science Curricula.” Paper

pages 83 WAR a7 eS
cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs. These include beliefs and presented at the Science and Mathematics in Pacific Rim
practices ranging from different areas such as health, environment, peace Nations Conference. University of Hawaii — Manoa. October
and order, agriculture, food production, astronomy, music, and literature. 14-17, 2004.
The indigenous knowledge system of the people served as = foundation Gribbin, J. (2003). Science:A History. London, UK: Penguin Books.
for the development of indigenous science.
and Culture. EMBO
laccarino, M. (2003). Science Reports, 4, 220-223.
Even before the time of the Spanish colonization in the Philippines,
various people and communities already practiced science. They invented Johnston, J. (2060). “Making Sensc of the National Criteria.” In
tools and built structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants, observed Science 3-6: Laying the Foundations in the Early Years. (pp. 7-14).
Baldock, UK: Association for Science Education,

BR
heavenly bodies to predict seasons aiid weather, and used indigenous
science in agriculture. These are considered indigenous science, which is
one of the foundations of modern science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .
Mkapa, B. (2004). “Indigenous Knowledge — A Local Pathway to
THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS Global Development.” In Indigenous Knowledge Local Pathways to
Global Development: Making Five Years of the Worle! Rank Indigenous
What is the role of indigenous knowiedge in the development
Knowledge Deveiopment Program. (pp. 1-3). Washington, D.C.:
of indigenous science?
The World Bank.
What is the role of indigenous science in the development of
Ogawa, M. (1995). "Science Education in a Multiscie 1ce Perspective.
science and technology in the Philippines?
In Science Education, 79, 583-593.
How do society and culture influence the development of
Pawilen, G.T. & Sumida, M. (2005). “Using Indigenous Knowledge
science and technology?
as a Foundation for Developing a Science-Based Curriculum

46 Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Socicty (7)
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As times change, clements that comprise human flourishing

changed, which are subject to the dynamic social history as written by
humans. People found means to live more comfortably, explore more
LESSON places, develop more products, and make more money, and then repeating
the process in full circle. In the beginning, early people relied on simple
q HUMAN FLOURISHING machines to make hunting and gathering easier. This development allowed
them to make grander and more sophisticated machines to aid them in their
endeavors that eventually led to space explorations, medicine innovations,
and ventures of life after death. Our concept of human flourishing today
proves to be different from what Aristotle originally perceived then—
humans of today are expected to become a “man of the world.” He is
supposed to situate himself in a global neighborhood, working side by side
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: among institutions and the government to be able to reach a common
« identify different conceptions of human flourishing; goal. Competition as a means of survival has become passé; coordination
e
* determine the development of the scientific method and is the new trend. p

i
validity of science; and Interestingly, there exists a discrepancy between eastern and western

ge
critic human flourishing vis-a-vis progress of science and conception regarding society and human flourishing. It has been observed

tweet
*
technology to be able to define for themselves the meaning that western civilization tends to be more focused on the individual, while

ey
of a good life. those from the east are more community-centric. Human flourishing as
an end then is primarily niore of a concern for western civilizations over

See DROar
eastern ones. This is not to discredit our kinsfolk from the east; perhaps
in their view, community takes the highest regard that the individual

= Be
should sacrifice himself for the sake of the societv. This is apparent in the
< Eudaimonia, literally “good spirited,” isa term Chinese Confuciaa system or the Japanese Bushido, both of which view
coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle the whole as greater than their components. The Chinese and the Japanese
(385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness encourage studies of literature, sciences, and art, not entirely for oneself
that is attainable by humans. This has often been but in service of a greater cause. The Greek Aristotelian view, on the other
translated into “human flourishing” in literature, [@ hand, aims for eudaimonia as the ultimate good; there is no indication
arguab!y likening humans to flowers achieving their whatsoever that Aristotle entailed it instrumental to achieve some other
full bloom. As discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics, goals. Perhaps, a person who has achieved such state would want to serve
Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a result of e the community, but that is brought upon through deliberation based on
different components such as phronesis, friendsilip, wealth, and power. In his values rather than his belief that the state is greater than him, and thus
the Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will is only appropriate that he should recognize it as a higher entity worthy
surely bring the seekers happiness, which in effect allows them to partake of service.
in the greater notion of what we call the Geod.

i
Chapter Ik Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition fs) :
©) Science, Technology, and Socicty
re
 Nevertheless, such stereotypes cannot be said to be true given In school, the scientific method is introduced in the earlier part of
the current stance of globalization. Flourishing borders allowed people discussions. Even though the number of steps varies, it presents a general
full access to cultures that as a result, very few are able to maintain idea of how to do science:
their original philosophies. It is in this regard that we would tackle 1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences
human flourishing—in a global perspective and as a man of the world. unfolding.
2. Determine the problem and identify factors involved.
Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing 3. Through past knowledge of similar instance, formulate
In the previous chapters, contributions of science and technology hypothesis that could explain the said phenomenon. Ideally,
have been laid down thoroughly. Every discovery, innovation, and success the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
contributes to our pool of human knowledge. Perhaps, one of the most hypothesis for the study “to count as significant” (can also be
prevalent themes is human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the world separated into additional steps such as "to generate prediction”
by finding proofs to trace evolution. The business of uncovering the secrets or “to infer from past experiments”).
of the universe answers and provides us
the question of our existence 4. Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent

4 Gna
something to look forward to. Having a particular role, which is uniquely variables, and trying to see how independent ones affect
ours, elicits our idea of self-importance. It is in this regard that human dependent ones.
flourishing is deeply intertwined with goal setting relevant to science and
5. Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination
technology. In this case, the latter is relevant as a tool in achieving the
of the experiment. Examine if the data gathered are significant
former or echoing Heidegger's statement, technology is a human activity
enough to conclude results.
that we excel in as a result of achieving science. Suffice to say that the end
goals of both science and technology and human flourishing are related, 6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation in case
in that the good is inhereatly related to the truth. The following are two others would want to broaden the study.
concepts about science which ventures its claim on truth. A: least in the students’ formative years, the above routine is basic
methodology when introducing them to experimentation and empiricism—
two distinct features that give science edge over other schools of thought.
Science as Method and Results Throughout the course of history, however, there exists heavy objections
on the scientific procedure; the line separating science and the so-called
For the most part, science’s reputation stems from the objectivity
pseudoscience becomes more muddled.
brought upon by a. arbitrary, rigid methodology whose very character
absolves it from any accusation of prejudice. Such infamy effectively raised Verification Theory
science in a pedestal untouchable by other institutions—its sole claim to
The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is
‘reason and empiricism—gamering supporters who want to defend it and
verification theory. The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it
its ways.
can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis
being accepted. In that regard, said theory gives premium to empiricism
and only takes into account those results which are measurable and

i 52 } Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition i 53 :
experiments which are repeatable. This was espoused by a movement in her because, she thought, why would anyone do something like
the early twentieth century called the Vienna Circle, a group of scholars that for a person he does not like?
who believed that only those which can be observed should be regarded As it turns out, however, lan is just generally happy to
as meaningful and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as meet people he knew. He had known Lea since they were in
meaningless. Initially, this proved to be attractive due to general consensus
first year and regards her as a generally okay person, It is no
from people, which happened to see for themselves how the experiment
surprise then that upon learning that Ian basically does this
occurred, solidifying its validity and garnering supporters from esteemed
to everyone, Lea was crushed. She vowed to herself that she
figures. Its shortcomings, however, proved to be a somewhat too risky—
would never assume again.
several budding theories that lack empirical results might be shot down
prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing ingenuity of newer, Based from above story, is it justified for Lea to think that Ian does
novel thoughts. Celebrated discoveries in physics, for instance, are initially not like her? Not quite. The next criterion also warns us about the danger of
theorized without proper acknowledgment of their being. Einstein’s theory this view.
on the existence of gravitational waves would, following this thought, be
dismissed due to lack of evidence almost a hundred years ago. Quantum

WAHMs Sa Ree eT
Falsification Theory
mechanics would not have prospered if the scientific society during the
time of Edwin Schridingcr did not entertain his outrageous thought that Perhaps the current prevalent
the cat in the box is both dead and alive, which can only be determined methodology in science, falsification theory
once you look in the box yourself. as an ideology is not proven
asserts that as long
to be false and can best explain a phenomenon
Aside from above critique, this theory completely fails to weed
over alternative theories, we should accept the
out bogus arguments that explain things coincidentally. A classic example
said ideology. Due to its hospitable character,
is astrology, whose followers are able to employ the verification method
in ascertaining its reliability. The idea is that since one already has some the shift to this theory allowed emergence
sort of expectations on what to find, they will interpret events in line of theories otherwise rejected by verification
with said expectations. American philosophez Thomas Kuhn waraed us theory. It does not promote ultimate adoption
against bridging the gap between evidence and theory by attempting to of one theory but.instead encourages research f
interpret the former according to our own biases, that is, whether. or not in order to determine which among the theories
we subscribe to the theory. Below is a short story illustrating this point: can stand the test of falsification. The strongest one is that which is able to
remain upheld amidst various tests, while being able to make particularly
Suppose, for instance, this girl, Lea has a (not-so-
risky predictions about the world. Karl Popper is the known proponent
scientific) theory that her classmate Ian likes her. Good, she
of this view. He was notorious for stating that up-and-coming theories of
thought, / like him too. But kow do | know that he likes me?
the time, such as Marx’s Theory of Social History and Sigmund Freud’s
She began by observing him and his interactions with Psychoanalysis, are not testable and thus not falsifiable, and subsequently
her. Several gestures she noted include his always « xchanging questioning their status as scientific. Albeit majority of scientists nowadays
pleasantries with her whenever they bump into each other, are more inclined to be Popperian in their beliefs, this theory, similar to
his big smile when he sees her, and him going out of his the theory above, presents certain dangers by interpreting an otherwise
way to greet her even when riding a jeepney. Through these independent evidence in light of their pet theory.
observations, she was then able to conclude that Ian does like

@) Science. Technology, and Society Chapter I: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition i 55 }
 A: Sepa 4
Seca ‘s 4 olicaiaar: 1 ae Ts ie eee 2 ES en 1)

To illustrate, previous story is restated: places in South America where many of the tribes remain uncontacted,
Ian is generally everybody's friend. He likes to be do not regard western science as their science. Whatever their science
around people and generally aspires to become everybody's is, it can be ascertained that it is in no way inferior to that of globalized
friend. However, there is this one girl, Lea, who seemed to peoples’ science. Thus, it presents an alternative notion that goes beyond
not like him when he is around. Every time he waves at the boundaries of cold, hard facts of science and instead projects it in
her, she turns away, and when they are in the same room, a different light, such as a manifestation of shared experience forging
she avoids his glances. Through this, he concluded that Lea solidarity over communities.
does not like him and does his best to show her that he is
not a threat. He began greeting her whenever they pass by Science and Results
each other at the corridor, even going so far as calling her
attention when he was in the jeepney and saw her walking For the most part, people who do not understand science are
past. When they are able to talk to each other, he found out won over when the discipline is able to produce results. Similar to when
that Lea is just really shy and is not accustomed to people Jesus performed miracles and garnered followers, people are sold over
. greeting her. He then was able to conclude tnat his initial the capacity of science to do stuff they cannot fully comprehend, In this
particular argument, however, science is not the only discipline which is
“- :
impression of her not liking him (as a person) is wrong and
r
thus said proposition is rejected. able to produce results—religion, luck, and human randomness are some 2

Although there is no happy ending yet for Lea and Ian, we can of its contemporaries in the field. For some communities without access to =
=

thus see how in this case, falsification method is prone to the same science, they can turn to divination and superstition and still get the same ‘ey
results. Science is not entirely foolproof, such that it is correct 100% of
.

generalizations committed by the verification method. There is no known

rule as to the number of instance that a theory is rejected or falsified in the time. Weather reports, for one, illustrate fallibility and limitations of
order for it to be set aside. Similarly, there is no assuraace that observable their scope, as well as their inability to predict disasters. The best that can
event or “evidences” are indeed manifestations of a certain concept or be done during an upcoming disaster is to reinforce materials to be more
“theories.” Thus, even though, theoretically, falsification method is more calamity proof and restore the area upon impact. It can be then corcluded
accepted, scientists are still not convinced that it should be regarded a3 that science does not monopolize the claim for definite results.
what makes a discipline scientific.
- Science as Education
Science as a Social Endeavor
Aforementioned discussion notes that there is no such thing as
Due to inconciusiveness of the methodologies previously cited, a a singular scientific method, offering instead a variety of procedures
new school of thought on the proper demarcation criterion of science that scientists can experiment with to get results and call them science.
emerged. Several philosophers such as Paul Thagard, Imre Lakatos, Helen Discoveries in physics, specifically in quantum mechanics, appeared to
Longino, David Bloor, and Richard Rorty, among others, presented an have debunked the idea of objectivity in reality, subscribing instead to
alternative demarcation that explores the social dimension of science alternative idea called intersubjectivity. With objectivity gone, it has lost its
and effectively, technology. Sciences cease to belong solely to gown- number one credence. Nevertheless, there still exists a repressing concept
wearing, bespectacled scientists at laboratories. The new view perpetuates that comes about as a result of unjustified irreverence of science—our
a dimension which generally benefits the society. For instance, far-off preference of science-inclined students over those which are less adept.

i 56 } Science, Technology, and Society Chapter Il: Science, Technology. and Society and the Human Condition (*)
 There are distinct portions in entrance exams in the secondary and tertiary technology would be inadequate if we are to, say, socialize with people
levels that are dedicated to science and mathematics. In the Philippines, or ruminate on our inner self. Aristotle’s eudaimonic person is required to
a large distribution of science high schools can be found all over the be knowledgeable about science, among other things of equal importance.
country, forging competition for aspiring students to secure a slot and They are supposed to possess intellectual virtues that will enable them to
undergo rigorous science and mathematics training based on specialized determine truth from falschood or good reasoning from poor reasoning. A
curricula. Although arguable as these schools also take great consideration true eudaimon recognizes that flourishing requires one to excel in various
in providing holistic education by assuring that other non-science courses dimensions, such as linguistic, kinetic, artistic, and socio-civic. Thus, he
are covered, adeptness in science and mathematics are the primary understands that he should not focus on one aspect alone.
condition to be admitted. This preference is also reflected on the amount
of STEM (Science, Technoiogy, Engineering, Mathematics)-offering
schools accommodating Grades 11 and 12. Among all the clusters being How Much Is Too Much?
offered, STEM trumps the remaining clusters in terms of popularity and
distribution, with Accounting and Business coming in as a close second. In 2000, world leaders signed the Millennium Development Goals
One might infer that there are more demand in this field as students are (MDG) that targets eight concerns, one of which states that they should
preconditioned that the field would latter land them high-paying jobs and be able to forge a global partnership for development. Inasmuch as the
a lucrative career after graduation. institutes imposing them do so in good faith, the primary goal to achieve
growth for all might prove to be fatal in the long run.
How is science perceived by those who graduated from this field? A
couple of years ago, a student entered a class all curious and excited. When Economists believe that growth is the primary indicator of
he was made to report on Paul Feyerabend’s work How to Defend Society development, as both go hand in hand, and has put forth their resources
Against Science one day, he looked dissident, staunchly refusing to consider in trying to achieve sucii. Technology has been a primary instrument
the author's ideas on science and critiquing him instead. When asked in enabling them to pursue said goal, utilizing resources, machineries,
why, he reasoned out that he had come from a science high school and and laber. What is missing in this equation is that growth presents an
was trained to regard science ir: a distinct accord. As isolated a case as it illusory notion of sustainability—the world’s resources can only provide so
may seem, it somewhat suggests that the aforementioned kind of academic much, it cannot be expected to stretch out for everybody's consumption
environment has made students unwelcoming of objections against science. over a long period of time. Moreover, growth is not infinite—there is no
Reminiscent of Paul Feyerabend’s sentiment above, he muses how the preordained ceiling once the ball starts rolling. If the MDG convention's
educational system can hone and preserve students’ capacity to entertain intent was to get everyone in the growth ship, that ship will surely sink
other options and decide for themselves the best among all presented. It before leaving the port. The same analogy applies to the capacity of nature
will thus reinforce their imagination and allow some level of unorthodoxy, to accommodate us, wnich Joseph Hickel contemplated on, suggesting
bringing forth novel discoveries that otherwise would not ve considered that developed countries should not push forth more growth but instead
had they stuck to the default methodology. Innovations are brought forth adopt “de-development” policies or else, everybody loses. The rapid pace
by the visionaries, not the prude legalists, and several notable figures in of tec’ nological growth allows no room for nature to recuperate, resulting
science even consider themselves as outsiders. in exploitation and irreversible damages to nature. Right now, we are
experiencing repercussions of said exploits in the hands of man-made
If one is really in pursuit of human flourishing, it would make
climate change, which would snowball and affect majority of flora and
sense for them to pursue it holistically, Simply mastering science and
fauna, driving half of the latter extinct in less than a hundred year from

(s) Science. Technology. and Society Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition (*)
 rey 5 Ye ae a F
oe SEI A

now. If this continues in its currently alarming rate, we might bring about oe
our own extinction. d. Microscope
e. Radio
SUA . f. Benzene Ring

Human flourishing is defined as being “good spirited” in the classical g. Large Hadron Collider
Aristotelian notion. Humans generally have a notion on what it means tc h. Guns
flourish; albcit in the advent of science and technology, they chose to hinge a
their ends alongside the latter's results. While it is true that science equips ¥
its knowers some details about the world, its main claim to objectivity and j. Cell phones
syst¢matic methodology is at the very least flawed. However, that does 2. Brainstorming. By group, try to determine the possible
not stop institutions to favor those who excel in said discipline. Finally, alternatives to growth and development. List down several
the economic perception of enrichment, otherwise known as growth, is ways to promote sustainable living and start a mini-campaign 5
heavily fucled by technology and should be impeded. We have to rethink advocating the method of your choice. zt
of our perception of a good life apart from one presented in this regard. Sf F

UIE sa ss
z

aT
TT : ;
1. Ts our reverence of science justified? Explain. Bloor, D. (1981). "The Strengths of the Strong Programme.” Philosophy -
2. Were we successful so far in trying to tie down technology of the Social Sciences, 11 (2):199. t
with what we conceive as human flourishing? Dayrit, F.M. (2011). “Sustainable Development; An _ Evolving é
b> : ‘ - Paradigm for the 21st Century.” stellar Origins Human or: Ed. x
f 3. What do you think constitutcs human flourishing? J Ma. Assunta C, Cuyegkeng. 231-57. “

Ferngren, G. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of the History of Science and

Religion in the Western Tradition. New York: Garland.

LEE Feyerabend, P. (1975). “How to Defend Society Against Science.”

Radical Philosophy 11 (1):3-9.
1, Group Presentation. For each group, state a brief history « Hempel, C.G. (1966). Philovephy of Natural Science. Englewood Ciiffs,
discovery that brought about the invention or discovery of the N.J.: Prentice Hall.
things stated below. State their contributions in our scientific Hickel, J: (2015). "Forget ‘Developing’ Rich Countries, It’s Time

a oo s to ‘De-Develop’ “ich Countries.” Accessed February 10, 2017.

a. Gravity https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals
-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-
b. Telescope rich-countries-sdgs.
c. Processed Food

( } Science, Technology, and Society Chapter I: Science, Technology. and Society and the Human Condition (a)
 MBER EL < e ae ih Rae aaa ae:
. Kuhn, T. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd Ed. Chicago: {
The University of Chicago Press.
Popper, K.R. (1989). Conjectures
and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific
Knowledge. Oxford: Routledge. LESSON
Thagard, P. (1978). "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience.” PSA: TECHNOLOGY
AS A WAY OF
Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science - REVEALING
Association 1978: 223-234.
Thomson, J.A. (2003). The Nicomachean Ethics. London: Penguin.
Wilson, E.O. (2005). The Future of Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Se aS IMIS] Gia)
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
i * explain the concept of human condition before science
technology;
¢ — identify the change that happened in human condition after
science and technology; and
* name ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth
about the human being.

Pe Utettt)
tie Comparing the lives of the people before ang now will make anyone
realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms of culture,
language, or rights but more importantly, changes ir people’s way of life
due to the existence of science and technology.
The term “generation gap” is attributed mainly to the changes
brought about by technology. Although the original idea is for technology
to help everyone, it cannot be denied that until today, not everyone is
comfortable in using the different kinds of technologies. Mostly those
who belong to the older generation think that these technologies are too
complicated to operate. They have been used to the simple i.ving in the
past and these available technological devices, though very appealing, are
a difficult puzzle to them.

fo) iclence, Tochnoioey, andl Sockery Chapter II; Science, Technology. and Society and the Human Condition fot
 ‘ a 2 .
- ee)
sare a tee. Ps WSO eter ec ——— aie
RR

them, with their constant befuddlement serving as an early reminder that

proud to show off their hunt and how good of a hunter they were? Were
they were way behind several larger, more powerful forces in nature in
they concerned with social standing and stratification? How about the
terms of order of things.
meaning of life? Were they also curious on finding explanations to certain
phenomena?
At least for the Jast question, it seems that they have found their The Human Condition in the Common Era
answer in the person of religion. Excavations on the latter half of the
Stone Age include several figures thought to be ceremonial, meaning, that For a long time, humans were content with their relationship
perhaps people of the time had also painstakingly wrought and hewed said with nature. Earliest case of man-made extinction occurred over 12,000
figures in honor of some deity. This notion, as it was then and as it is now, years ago, possibly brought upon by hunting and territorial disputes.
is often people’s resort to make sense of events happening outside their The Holocene extinction, also called the sixth extinction or more aptly
control. The initial roster of primitive gods includes objects they encounter Anthropocene extinction, occurred from as early as between 100,000 to
through their day-to-day lives, so it is not surprising that different tribes 200,000 years up to the present. It pertains to the ongoing extinction
may have different gods. Those who might have lived alongside majestic of several species—both flora and fauna—due to human aciivity. Driven
creatures, such as elephants and mammoths, might have been awed by by their primal need to survive and gaining the upper hand in terms of
their size and worshiped them as the owner of ine land, asking for blessings development and adaptability, humans were quick to find ways to drive off
in their hunting ground. On the contrary, they might have hunted the other megafaunas threatening a prospective hunting spot and eventually,
mammoths for their woolly coat and meat, taking down the anima! for settling grounds, Growing population also necessitated finding additional

=
the entire community to eat. In windy placcs near mountains, they might resources, leading to overhunting and overfishing common prey, some of
have had a mountain god to explain wind currents and ask for provisions. which were endemic to the area. Hunting, coupled with a changing terrain
tine

eae
On the other hand, those who were near coastal areas or bodies of water that the humans began cultivating when agriculture emerged some 9,000
years ago, caused several species to lose conipetition in territory and food
SE

might have had water gods they referred to when asking for a good catch.

BLAS
Peo

owever, it might be also the case that people of prior civilizations shared resources, Formation of communities caused humans to expand more in
RPS

sevcral generic gods, such as the sun. territory and more people to feed; large, separate communities hailing
from the same ancestors and residing in the same large community paved

=
Nevertheless, it can be positively inferred that like the people
way for civilizations. Even as a community, the people realized that though
~*

of today, our ancestors also found the need to explaia things in a way
they were at most self-sufficient, they were in constant need of resources.
that makes sense to them. They quickly realized that there are events
Albeit waging wars with other tribes seemed to be the early solution, they
outside of their control and attempted to justify things as being a work of
were able to find out some 5,000 years ago that engaging in a peaceful
a supermatural being. Throughout the course of history, religion remains
negotiation was also a possible and less bloody method. They realized
to be the strongest contender to science arguably duc to iis being the
that they could get hold of things not present in their towns by offering
most easily grasped. Admittedly, once people stop connecting the dots
something of same value present in theirs. It is in this process that trade
between cause and effect, :hey turn to something that could possibly
emerged, leading to cross-town and eventually cross-cultural interaction
explain their inadequacies in making sense of the world. The people of
as more products were exchanged and the initial needs extended to wants,
yesterday appeared to have acknowledged early on that they could only do
and understand as much, that perhaps other powers at play also existed People then had a new objective—gather as much products as
alongside them. This notion effectively humbled and perhaps grounded possible, They have turned to wealth as one of their goals as humans and

Chapter I: Selence, Technology. and Society and the Human Condition (*)
i 66 } Sctence. Technology, and Society

nt
 TA
BURA A RS

ultimately as civilizations, for they perceived that those who have many, Position-wise, the humans of today are much better off compared
live comfortably and thus are ge ‘erally happier than those who do not have to humans several centuries ago. Advancem medicine, technology,
in ents
sufficient wealth. Thus, they began to hunt, farm, and produce things with health, and education ushered in humanity’s best yet, and show no sign
prospect of profit. A nuclear community which is initially self-sufficient of stopping. Below are some of the notable comparisons then and now:
has to accommodate their growing population with depleting resources, 1. Mortality Rate. Duc to technology, lesser women and children
leading them to be reliant to other communities’ produce which keeps die during birth, assuring robust population and strong
them surviving. In return, these communities have to make use of their workforce. Medical care for premature infants allows them
current resources twice as much to provide for other communities’ needs. to survive and develop normally, while proper maternal caze
Products of every kind were exchanged, ranging from necessary ones such ensures that mothers can fully recover and remain empowered.
as crops, cattle, poultry, others of kind, and clothing materials, up to
metals, accessories, weapons, spices, literature, and entertainment. They
& Average Lifespan. Aside from the reason that, people engage
less in combat and are less likely to die in treatable diseases
were able to find and create niches for interests. When they could not sell
now as opposed to then, science is able to prolong lives by
products, they used their skills and got compensated for it—bringing forth
enhancing living status and discovering different remedies to
a specialized group of artisans. Humanity became more complex. The
primary goal was not merely to survive, but to live the good life. : most diseascs. Distribution of medicines is also made easier
and faster.
has been
Technology instrument alin
in all of these because
searching for the good life, people were able to come up with creations mye aes

that would make life easier, more comfortable, and more enriching.
; a more just society. "
__ Although the good life envisioned before might be pale in comparison to
“the ‘miltifariousness of today, it offered us the initial intricacies of how 4. Gross Domestic Product GpP): “Although not an indicator of an
today came tto be. ‘Such intricacies are also evident in the machines created oud pau average person’s lifestyle in, a certain country, iti
it is often used,
and causés endeavored by the people ‘of long ago. They perceive. death as, ~ / ous 91 to ‘determine the: value’of the “country’s goods and services
ete Sista nce tet ic “© produced ‘within’ the’ territory Jgiven’a certain, time ‘period...
» their kinsmen, ‘often | appealing to their gods for blessings. Medicine Was Rm “Higher country income is Srought upon by high aa hee
silk iD fi phe ssan 1 indicator of presence of technology. “”
>

thus ‘bom, although lit, would take a considerably long time: ‘before it part
wees ways with potion. They became fixated with gold and were adamant in NER 9
procuring more, , trying t to use incantations with mixtures’ of substances
» to turn lead into. one. This’ ultimately paved way for the: emergence ‘of ©. The Essence of Fechnciens| ,
chemistry in its primitive form, not quite distinct from alchemy. Due to
Humanity has indeed come a long way from our primctive ways,
differing races, belief, or abundance of resources and/or territory, wars
and as a general rule, it is Said that we are more “developed” than we were
were always being waged, leading communities to allocate resourcestothe ~
before. Above data are few indicators of the route’ that we have come to
_ militia. Initially the early leaders were those who Portrayed: exceptional
take as species, and there are no signs of stopping.. Modem humans are
“strength among their group—this condition carried on for ‘generations.
reliant on technology in their search for the good life. ‘We see ‘ways and
Physical strength was valued at most, although there appeared to be as
means from nature to utilize and achieve growth—a goal that we believe
many intellectually gifted figures just the same. These innovators were
would bring forth betterment.
primarily the ones behind discoveries and triumphs of these civilizations.

@) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition (*)
 In retrospect, this view of technology proves to be goal-oriented. resour ces Since humans appear not to really know what they
are bountiful.
It assumes that it is instrumental in achieving a go.l in mind, that it isa are seeking for, the search continues. It is a looming fear, however, that
purposeful, deliberate craft humans steer in order to reach some greater the path we are treading will not take us to the right direction, leading us
"good. In the advent of postmodernism, however, the deterministic view in endless circles instead in our pursuit of the good life.
appended to technology crumbled as people began to question if anything This is the danger presented by too much reliance on technology.
is deterministic at all. Apart from its purpose, what is technology? Was Humans lose track of things that matter, reducing their surroundings to
the history of technology brought purposeful choices for man in his search their economic value. As this presents strong backing by the sciences
for the ultimate good? Some tried to redefine technology away from its whose reverence is also brought upon by our deluded enchantment with
purpose. One philosopher by the name of Martin Heidegger argued that its technology, it will prove to be a herculeaa task to distance ourselves from
essence, or purpose, and being are different from each other. He was able this perspective and consider alternatives. After all, it was scienceand
to expound on this point upon identifying that technology can cither be technology that gave us explanations, which worked for us and benefited
perceived
as first, a means to achieve man’s end and second, that which us. Rejecting a working, tried-and-tested process seems foolish, more so,
constitutes human activity. The secorid perspective paints technology in knowing that there are no options of equal value. It will be absurd to
SS ERR

such a way that each period reveals a particular character regarding man’s

eT
venture the dark and the unknown, but it should be done in order for us
being. A characteristic design, or flaw, unfolds based on the repercussions to retrace our'steps to be able to achieve the Good.
brought upon by immersing ourselves with a piece of new technology. In
. «+ effect, through technology, a myriad of new questions begins to mount.
Rather than thinking that humans have a clear idea of what to expect-in a Backtracking the Human Condition

a
good life, it can be stated that technology allows humans to confront the
Technology’s initial promi to be true, regardless
provedses of its
unknown and se2 how they would react... wh

ER
ramifications. All in all the human condition improved, only ifty improving
Ry RA pie Sagi oS= gape na nothing ato
— =

we measure the level of comfort, various ‘scientific. breakthroughs;"and

. though, for technological revelation is | 3
improved lifestyles of those who had the luxury to afford to do so. }Different

a
but one: of the many ways to perceive
machineries aid in prolonging lives—assisting those with disebilities, honing
the world. However,r, as long as humans ;

OR
efficiency in industrial workplaces, and even exploring tne universe for
places we can thrive once’ all the Earth's resources are depleted. As to the
S SSS" “we cannot distance ourselves from this
initial aims, it appears that things really did not much differ. Some places
> “perspective, In the name of growth, we
in the world are still battling for their daily survival—diseases, ‘tribe wars,
“view ‘the world as a field of resources,
* sae =

lack of habitable ‘territories, and competitions on resources are several

vent on attributing monetary value on seemingly priceless entities. We
factors contributing to such. People e still wage wars on the basis of races,
begin to categorize nature’ as renewable and nonrenewable instead of
belief, and abundance of resources and/or territory; except that now, they
seeing it as it is. Humans are reduced into the amount of produuctivity
are able to inflict such in a global scale. A lot of people still subscribe to
T

they are able to render during thei- lifetime, and our curren nt mindset is
religion in explaining ‘things that they do not_know. For those who have
SET

- geared toward which would utilize our own skills. A good life is one which
ceased to do so, they have turned their worships to reverence of science.
is practical in essence; a life which makes use of our labor and which we
"Whether scienc e these people are still ben t on tryingto make
or religion,
ee

get compensated fairly upon. It is no wonder that the sciences are one
sense of the events happe ning
in the world on the basis of either of these
of the most sought after courses, for the opportunities are plenty and the
———t

@) and Society
Science, Technology, Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition @)
 two paradigms. They are still trying to discover and rediscover things that previously unknown predicaments, effectively helping us to reveal our own
would give meaning to their lives—whether it be honor, strength, or merit. natures and enforcing one perspective in finding the truth. Now that it is
People are still trying to make sense of their existence in the world, and acknowledged, we can try and divert our search to other approaches.
technology does little to aid them in their pursuit of life’s meaning.
It seems that the human condition, although more sophisticated,
is nothing but a rehashed version of its former self. Nothing much has
changed since then, and it appears that nothing will change in the times to 1. What would have happened to humankind if technology did
not exist?
come if we fail to shift our view elsewhere. While it is true that technology
offered. us one compelling notion of the truth and the good, we should z: Do you agree with Martin Heidegger in his idea that technology
be staunch in our resolve if we want to know the real one. For.starters, should only be seen as one of the approaches in perceiving
we might begin with considering other concepts, which corresponds we should consider?
truth? What are other possible approaches
to the Good, such as Aristotle’s conception of human flourishing. His
notion entertains the idea of holistic enrichment of a person situated in
his society. A notable distinction on Aristotle’s idea is his subscription on
evaluative concepts called virtues and their role in achieving the good life.
1. Role-playing. Try to imagine the, world without technology.
Technological advancements are seemingly occurring in a rapid pace thai
How do you think your day-to-day life would be like? Do
our morality cannot quite keep up; no such consideration was given in this
this by illustrating a scenario where a certain technological
approach in achieving
the good life. This will further be discussed
in the
innovation does not exist. Below are examples you could use:
following Chapters.” von
2 uy, q 4 nyo
‘Watch _ ss
; hy ns erate

peere ais ~ Light bulbs “a

tae " Sotence and technology has been part 0af faces eee
ro Ody ‘the beginaing of our species. It has aided us in survival and helped. us
outsmart our adversaries, provided us comfortabe living, allowed us to
explore the world, and assisted us in discovering more about curseives
and the truth. However, it also leads us to a paradox in Which we are only
. ablee to see the world in the lenses of technological innovations. In, our
Pursuit, of growth; we’ had conveniently forgotten that: technology only ; to an end or an end in itself. The class will be divided into two
presents one approach in’ viewing the world, This forgetfulness leads us groups. The first group supports the notion that. technology ,
to evaluate objects as consumable or not—transcending
n to-other human is an instrument to achieve human goals, and the second
beings, determining their.capacity:to be. productive. Our-valuation of group supports the notion that technology is what humanity
things became one-aimensional, ‘geared ‘toward production’ of goods for : does. List down pertinent points and construct an individual
more consumption, which we believe would lead us to the good life. This ‘-” position paper regarding
your stance. ty
_ is onlyone conceptio of technology,
n as Heidegger also proposed that
technology is what humans do. Advancements in the field expose us to

@) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition (@)

1 ees
 Blitz, M. (2014). “Understanding Heidegger on Technology,” The
New Atlantis, Number 41, Winter, pp. 63-80.
De Vries, M.J. (2005). Teaching About Technology: An Introduction to
3 THE GOOD LIFE
the Philosophy of Technology for Non-Philosophers. Switzerland:
Springer.
Derrida, J. (1989). Of Spirit: Heidegger and the Question. Trans. Geoffrey
Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Chicago/London: Chicago UP.
Grayson, D.K. and D.J. Meltzer. (2012). "Clovis Hunting and Large eee LESSON OBJECTIVES
Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of the Evidence.” Journal
_ of World Prehistory. 16 (4): 313-359. At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
Grayson, D.K. Human Population Growth and Extinction. (n.d.). ¢ examine what is meant by a good life;
ee

Center for Biotogical Diversity. Accessed August 1, 2016. http:// ¢ — identify how humans attempt to attain. what is deemed to be
eee

www.biologicaldiversity. org/programs/population_ and_ a good life; and

> SSS ES Die See

sustainability /extinction/index bin ' . recognize possibilities available to human being to attain
Heidegger, M. (1977). The ‘Question Concerning Technology, and Other the good life.
Essays. New York: Harper & Row.
Te atte
PO

Holloway, A. (2014). "The Veuus - Figurines of the European

Sh Sea _ Paleolithic Era.” Accessed February 10,, 20175 http://www. SeI5H)
e ‘In Ancient Greece, ‘long before the word “science” has been coined, oer
ancient-origins. net/ancient- places- ~europe/venus- figurines-
- european-paleolithic-era-001548?nopaging=I. the need to understand the world and reality. was bound with the need to
understand the self and the good life. For Plato, the task of understanding
Kolbert, E. (2014). The Sisth Extinction: An Unnatural History, London: . the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting inco what
cs Bloomsbury Publishing. ae ate
will make the soul flourish, In an attempt.to understand reality and the
Rudgley, R. (2000). The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age. New York: external world, man must seek to understand himself, too. It was Aristotle
_ , ,Simon and Schuster. _ who gave a definitive distinction between the theoretical and practical
sciences. Among the theoretical disciplines, Aristotle included logic,
biology, physics, and metaphysics, among others. Among the practical
ones, Aristotle counted ethics and politics. Whereas "truth" is the aim of
the theoretical sciences, the "good" is the end goal of the practical ones.
Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find
the “good” or as said in the previous lesson, the attainment. of human
flourishing. Rightly so, one must find the truth about what the good is
before one can even try to locate that which is good.

Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition G)
 In the previous lesson, we have seen how a misplaced or an manifestations of change and permanence. For Plato, this can only be .
erroneous idea of human flourishing can turn tables for all of us, make the explained by postulating two aspects of reality, two worlds if you wish:
sciences work against us rather than for us, and draw a chasm bétween the the world of forms and the world of matter. In the world of matter, things are
search for truth and for the good. In this lesson, we endeavorto go back a changing and impermanent. In the world of forms, the entities are only
little and answer these questions: What does it really mean to live a good copiesof the ideal and the models, and the forms are the only real entities.
life? What qualifies as a good existence? Granting this understanding, we Things are red in this world because they participate in what it means to
are assumed to be in a better position to reconcile our deepest existential be red in the world of forms.
needs as human beings and science as tool to maneuver around the world.
Aristotle, ssi Sis: pack esneunnc wilt hla secs aon eal
forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what the senses
Aristotle and How We All Aspire for a Good Life can perceive. As such, it is only by observation of the external world that
one can truly understand what reality is all about. Change is a process that
3 It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached is inherent in things. We, along with all other entities in the world, start
the problem of reality from a “scientific” lens as we know now, is also the as potentialities and move toward actualities. The movement, of course,
first thinker who dabbled into the complcx problematization of the end entails change. Consider a seed that eventually germinates and grows into

SAHU ROUTE
goal of life: happiness. This man is none other than Aristotle. a plant. The seed that turned to become the plant underwent change-
from the potential plant that is the seed to its full actuality, the plant.
Compared to his teacher and predecessor, Plato, Aristotle embarked
- ‘on a different approach in figuring out reality. In contrast to Plato who Aristotle extends this analysis from the external world into the
thought that things in this world are not real and are only copies of the province of the human person and declares that even human beings are
* geal in the world of forms: , Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in potentialities who aspire tor their actuality. Every human being moves
md -slaiming that this world is all there is to it and that this world. ic ‘ according to,some end. Every action that emanates from a human person
rac ~_ reality we cun’all access. For Plato, change’ is so perplexing that ‘can at is a fuaction (ofthe purpose (‘elos) that the person hac,-When a boy.

2b
; ___ only make sense if there aré two realities: the world of formss and the world© asks for a,burger from a Filipino burger joint, the action that he takes is =
‘motivated primarily by the purpose that he has, inferably to get full or to :

SRA
Sof matier: ‘Consider the human ‘person. When you try to see. yourself in

pti
+ front of the mirror, "you normally 'say and think that you’ aie looking’ at i \n taste, the, burger,that he only sees on TV. When a’ girl iries to finish her
degree in the.uniyersity,, despité the: initial failures.she may have had, she.
definitely is being propelled by a higner purpose than to just graduate. She ~”

-—ax

=
same-person looking at yourself now, despite the occasional ‘changes like

—_
“=:
a new pimple that grows on your nose. The same is true for a seed that wants something more, maybe to have a license and Jand a‘promising job
you threw out of the garden last’ month. When you peck into the same to Aristotle, aspires for an
in the' future. Every human person, according

sa
ses
patch of land where the seed ingrained itself into, you may be surprised end, This end, we have learned from the previous chapters, is happiness
to see a little plant showing itself to you and to the sun. Plato'recognized or human flourishing.
change as a process and as a phenomenon that happens in the world, that No individual—young or old, fator skinny, male or female—resists

a
in fact, it is constant. However, Plato also claims that despite the ceality happiness. We all want to be happy. Aristotle claims that happiness is the
be all and end all of everything that we do. We may not realize it but the

==
of change, things remain and they retain their ultimate. “whatness”; ‘that
you remain to be you despite the pimple that now sits aatop your nose. end goal of everything that we do is happiness. If you ask one person why
Plato was convinced that reality is full of these seemingly contrasting he is doing what he is doing, he may not readily say that it is happiness

() Science, Technology, and Society Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Socicty and the Human Condition (")
 Pe
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d that motivates him. Hard-pressed to explain why he is motivated by what world called atomos or seeds. For Democritus and his disciples, the world,
motivates him will reveal that happiness is the grand, motivating force in ~ including human beings, is made up of matter. There is no need to posit
everything that he does. When Aristotle claims that we want to be happy, immaterial entities as sources of purpose. Atomos simply comes together
he does not necessarily mean the everyday happiness that we obtain when randomly to form the things in the world. As such, only material entities
we win a competition or we eat our favorite dish in a restaurant. What matter. In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain
Aristotle actually means is human flourishing, a.kind of contentment in happiness. We see this at work with most people who are clinging on to
knowing that one is getting the best out of life. A kind of feeling that one material wealthas the primary source of the meaningof their existence.
has maxed out his potentials in the world, that he has attained the crux of
his humanity.
Hedonism
The hedonists, for their part, see the end goal of life in acquiring
Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life pleasure. Pleasure has always been the priority of hedonists. For them, life
is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited. The
. Inthe eighteenth century, John Stuart Mill declared the Greatest
mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “Eat, drink, and be merry

at say S52 Fas

Happiness Principle by saying that an action is right as far as it maximizes
for tomorrow we die.” Led by Epicurus, this school of thought
also does
the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people. At a time not buy any notion of afterlife just like the materialists.
- when people were skeptical about claims on the metaphysical, people could
not make sense of the human flourishing that Aristotle talked about in the

PSQeas
days of old. Mill said that individual happiness of each individual should
be prioritized and collectively dictates the kind of action that should be
against mining. When an aciion

=
;
endorsed: Consider thepronouncements
benefits the'gréatest iiuimber of people, “said action is deemed ethical. Does

Rat
niining benefit rather than hurt the majcrity? Does it’ offer more benefits ~
rather than’ disadvantages” Does mining ‘result ‘in’ more people getting
happy rather than sad?'If the answers to the’ said questions are“in the
<a ey affirmative, then the said action, mining, is deemed ethical. =
| The ethical is, "of bomen: meant to iead.us to the good and happy
j life. Through the ages, as has been expounded in the previous chapters,
- Stoicism
man has constantly struggled with the external world in order to reach
human flourishing, History has given birth to different schools ofthought, Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics espoused the
idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be
‘

all of which aim for the good and happy life.

Bi apathetic. The original term, apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent.
Materialism ' For the’ stoics, happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of
apathy. We should, in this worldview, adopt the fact that some things are
The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece.
not within our control. The sooner we realize this, the happier we can
Democritus and Leucippus led a school whose primary belief is that the
become.
world is made up of and js controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the

Science, Technology, and Society Chapter Il; Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition i 79 ;
 gl TS
Sg ea Sd hs
ea,
ct
- Theism mail to arrive. Seeing each other real time while talking was virtually
impossib!>. Now, communication between two people wherever they are,
Most people find the meaning is not just possible but easy. The Internet and smart phones made real-
of their lives using God as a fulcrum time communication possible not just between two people, but even with
of their existence. The Philippines, as multiple people simultaneously.
a predominantly Catholic country, is
witness to how people base their life Technology allowed us to tinker with our sexuality. Biologically
goals on beliefs that hinged on some male individuals can now undergo medical operation if they so wish for
form of supernatural reality called sexual reassignment. Breast implants are now available and can be done
heaven. The ultimate basis of happiness with relative convenience if anyone wishes to have one. Hormones may
for theists is the communion with God. also be injected in order to alter the sexual chemicals
in the body.
The world where we are in is only just Whether or not we agree with these technological advancements,
a temporary reality where we have to these are all undertaken in the hopes of attaining the good life. The balance,
maneuver around while waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of however, between the good life, ethics, and technology has to be attained. jas
i
God. he
me

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aa

iTS
Humanism eae qr
Man is constantly in pursuit of the good life. Every person has his
Humsiniom as snothed Rckeel of thought. espouses the freedom of perspective when it comes to what comprises the good life. Throughout

oP RRERES
man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his-own laws, free from history, man has worked hard in pointing out what amounts to a good,
the shackles of a God that monitors and conitrois, For humanists, man happy life. Sume people like the classical theorists thought that happiness
is literally the > captain, of his « own ship.” Inspired. oy the enlightenment ia

eee
an pe has to do with the insides of the human person. The soul, as the seat
seventeenth ‘century, humanists see themselves not merely as stewards of ~ > | of our humanity, has been the focus of attention of thie end goal. The -

ee
ee
the creation butas individuals who are in control of themselves and the

>
“ican h*4 sou! has to attain a certain balance in order to have a good life, a life
scientists who thought that."
world. outside them: This is the "spiritof most sci

Sayre =
_..\ Of flourishing. It was. only. until the seventeenth century that. happiness
st Sey

the world is “a place and : space for freely unearthing the world i seeking ~.. 4 became a centerp
in the lives
iece of people, even becoming
a full-blown .—

3
on how.to improve the lives of its inhabitants. sath

:
ethical foundation in John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism. At present, we see

SF
As a result of the motivation of the humanist current: scientists multitudes of schools of thouglit that all promise their own key to finding
eventually turned to technology in order to ease the difficulty of life happiness. Science and technology has been, for ‘the most ‘part, at the

,
as illustrated in the previous iessons. Scientists of today meanwhile are forefront of man’s attempts at finding this happiness. The only question

,
ready to confront more sophisticated attempts at altering the world for — "at the end of the day is whether science is taking the right path toward
the benefit of humanity. Some people now are willing to tamper with attaining what it really means to live a good life:
Sf

NOUR) S490 uien

6 Ok pwnd e
time and space in the name of technology. Social media, as an example,» .
has been so far a very effective way of employing technology in purging
time and space. Not very long ago, communication between two people
om
tax
her

from two continents in the planet will involve months of waiting for a
ticra
:
s

Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition @)
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 reliance to the different technological advanceme
already available
nts to
the masses. While there may be.some who would claim that thei: lives
are not greatly affected by technology, the fact cannot be denied that
technology is already an inevitable part of the society.
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND It is with great effort that people were able to achieve such great
HUMANITY CROSS inventions. It makes life so much easier and more convenient than ever
before. It can clearly be seen from the simplest task at home to the most
complicated ones inside the office or laboratory. Technology these days
enjoys such fame and glory because of the many different benefits it brings
to mankind. Some would even say that it does not only bring convenience
oa LESSON OBJECTIVES
:
but also pleasure and happiness to people. This is because of the different
leisure activities that technology can offer to people. For example, it
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: | allows people to listen to good music wherever they are. Another is, it
. know the different technological advancements in society; allows them to communicate with their loved ones anywhere in the world;

« discuss the development of science and technology in the

but most
of all, it allows them to surf and play games anytime, anywhere.
; _ Philippines; The act of pinpointing a single activity that does not in any way

discuss the effects of the interplay between technologyand

require
the use of technology
has become very hard because almost all
; *
activities that humans perform already require the assistance of some kind
humanity through the dilemma(s) they face.
of techne logical advancement. B:ut thisis not all, for there are people
who

PaeEe MOe uy wg
4)! Ss @
: would even n argue that teclnology has become a necessity ‘and no longer
a’ Want. At present/*people work very hard in order F t0 save money to buy...
these “necessities” while in the past, people only used their money for the
a Pr eaioeting sicily Mak ante. people wh: vickigh
1
ngthe word “technology”
back its’ origins, “arg” and clothing.In
things that would help them survive like food, housing.
") some form of necessity. Traci Se ee ee re ‘However,
came from the Greek words techné and logos which mean art and word, :
} respectively. Taking tne two words together, technology means a discourse - that is no longer the case at present.
‘seventeenth ‘century
in the red In general, technology keeps ona baiewe ee decir coaly at
on arts (Buchanan, 2010). It first appea
was only used to talk about the arts, specifically changing times and environment but also to the ever-progressing
mind of
where the concept
mankind. It would
not be possible¢ for all these technological advancements
applied arts. However, as technology progressed, the concept also started
to have a wider range of meaning where art is no longer the oaly topic _ to exist if it were not for the brilliance,ccreativeness, and power of the
mind. However, it is also important to notee that anything too much is
= included. Concepts like machine and tools were also attached to the word
bad. The same problem is faced by technology. Although it has been very
“technology” which is tie more popular sense of the concept nowadays.
helpful to© people, it is still not immune to criticisms ..ad backlash. Various
"The roles played by technology these days are very crucial not ethical dilemmas have been identified throughout time involving the use
ii
; only to a few but also to everyone. In one way or another, cach person
in the society is directly or indirectly affected by technology whether he
of different technological devices and its effectsto humanity, Usually,
different problems arise when cither the technological: device available
willsit or not. In fact, most people survive their everyd ay
lives with great

@) Science, Technology, and Socicty Chapter

Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition ¢ ;
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is misused or if in the first place, it was invented to produce bad results. households with television set already reached 15.135 million (Noda, 2012).
\ : People who are aware of the possible dangers of the use or misuse of This number signifies something, that is, televisionn playsa eer
| lives of the people or in this case, the Filipinos.
technology are not keeping still. They lay these dilemmas for the public to
see and realize what they are in for. Television wasa product of different experiments by various
1
} In this lesson, several technological devices will be properly people. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a German student, in the late 1800s was
i introduced, the roles they play in society and their effects, particularly to
the lives of the people will be identified, and the problems they face will
successful in his attempt to send images through wires with the aid of a
rotating metal disk. This invention was then called the “electric telescope"

f also be examined thoroughly. that had 18 lines of resolution. After some time, in 1907, two inventors,
Alan Archibald Campbell-Swin
who was an English scientist
ton and Boris
Rosing who was a Russian scientist, created a new system of television by
Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers, using the cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system.
and Humanity This success story gave rise to two types of television systems, namely,
mechanical and electronic television (Jezek, n.d.). These experiments
A number of technologica l
devices inspired other scientists to improve the previous. inventions, which led
can be easily found inside the home, the to the modern television people now have. However, it is important to
most access anyone: Having
place to ible remember that several scientists and several experiments were performed
said that, it can also be easily inferred first before finally achieving the modern television
at present.
that these technological devices are some
Second, Filipinos love to use their mobile phones anywhere,
of the most popular and most commonly
anytime, They use it for different purposes other than for communication.
used types of devices across all age“
More than half of the Filipino population own
at least one mobile phone
gees Aang a howe Lot ot ‘<e <
regardiess of type.©“In ‘2010, globai researchagency Synovate conducted. =i
pre speci, these “clebrties” in thé field of a survey and declared 67-percent product ownership in the country: In.
Pelle ih fact, it was also.claimed that mobile phones
are considered a must-have
technology are television sets, mobile+ pinciie aiik Sacadte
among. young Filipinos’ (ABS-CBN News, 2010).,To(© prove. that Filipinos ae
over € the world use these technologies every day to accomplish: different
"purposes.
really love to use their mobile phon es; the Ipsos Media Atlas Philippines :
Nationwide Urban. 2011-2012 survey results showed that one~in' every...”
First, according to Kantar Media, one of the most trusted television ~ three Filipinos cannot live without a mobile phone. In other words, 30 --
audience measurement providers, in the Philippines, 92 percent of urban percent
of the Philippine urban population nationwide said that mobile _
homes and 70 percent of rural homes own at least one television set. It phones are necessities
in life (Roa, 2012). Philippine streets are full of
is for this reason why television remains to be the ultimate medium for people using their mobile phones. Not only this, there are some Filipinos
advertisement placements (The Manila Times, 2014). This survey simply who even own more than one mobile phone.
that almost all Filipinos use this particular type of device. In fact,
shows
- Mobile phones have a very interesting background story. On April
are believed to have this big fascination for television. Most
Filipinos
3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola,made the world’s.
of the time, they watch television during their free time or any time of
first mobile phone call. He called their rival telecommunications
company
the day when they have nothing important to do. In addition to this,
and properly informed them that he was making the call from a mobile
Kantar Media also reported that in the Philippines, the current count of

(«) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter II; Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition (*)
 BSS eaD ee aa
ree TSR: SS. AS Sal Oh Akoess
Jipeme'.| e Bid Py Os = pane USF ete Sate) ae .
ad Yond Ro SS BES news Mi
ae FS *

phone. The mobile phone used by Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms and Laptops have been available to the public: for even less time than
measured 228.6 x 127 x 44.4 mm. This kind of device was capable of personal computers. Before, the first design of computer was so big that
a 30-minute talk time. However, it took 10 hours to charge. In 1983, it could occupy whole floors of buildings. It was not long before people
Motorola made their first commercial mobile phone available to the started dreaming that they could bring their devices to any place they
public. It was known as the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (Goodwin, 2016). wished. They hoped that someday it would be possible for these devices to
be portable. It was believed that the transition from a personal computer to
Lastly, computers and laptops have also become part of many of
who ownesmore a laptop was only a matter of design, an improvement and a little deviation
the Filipino househ There are some Filipino famili
olds.
some own at least one computer or from the standard design of a personal computer. The first true portable
than one computer or laptop while
or laptops sold per year may computer was released in April 1981. It was called the Osborne | (Orfano,
laptop. However, the number of computers
2011). From that moment on, the evolution of laptops continued until the
not be as high as the number of mobile phones and television sets. This
present time where various designs and models are already available.
is because of the relatively higher cost of computers and laptops. While it
is true that almost all Filipino families own at least one television set and A typical household owns at least four of the following devices: a
a mobile phone, it is not possible for all Filipino families to own at least mobile phone (89%), smartphone (53%), tablet (14%), desktop (39%),
one computer or laptop. In fact, most of the profits gained by computer laptopor netbooks (37%), and smart TV (4%) (Philstar, 2013). These data
and laptop manufacturers come from offices, businesses, or schcols where pears the deep-eeated Seeciiation of Faiphice Sy digeeeat Seckwokieicel
such devices have become part of their necessities. devices.
of all
In 2010, 3.6 trillion was the estimated total value output Here are some facts about Filipinos and their use of gadgets and
manufacturing establishments. Semi-conductor devices and other the Internet (Rappler, n.d.):
electronic components took more than half of the ioral value output of : + * » Mobile phone subscription
is at 119 million.
all manufacturing establishments. To be more specific, 5:4 percent of th
Hele Filipinos Spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and5.2 wo oat
total value output came {rom computers and peripheral equipment and
hours on desktop daily. / :
a _ . accessories (PSA;: 2013). In line with the growing number of computer
and laptop sales, there has also veen a growing number of Internet users o.”: Carrently,” the Philippines has. one of the highést digital
in the ‘Philippines. Although there have been problems regarding the Beh ; i . populations in the world. -
See oe om eter Seated Tiavens Roe aasberey Delts . Tre are tow 47 milion ate Facbok scout in the
Philippines. —
- Just like television sets and mobile phones, Sistas ts laptops The Phpins is the fases-rovingapicaton market in
also have a long background history of trial and error:.It was Charles Southeiiet Asia. -
Babbage, a nineteenth-century English Mathematics professor, who
designed the Analytical Engine which was used as the basic framework hag dibs aa
- of the cor yuters even until the present time. In general, _computers can
Advancements ute
be classified into three generations. Each generation of the computer was
used for a certain period of time and each gave people acoe a poe atecdehcta ents wails icniias“sit comapebe r laptops all have
version of the previous one (Steitz, n.d.). different functions and roles played in the lives of the people, although
some may be a little similar. These roles have become so essential that

(#) and Society

Science, Technology, Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition (*)

TT
 a laptop than a mobile phone. One reason is that a personal computer
people, more specifically Filipinos, developed a strong inclination toward
or a laptop has wide keyboard than using a mobile phone, especially.
technology and its products.
when the mobile phone has a small screen. Contrary to mobile phones,
For instance, television is mainly used as a platform for
personal computers and laptops have wide screens and separate keyboards,
advertisements and information dissemination. In fact, television remains
although some mobile phones can now be connected to a keyboard.
to be the most used avenue by different advertising companies not only in
Another reason is that the availability of a mouse or a touchpad made
the Philippines but also all over the world. Various advertising companies
these two technological devices easier to maneuver than mobile phones.
trust that television is still one of the most used technological devices up
Lastly, for the youth and those who love to play different computer games,
until today. However, it is important to note that these are just some of the
personal computers or laptops are really the better choice because these
roles played by television. Aside from the ones mentioned above, it also
allow them to play with comfort and convenience. However, it cannot be
serves as a recreational activity and good stress reliever to most families,
denied that some would even prefer laptops over personal computers for
specifically to Filipino families. Television also is a good platform for
_ the simple reason that personal computers are not portable and there are
different propagandas and advocacies. Lastly, it can also be a good way to
times when they need to bring such devices to different places.
bond with one’s family members. ' ee

Mobile phones, on the other hand, also have their own roles in the w

lives ot the people. They are primarily used for communication. Mobile Ethical Dilemma Faced by These Technological tie
at
#

phones offer services like texting and calling. In the past, these were the Advancements we
Fe
hae
only functions of the mobile phone but as technology progressed, there have m
While it is true that these technological devices are useful and
been many additional features included on mobile phones. For example, 2
wv
beneficial, the fact remains that there are several dilemmas faced by these r
in the present, people use their mobile phones to surf the Internet and to
“necessities.” First, most parents would argue that these devices make their i s

_take pictures more than to text or to call people. This is the reason why
~
z 4
more and more people all over the world prefer to buy smartphones over children lazy‘and unhealthy. This is because of the fact that people who
are fixated on these technological advancements start/and end their day

: % " wPeRS
the old models where such features are aot availab!e. Other applications
include music player, caiendar, radio, television, and photo editor, among by using such devices. They have a great tendency to sit and chill all day
_ others. These are just some of the additional features of mobiles phones in long without doing anything productive ir. their homes. thus making them
the present. These make this particular technological device very appealing ; unhealthy because they do not just skip meals sometimes but also lack
an all-in-one device. In addition, it is very portable
to the masses, It is like exercise or any bodily movements. Here, it can be inferred that these types
and conyssinns Decsiey Ee euenes meee may it be inside the of people are already overly dependent on these technological devices,
For example, those who love to watch television shows stay in front of
pocket or bag. ee
the television for more than six hours a day while those who love to surf
_ Personal iiss Bid InSb lash useful set of functions and
the Internet or play computer games stay on their laptops, computers; or
roles, Although most of the functions found in these technological devices
mobile phones for more than half a day. These people have the tendency
: __ are now also available in mobile phones, they still offer their own unique
to be unawere of the time because they are so engrossed with the use of
. features that make them attractive. For example, personal computers and.
technological device. In fact, if they get disturbed, there is a great chance
laptops can be used to surf the Internet and communicate. Just like the
that they will get mad or annoyed. Moreover, these are the same people
mobile phones, these devices also have features like calendar, calculator,
who are more likely to experience alienation because they no longer take
music player, movie player, camera, and many more. However, for a lot
time to get out of their houses and mingle with other people.
of people, they prefer to do their job using either a personal computer or

@) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Haman Condition C)

i nsec
 ti) > Ea
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@ proxy with reference to one another. In other words, cach person must
Another dilemma faced by these technological devices is the moral
indicate the priorities, values, norms, and principles that constitute the
.dilemma. People, especially the children who are not capable yet of
grounds for one’s actions and define one’s contribution to the scientific-
rationally deciding for themselves what is right or wrong, are freely exposed
technological event. The ethics of responsibility focuses on the positive
to different things on television, mobiles phones, laptops, or computers.
access to the Internet, they can just rather than the negative. Instead of asking “What ought not to be allowed?”
Because of the availa and easy
bility
ask “What ought to be allowed?” To put it in another way, people who are
easily search the web and go to different websites without restrictions. This
part of the scientific development ought to let the public know the good in
allows them to see, read, or hear things which are not suitable for their
their respéctive technological contribution/s. In this way, the people will
very young age. This makes them very vulnerable to character change and
have an idea how the devices ought to be used = order to maximize their
can greatly affect the way they view the world and the things around them.
positive results.
On the first dilemma, it is really concernin g that there
to know
kinds of sickness because of too much However, it is also important for the people in the scientific world
are people who develop different
to inform the masses of the dangers of their contribution/s to the world of
use of technological devices. Not only this, it also causes them to become .
technology. In this way, the people will be sufficiently aware of what to do
reclusive, alienating themselves from other people. Although some would
and what not to do. In addition to this, the agents using the devices should

8
argue that technology brings people together, it can also be argued that
also be accountable to and accountable for their use of their gadgets.
this is not always the case in the real world because it may bring them

SYR Aas
Virtually closer but not physica lly In fact, there are people
or personally. Going back to the first dilemma, it can be said that the agents using
who are friends, for example, only on social media but not in real life. the devices are the ones to be blamed for the undesirable consequences, ~«
This just shows that there are things that technology claims to do but in namely, laziness and unhealthiness. However, it is the assumption that
reality, does not. It is for these reasons why there are people who call for the people in the scientific-technological world have properly informed

a RS AAA
the establishm ent This subcate
of ethics of technology. gory
of ethics will the public of the positive tenor of their action in technology and the
in one way or another guide. people on how technology ought to be used possible dangers of the misuse of their technological contribution. - Thus, |,
sk , the undesirable consequences are brought about by the misuse of the
agent. Now, talking about alienation, it can be concludcd
that the people
» Digging deeper, it can be said that these reasons ‘make’ such
in the scientific--technological world are blameworthy oecause they tell the
Sevices'somewhil unethical Uscause they bring’ undesirable consequences
people something that sores podkive Dae hen oe closely, brings
to people. However, it can also be argued that it is not the fault of the
more bad than good. © © '
: technological devices but the"agents using them or the ones making them.

=
The classic deontological and teleological approaches to ethics are already ‘On the second dilemma, the people in the scientific world nor the
too old to be applied in'such cases. This is because technology has become children are blameworthy because first; the children are not yet capable of
very complicated and dynamic over time. Having said this, it is true that rationally deciding for themselves what is good and what ‘is bad. Second,
there are problems that can no longer be addressed by using these theories even if creators of these technologies went out of their way to inform
only. boresieditpthony strats eae pers dae renee theory that ’ children of the pros and cons of these technological contributions, it would
can be used in these dilemmas. : still be useless because the children have no capacity to understand them
yet. So in this dilemma, the ones to be blamed are the adults who allowed
' The word “reepnaibility” ih tho'sense of being accountable fer aad
the children to have access to such devices in the first place without any
accountable to is very appropriate to the ethics of technology because it
makes each and every person in the scientific-technological development
Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition i 93 t
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first invention from the words “Universal Automation.” Unfortunately, Law Two:
his attempt to sell his product to the industry did not succeed. After
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except
Unimate, several robots were also invented which were better versions of
where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
the previous ones (Stanford, n.d.). Ever since, people never stopped their
quest in the field of robotics.
Law Three:

A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection

Roles Played by Robotics does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also
iu the societyas a whole. They are primarily used to ease the workload of Ethical Dilemma/s Faced by Robotics
mankind. They were invented to make life more efficientand less stressful.
Just like any other technological advancements, robotics also faces
On one. hand, they perform complicated activities which human beings are
different problems and dilemmas. Although the idea is to help people and
incapable of doing. On the other hand, they perform the simplest tasks at
make their lives a lot easier than before, it is still not immune to different
the cump!ex ones without stressing
so that their masters can perform
home
ethical dilemmas and possible undesirable outcomes. One of the dilemmas
themselves over the simple tasks. There are also robots which are made faced by robots is safety. Who should be held accountable if someone’s
for pleasure. To be more'specific; these types of robots perform activities
safety is compromised by a robot? Who should be blamed, the robot, the
to entertain people. They”can usually be found in amusement parks or
agent using the robot, or the maker/inventor
of the robot? It isimportant
exhibits. In addition, there are also some robots which were made to serve
to know who should be blamed and who should be held responsible if such
as toys, They also perform different activities but they are usually child-
thing happens.
friendly. Other examples of robots are those which can be seen in movies. ;
One of the reasons‘ why robots are ‘very famous is because of movies. A Another ethical dilemma faced by robots is the emotional
number of local and national movies were inspired by robots. This goes to component. This may seem 2 little absurd as of the moment, but looking at
‘show that people have developed a distinct fascination over robots. how fast technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely impossible
for robots to develop emotions (Evans, 2007).
Just like people living in the society, robots also have their own set
of rules and characteristics that define what a good robot is. These laws So here, the questions become, “What if robots become sentient?
were formul by Isaac Asimov
ated back in the 1940s, when he was thinking Should they be granted robot rights? Should they have their own set of
of the ethical: consequences of robots. ‘These: are the Soliowing (Soeened, rights to be upheld, respected, and protected by humans?" It is interesting
n.d.): to know how people would react if the time comes when robots can
already feel pain and pleasure. Would they act differently or not at ail?

Law One: In the ficld of robotics, there are the so-called partial autonomy
and full cutonomy. Partial auonomy includes active human-robot
A robot may not injure a human being of, though inaction, “ow
interaction while full autonomy excludes active human- robot interaction. In
a human being to come to harm.
other words, a robot with full autonomy can perform actions or activities
even without a master telling it what should be done or what should be
performed next (IFR, 2012).

Chapter I: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition @)

 Using Asimov's laws for robots, it can be concluded that robots to give them rights that are due to them. The same should be done to
are ethical but only if they strictly follow the laws specified. They are robots without any reservations. Should that time come, they ought to be
ethical mostly because the laws formulated by Asimov ensure the safety treated differently and they ought to have new laws to follow in order to
of not only the users of the technology but also the people around him. accommodate the new characteristic they have developed.
Remember that these service robots are already available to the public;
thus, they can already be found inside the homes. Having said that, the
safety of not only the owner of the technology but also all the people
inside the house should be the priority more than anything els>. In other In moder times, there are different technological advancements in
words, the service robots onl; follow what their masters tell them to do all forms and sizes may it be inside the home, the workplace ,
the learning
with great consideration to the laws formulated by Asimov. However, place, or simply on the streets. It is now very accessible to almost anyone
if the agent using the technology misuses the robot to achieve personal in the world. It is not completely impossible to say that each person in
agendas, then without a doubt, the agent should be held accountable for the world owns at least one technologica l Besides, technology is
device.
any consequences it may bring. It is important to note that this is under not enclosed to expensive and high-end devices. Simple types of machines
the assumption that the robot strictly followed the laws specified without that can perform simple task regularly can already be considered a form of
any form of deviation. technology. However, despite its usefulness and beneficial characteristics,
_Ifthe problems arise when the robot deviates from the laws specified, there are still some problems faced by the different technological
then the maker or the inventor of the machine should be blameworthy. advancements. To be more specific, these problems are ethical in nature
It just means that the robot was not programmed very well because it that involve not only the machine but also mankind. It is now impossible
violated the laws. Other problems may arise when the machine develops for technology and humanity not to cross paths because as some would
be blame
the ability to think jor itself. In this case, the one that should argue, technology has become a necessity for pzople. At the end of the
is because, in
can both be the maker or inventor and the robot itself. This day, ethics should still be enforced in tne field of technology so as to
. the first place, the maker gave the robot the capacity to think for itself so ~ ensure the safety and morality of these devices to people.
he should be very much aware of its possible consequences. To put it in
another way, the maker programincd the robo? “in such a way that it can
already think for itself even without an active participation from a human
re MRT TOON aa STIS
being. In addition, since the robot thinks, for itself, whatever decision it i Do, vey awed tonhnotoay Ja tle ret vealy
makes and whatever consequence it may bring; the robot itself should be necessity?
held responsible.
2. Flow’ dis ‘dou: reconcile: the “need? Sie teckaoloay ond the
Fer the second dilemma, it is just right for the robots to be given dilemma/s it faces?
their own set of rights should they develop the ability to feel different
3. Should there be an ethics of technology?
kinds of emotion. It can be argued that the same thing happened with
animals. Before, animals did not have their own set of rights because
people believed that they were not capable of having emotions. However,
after years of testing and experimenting, it was concluded that animals
are indeed capable of emotions, It is for this reason that people decided

i 98 } Science, Technology, and Society Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition e)
 ibe, eared >

REFERENCES

. Philosophical Discussion. Discuss the different ethical dilemmas ABS-CBN News. (2010). “Young Pinoys Inseparable From
faced by technological advancements in the society through a Cellphones: Survey.” Accessed February 3, 2017. http://news.
philosophical discussion. Do this by forming three groups. abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/08/12/10/young-pinoys-inseparable-
The first group will serve as the facilitators of the discussion. cellphones-survey.
The second group will be the supporting side and the third Buchanan, R. A. (2010). “History of Technology.” Accessed February
group will be the opposing side. A topic shall be chosen before 3, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-
the planned date of discussion. The facilitators should present ~
technology.
a paper detailing the topic without choosing any side. The
discussion will start. after the reading of the paper presented Evans, D. (2007). “The Ethical Dilemmas of Robotics.”
by the facilitators, Each side will lay their arguments and Accessed February 6, 2017. http;//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
questions, and then in an orderly manner, each group will technology/6432307.stm.
take turns answering the questions or rebutting the other side’s Goodwin, R. (2016). “The History of Mobile Phones from 1973~
arguments., The facilitators will make sure that the arguments 2008: The Handsets that Made it ALL Happen.” Accessed
and questions remain true to the topic. February 3, 2017 from http://www.knowyourmobile.com/nokia/
Suggested topics: nokia-3310/19848/history-mobile-phones- 1973-2008-handsets-
a. Do technological
devices bring more good than bad to ’ made-it-all-happen.
people? International Federation of Robotics. (2012). “Service Robots.”
b. Should there be more budget for technological researches Accessed February 6; 2017. http://www. ifr.org/service-rovots.
despite the dilemmas they are currently facing? sell
Jezek, G. (n.d.). “The History of Television.” Accessed February 3,
c. Should there be a limit to technological advancements?
2017. http://www .thehistoryoRelevision.com/
. Group Skit. Form groups. with equalenumber of members
Mock, M. (n.d.).: “Service—Robots as Daily Helpers.” Accessed
depending on the class size. Each group should choose.a |_

a
unique topic and its perceived effects and the dilemma’ it - February 6, 2017. http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ bs
entails. Show your stand on a technological dilemma through | _ mock% 20service~ robots. pdf?lid=20.
a skit. Do not forget to show the role or roles played by the Noda, T. (2012). “TV Households in Phi Now at 15.1 Million.”
technological advancement in the lives
of the people. Accessed February 3, 2017. http ‘//www. philstar.com/breaking-
4 Suggested topics:
a. Robots that are capable of having emotions
news/2012/06/15/817357/tv-households-phi-now-151-million.
Orfano, F. (2011). “A Brief History of the Laptop.” Accessed February
¢ b. Google and stupidity 4, 2017. http://www.brighthub.com/computing/hardware/articles/
! c. Filipinos’ addiction to different technologies 46633.aspx. :
d. Waze application ¥
Philstar. (2013). “More Filipinos Use Cellphones as ‘Mobile
Computers’: Study.” Accessed February 3, 2017. http://www.
philstar.com/breaking-news/2012/06/15/817357/tv-houscholds-
phi-now-151-million.

Chapter Il: Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition (a1)

i
 gs ~
HAPTER III
Rappler. (n.d.). “A Profile of Internet Users in the Philippines.”
Accessed February 4, 2017. http://www.rappler.com/brandrap/
profile-internet-users-ph.
Specific Issues in
Roa, A. (2012). “One of 3 Filipinos Can’t Live Without Cell Phones Science, Technology,
— Survey.” Accessed February 3, 2017. https://technology.
inquirer.net/18168/one-of-3-filipinos-cant-live-without-cell-
and Society
phones-survey.
Schuurman, E, (2011). “Technology and the Ethics of Responsibility.”
Accessed February 6, 2017. http://www.metanexus.net/essay/
technology-and-ethics-responsibility.
Stanford. (n.d.). “Robotics: A Brief History.” Accessed February 6, 2017.
https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/
1998-99/ robotics/history.html.
Steitz, B. (n.d.). “A Brief Computer History.”Accessed February 4,
er%
20history.
2017. http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20comput
html.
The Manila Times. (2014). “TV Ownership on the Rise, While
Filipinos Still Read Newspapers.” Accessed February 3, 2017.
_ http://www.manilatimes.net/tv-ownership-on-the-rise-while-
filipinos-still-read-newspapers/77179/.
SE
IT TSS

fot Science, Technology, and Society

at
: . computers and computer networks” (Vocabulary.com, n.d.). The means of 7
conveying symbolic information (e.g., writing, math, other codes) among
humans has evolved with increasing speed. The Information Age is also
called the DigitalAge and the New Media Age because it was associated
with the development of computers.
THE INFORMATION AGE According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of
" Information Age in 1982, “the Information Age is a true new age based
upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with
these information systems operating on both a real-time and as-needed
basis. Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new age forward
RNS RSS MU Re Tas are convenience and user-friendliness which, in tum, will create user
dependence.”
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
« define Information Age; : History j
« discuss the history of Information Age; and : es
* understand the factors that need to be considered in of the Information
The table below traces the history and emergence Tipe
checking website sources, Age (United States American History, n.d.).
‘Table1. Basta ste hacen ee = i
Oa | SL ae ,
Highly modernized, cuoaiiedtditadivea. and soclinoliglealty 3000 BC Sumerian writing system ied clorapsto eps
advanced—these best describe our society nowadays, as evidenced by how words aS wit
information. couid be transferred ‘or shared quickly. The different ateas ~ 2900 BC Beginnings of Egyptian himoslyphic wakiogs jie
of society have been influenced tremendously such as communicatior, i : ht
economics, industry, health, ‘and the’ environment. Despite our gains due. 1300 BC. .; | | Tortoise shell anid bone writing were used
“. 10 the growing dzvelopment of information technology, the rapid upgrade. 500 BC | roll wasused
Papyrus sTetetias.
of information also has disadvantages. This lesson will discuss the history 220 BC Chieal eal oue wetting wen deselaped
and impact of technological advancements to society.
mph 100 AD Book (parchment codex)
Life is accompanied +;-endless transmission of information that
2 takes place within and outside the human body. Accordingto Webster's, _ and paper wa: areata by the Chinese
105AD —_| Woodbiock printing
Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, information is “knowledge — 1455 Johannes Someabesy nears Oe ee ne reer ons
communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or circumstance.” movable metal type
_ _ Hence, information is a very.important tool for survival. ~ 1755 Samuel Johnson's dictionary standardized Er Jish spelling
The Information Age is defined as a “period starting in the last
quarter of the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible
through publications and through the management of information by

(4 Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (03
 S$ tie th tee Ue =" » Sabet Oe4 a een wane ee tm. emer o> es,
Sana SERS ae UR BON eb Via reo Ree ia ua eter eee
Be ae git tere Sa2nsRae ee

1802 + The Library of Congress was established 1975 Altair Microcomputer Kit was released: first personal
« Invention of the carbonarc lamp computer for the public
1824 Research on persistence of vision published 1977 RadioShack introduced the first complete personal |
1830s + First viable design for a digital computer oe - - {
+ Augusta Lady Byron writes the world's first computer 1984 Apple Macintosh computer was introduced
program Mid 1980s __| Artificial intelligence was separated from information
science |
1837 Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain and the United
Seaken 1987 sacar was developed by Bill Atkinson ane box

ue eon PE ee NEED ieee —— 1991 Four hundred fifty complete works of literature on one CD- |
1876 Dewey Decimal system was introduced ROM was released
1877 Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-speed January RSA (encryption and network security software) Internet
photography 1997 security code cracked for a 48-bit number
1899 First magnetic recordings were released tie
1902 Motion picture special effects were used fr
1906 - Lee DeForest invented the electronic amplifying tube i
| 1923
(tiode)
Television camera tube was invented by Zvorkyn
cez f
1926 First practical sound movie I
1939 eee scheduled television broadcasting began in the f

1940s Sao Ti liboictciation ecbence as discipline iy

1945 Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext
Vavnevar — SE pe eS i!
|1946 - _. | ENIAC computer was developed Figure 7. Evolution of Man and Information _ tt
1948 Birth of field-of-information theo: Claude E. : ey
» <> ~ | Shannon ry proposed by . As man eyolved, information
and its dissemination has also evolved
Planar transistor was developed by Jean Hoerni in many ways. Eventually, we no longer kept;them to ourselves; instead, Lesion . |
= First in ‘rcuad by} we share them and manage them in different means., Information got cal
£ 7 ahead of us. It started to grow at a rate we were unprepared to handle.
1960s a ike developed LC MARC (machine- Because of the abundance of information, it was difficult to collect and
- manage them starting in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, real angst
1969 UNIX operating system was develcped, which could handle set in. Richard Wurman called it “Information Anxiety.” In the 1990s,
multitasking information became the currency in the business world. Information was
1971 Intel introduced the first microprocessor chip the preferred medium of exchange and the information managers served
1972 Optical laserdisc was developed by Philipsand MCA _- as information officers. In the present generation, there is no doubt that
1974 MCA and Philips agreed on a standard videodisc encoding information has turned out to be a commodity, an overdeveloped product,
format mass-produced, and unspecialized. Soon, we become overloaded with it.

(18) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III; Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society () ,

|
 é ose a RS eee a Dp. de PP at
OR Ti5 eae
PAPE YS SS - eS SLR SS EES ES

2. Desktop Computer 7. Wearable Computers

It is described as a PC that is not designed for portability. They involve materials that are usually integrated into
The assumption with a desktop is that it will be set up in a cell phones, watches, and other small objects or places. They
permanent spot. A workstation is simply a desktop computer perform common computer applications such as databases,
that has a more powerful processor, additional memory, and email, multimedia, and schedulers (UShistory.org, 2017).
enhanced capabilities for performing special group of tasks,
such as 3D graphics or game development. Most desktops offer
more storage, power, and versatility than their portable versions
The World Wide Web (Internet)
(UShistory.org, 2017).
Several historians trace the origin of the Intemet to Claude E.
Shannon, an American Mathematician who was considered as the “Father
3. Laptops of Information Theory.” He worked at Bell Laboratories and at age 32,
These are portable computers that integrate the essentials he published a paper proposing that information can be quantitatively
of a desktop computer in a battery-powered package, which encoded as a sequence of ones and zeroes.
are somewhat larger than a typical hardcover book. They are
The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks
commonly called notebooks.
that facilitate data wansmission among innumerable computers. It was

EN MSE
4. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. In case of an
attack, military advisers suggested the advantage of being able to operate
These are tightly integrated computers that usually have on one computer from another terminal. In the early days, the Internet #
no keyboards but rely on a touch screen for user input. PDAs

Stier SAT
was used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists. The
are typically smaller than a paverback, lightweight, and battery- Internet remained under government control until. 1984 (Rouse, 2014).
powered (UShistory.org, 2017).
One early problem faced by Internet users was speed. Phone tines
Server iit
_ 5. could only transmit information at a limited rate. The development of
fiber-optic
cables allowed’ for billions of bits of information to be received
“= © It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide

22S
every minute. Companies like Intel developed faster microprocessors so
““""" network services to other computers. Servers usually boast
hard drives te a ee
“> “powerful processors, tons of memory, and large
rate (UShistory.org, 2017). ~
(UShistory. org, 2017).
Sergey Brin and Larry Page, directors of a Stanford research
6: Mainframes project, built a search engine that listed results to reflect page popularity
These are huge computer systems that can fill an entire when they determined that the most popular result would frequently be
- room. They are used especially by large firms to describe tle the most usable. Afier talking with family, friends, and oiher investors
into
large, expensive machines that process millions of transactions contributing $1 million, the researchers launched their company in 1998.
every day. The term “mainframe” has been replaced by cnterprise Google is now the world's most popular search engine, accepting more
server. Although some supercomputers are single computer
systems, most comprise multiple, high-performance, parallel Back then, new forms of communication were also introduced.
computers working as a single system (UShistory.org, 2017). Electronic mail, or email, was a suitable way to send a message to fellow
workers, business partners, or friends. Messages could be sent and received

9) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society @)
<1
 While the initial databases of protein sequences were maintained at
at the convenience of the individual. A letter that took several days to
individual laboratories, the development of a consolidated formal database,
arrive could be read in minutes. Internet service providers like /’.merica
Online and CompuServe set up electronic chat rooms. These were open known as SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, was initiated in 1986.
areas of cyberspace where interested parties could join in a conversation It now has about 70,000 protein sequences from more than 5,000 model
with perfect strangers. “Surfing the net” became a pastime in and of itself organisms, a small fraction of all known organisms. The enormous variety
(UShistory.org, 2017). of divergent data resource is now available
s for study and research by both
academic institutions and industries. These are made available as public
Consequently, companies whose businesses are built on digitized
domain information in the larger interest of research community through
intormation have become valuable and powerful in a relatively short
the Internet (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and CD-ROMs (on request from
period of time; the current Information Age has spawned its own breed of
www.resb.org). These databases are constantly updated with additional
wealthy influential brokers, ‘from Microsoft's Bill Gates to Apple's Steve
entries (Madan, n.d.).
Jobs to Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg.
Computers and software tools are widely used for generating these
Critics charged that the Internet created a technological divide that
increased the gap between the members of the higher class and lower class databases and to identify the function of proteins, model the structure of
afford a computer or a monthly access proteins, determine the coding (useful) regions of nucleic acid sequences,

26)
of society. Those who could not

tT
fee were denied these possibilities. Many decried the impersonal nature of find suitable drug compounds from a large pool, and optimize the

-~
electronic communication compared to a telephone call or a handwritten ~ drug development process*by ‘predicting possible targets. Some of the
‘letter> . software tools which are handy in the analysis include: BLAST (used for

=
comparing sequences); Annotator (an interactive genome analysis tool);
~ "On one hand, the unregulated and loose nature of the Intemet and GeneFinder (tool to identify coding regions and ay sites) (Madan,
allowed pornography to be broadcast to millions of homes. Protecting n.d.).
childzen from these influences or even from meeting violent predators
would prove to be difficult. Nowadays, crimes in various forms are rampant The sequence information cemmraten by thes, eaten genome ~ ©
because of the use, of social media. Cyberbullying is. an issue that poses research, initiated in 1988, has now been stored as a primary. information __
alarm worldwide. Consequently, we need to be aware of the possible harm source for future applications in medicine. The available data is so huge
and damage due io ee of Oe ee ee that if compiled in books, the data would run into 200.volumes of 1,000
pages cach and. reading alone (ignoring understanding factor) would ~ ~~ Y
‘Applications of Computers in Science and require 26 years working around the clock. For a population of about five: a
billion human beings with two individuals differing in three million bases, a
Research the genomic sequence difference database would have about 15,000,000.
. One of the significant £ tications of siti for science and billion entries. The present challenge to handle such huge volume of data
reszerch is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the is to improve database design, develop software for database access, and
application of information technology to store, organize, and analyze vast - manipulation and device data-entry procedures to compensate for the
amount of biological data which is available in the form of sequences varied computer procedures and systems used in different laboratories. ~
and structures of proteins—the building blocks of organisms and nucleic The much-celebrated complete human genome sequence which was
acids—the information carrier (Madan, n.d.). cer astal ston formally announced on the 26th of June 2000 involved more than 500 x
1018 (500 million trillion) calculations during the process of assembling
Early interest in bioinformatics was established because of a sed
the sequences alone. This can be considered as the biggest exercise in the
to create databases of biological sequences. The human brain cannot store
history of computational biology (Madan, n.d.).
all the genetic sequences of organisms and this huge amount of data can
only be stored, analyzed, and be used efficiently with the use of computers.
Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society @)
@) Science, Technology, and Society
 ; — aes, ‘ ph PRG iat nats “De AN ee « -Uia
- 5 Rare ea / pes PEELS x FORD Lh SS iis
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~ What type of experience does he or she have?

Moreover, from the pharmaceutical industry's point of view,
the Should you trust his or her knowledge
of the
bioinformatics is the key to rational drug discovery. It reduces’
ng subject?
number of trials in the screening of drug compounds and in identifyi
potential drug targets for a particular disease using high-power computing Try searching on the Internet for information about the
of
workstations and software like Insight. This profound application author.
bioinformatics in genome sequence has led to a new area in pharmac ology—
Pharmacogenomics, where potential targets for drug development are “ What kinds of websites are associated with the
hypothesized from the genome sequences. Molecular modeling, which author’s name? Is he or she affiliated with any
requires a lot of calculations, has become faster due to the advances in educational institution?
computer processors and its architecture (Madan, n.d.). “ Docommercial sites come up? Do the websites
In plant biotechnology, bioinformatics is found to be useful in the associated with the author give you any clues to
areas of identifying diseases resistance genes and designing plants with particular biases the author might have?
high nutrition value (Madan, n.d.).
2. Who published the site?
* How to find out?
How to Check the Reliability of Web Sources
~“ Look at the domain name of the website that will
The Internet contains a vast collection of highly valuable tell you who is hosting the site. For instance,
the
information but it may also ‘contain unreliable, biased information that Lee College Library website is: http://www.lee.edu/
mislead people. The following guidelines can help us check the reliability library. The domain name is “lee.edu.” This tells you
of web sources that we gather. It is noteworthy to consider and apply the that the library website is hosted by Lee College.
following guidelines to avoid misinformation. (Lee College Library, n.d.)
“ Search the domain name at bttp://www.whois.sc/.
1. Who is the author of the article/site? The site provides information about the owners of
« How to find out? registercd domain names. \Vhat is the organization’s
main purpose? Check the organization’s main
Look for an “About” or “More About the Autaor” link at
website, if it has one. Is it educational? Commercial?
the top, bottom, or sidebar of the webpage. Some pages
Is it a reputable organization?
will have a corporate author rather than a single person
as an author. If no information about the author(s) of the “ Do not ignore the suffix on the domain name (the
page is provided, be suspicious. three-letter part that comes after the “.”). The
suffix is usually (but not always) descriptive of what
/ Does the author provide his or her credentials?
type of entity hosts the website. Keep in mind that
/ What type of expertise does he or she have on it is possible for sites to cbtain suffixes that are
the subject he or she is writing about? Does '.c misleading. Here are some examples:
or she indicate what his or her education is?
.edu = educational
.com = commercial

@ and Society
Science, Technology. Chapter Il: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (3
aie are bd 1) Ra ae ERS iA" oe oe RR cot ee AN or lM

mil = military Examples of Useful and Reliable Web Sources

gov = government 1. AFA e-Newsletter (Alzheimer's Foundation of America
org = nonprofit newsletter)

3. What is the main purpose of the site? Why did the author 2. pean Memory— the Library of Congress historical digital
collection.
write it and why did the publisher post it?
3. Bartleby.com Great Books Online — a collection of free
To sell a product? e-books including fictions, nonfictions, references, and verses.
+ _ Asa personai hobby? 4. Chronicling America — search and view pages from ates
« As public service? newspapers from 1880-1922.
* To further scholarship on a topic? 5. Cyber Bullying — a free collection of e-books from ebrary plus
+ To provide general information on a topic? additional reports and documents to help better understand,
prevent and take action against this growing concern.
* To persuade you of a particular point of view?
6. Drug information websites:
4. Who is the intended audience?
+ National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus
e Scholars or the general public?
¢ Which age group is it written for? + Recon
« Is it aimed at people from a particular geographic area? ? . Rene
* Is it aimed at members of a particular profession or with iB le eee World Culture & Resources’ (from the
wit uainingh oO = Library.
of Congress)

5. What is the quality of information provided on the website? “seme Ee

+ Timeliness: When was the website first published? Is it a ne
regularly updated? Check for dates at the bottom of each 10. History sites‘with primary documents:
page on the site. * AMDOCS: Documents for the study of American
« Does the author cite sources? Just as in print sources, history
web sources that cite their sources are considered more i ¢ Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and
reliable. 4 Diplomacy (Yale Law School)
* What type of other sites does the website link to? Are « Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Colonial
they reputable sites? Latin America
* What types of sites link to the website you are evaluating? * Teacher Oz's Kingdom of History
Is the website being cited by others?

Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (1

eS
ae ees
 .
Sete Ai a 6 Sh ee a -aiea ene

Illinois Digital Archives — the Illinois State Library working 22. Shmoop — literature, US history, and poetry information
with libraries, museums, and historical societies in Illinois written primarily by PhD and masters students from top
provides this collection of materials related to Illinois history. universities like Stanford, Berkeley, Harvard, and Yale. ~
12. Internet Archive — a digital library of Internet sites and other 23. StateMaster — a unique statistical database which allows you
cultural artifacts in digital form. to research and compare a multitude of different data on US
States using various primary sources such as the US Census
13. Internet Archive for CARLI digitized resources
Bureau, the FBI, and the National Center for Educational
14. Internet Public Library Statistics. It uses visualization technology like pie charts,
15. ipl2 — a merger of Librarians’ Internet Index and Internet maps, graphs, and scatter plots to provide data.
Public Library. Special interest may include the “Literary 24. Virtual Reference — selected web resources compiled by the
Criticisms” page which can be found after clicking on the Library of Congress.
"Special Collections” link. One can also visit the university library and seek help from librarians
16. Librarians’ Internet Index as they are knowledgeable and the library has a rich collection of online
library resources that are very useful for academic and research purposes.
17. Making of America — a digital library of primary sources in

Maps — from the University of Texas at Austin collection.

SA
Includes historical and thematic maps. Nowadays, information could be shared or transferred quickly.
People are becoming more interested in sharing information about
19, NationMaster — a massive central dats source and a handy
themselves. Various aspects of our society are also being influenced by the
way to graphically compare nations. It is a vast compilation of
Information Age especially communication, economics, industry. health,
data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, UN, ard
and the environment. The rapid upgrade of information poses both positive
OECD. and negative impacts to our society. Therefore, we need to carefully check
Nursing sites: our motives before disseminating information and we also need to verify
information before believing them and using and sharing them. We should
* AHRQ (www.ahrq.gov) share information that could help improve our lives and others.
* National Guidelines Clearinghouse
(www.guideline.gov)
eT UU eats
* PubMed (www.nim.nih.gov) 1. Who are the contributors of the technological advances of the
Information Age?
21. Project Gutenberg — the first and largest single collection
of free electronic books with currently over 20,000 e-books 2. Aside from communication, what other aspects of society is/
available. are being influenced in the Information Age?
3. What other technological advancements can possibly be
developed in the future?

(3) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter IIl: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Socicty
©
 Rouse, M. (2014). “Information Age.” Accessed February 27, 2017.
http;//searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Information-Age.
1. Video presentation. Form groups consisting of three to five |
United States American History. (n.d.). "The Information Age
members each and prepare a video presentation that focuses timeline.” Accessed February 26, 2017. http://u-s-history.com/
on the evolution of transmission of information in various pages/h3974. htm.
time periods and areas of the world. Refer to Table |
presented in the discussion. The members may act in the video USHistory.org. (n.d.). “Living in the Information Age.” Accessed
presentation and they can use props or materials to improve February 26, 2017. http://www.ushistory.org/us/60d.asp.
the presentation. Limit the video presentation in three to five Vocabulary.com. (n.d.). "Information Age.” Accessed February 26,
minutes. 2017. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/information%20
2. Creative work. Think ofa device with special features that
age.
you can develop to help improve lives of people in our
society. It could be something that you can develop to help in
communication, transportation, health, and the like. Illustrate
your device in a short bond paper. Show your output in class
and explain. i

REFERENCES
Harris, R. (n.d.). “Truths of the Information Age.” Accessed February
26, 2017. http://www.virtualsalt.com/infotzue.htm.
Lilinois Valley Community College. (n.d.). "List of useful and reliabie
web sources.” Accessed August 2, 2017. https://www.ivec.edu/
library.asox?id=4038.
Lee College Library. (n.d.). “How Can I Tell if a Website is Reliable?”
Accessed August 2, 2017. https://www.edb.utexas.edu/petrosino/
Legacy_Cycle/mf_jm/Chall /website% 20reliable. pdf.
enge%201
=

Madan, M.-(n.d.). “Bioinformatics-an aid for biological research.”

Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.mre-Imb.cam.ac.uk/
genomes madanm/articles/bioinfo.htm.
Messenger, J. R. (1982). “The Theory of the Information Age.” Accessed
February 26, 2017. http://www.informationage.org/brichhistory.
html.

| @ Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (2)

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the disappearance of species in a certain environment causes an imbalance

in the ecosystem, producing more chaotic changes that harm the entire
ecosystem (Inquirer.net, 2016).

BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY This is but a pressing statement for people to know more about
SOCIETY the importance of our diverse environment, and how human activities
can either contribute to its growth or destruction. There is a growing
importance of studying how society, environment, and health is interrelated
to each other, that if human beings fail to recognize the needs of one of
those’ Components, the other remaining components can be affected and
compromised. Thus, it is timely to know about the pressing effects of
snecies being extinct and that of our ecosystem being imbalanced.

ee Ses

—
Biodiversity and Ecosystem
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
* determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and Biodiversity is defined as the vast variciy of life forms in the entire
health; Earth. It encompasses all kinds of life forms, from the single-celled
relatedness of organisms to the largest multi-celled organisms. Its definition is in the
create a diagram that would show the
society without structural and functional perspective and not as individual species.
species in forming up a diverse and healthy
compromising one another; and Another definition of biodiversity is “the variability among living
they contribute organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
identify everyday tasks and evaluate whether
and society or ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this
to the wellness and health of biodiversity
includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.
not.
Biodiversity is the scurce of the essential goods and ecological services
that constitute the source of life for ail and it has direct consumptive value
pres t))1U0) in food, agriculture, medicine, and in industry.” (Villaggio Globale, 2009)

Decrease in biodiversity is eminent worldwide. Vertebrates

fell to Understanding biodiversity within the concept of ecosystem needs
projecte d that by 2020, a thorough study on the relationship of the biotic, the living organisms
60% from the 1970s due to human causes. It is
The World Wide Fund and the abiotic, nonliving organisms. Interdisciplinary approach is needed
wildlife decline will be 67% of the present number.
for Nature and Zoological Society of London reported an annual decrease to study the ecosystem. Biodiversity plays a major role in this natural
doubled in dynamics. For example, a large number of golden snails in a certain area
ix wildlife by 2%. A major cause is human population which has
number since 1960 to 7.4 billion. Humans have industri alized the natural of a rice field can help predict a low production of rice harvest, since eggs
creature s with no of the golden snails are considered pest for rice plant. On a positive view,
habitat of wildlife as well as marine life. Leaving these
place to live would eventually cause tneir deaths. Marco Lamberti ni, the the larger number of different species in a certain area can be a predictor
rance of sustainable life in that area. Sustainability of the ecosystem ensu.es a
General Director of WWF International, described that the disappea
of wildlife is at an unprecedented rate. Earth might enter the sixth mass better survival rate against any natural disaster. Therefore, we, as human
extinction event according to experts. Mass extinction is describe
d as the inhabitants of the ecosystem, must preserve and conserve the biodiversity
r,
disappearance of species at a rate of 1,000 faster than usual. Moreove of all creatures.
ih eli

@ Science, Technology. and Society Chapter Il; Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (2)
——
 GL SY a ee ee eS SS

In simpler terms, it is true that people will always depend on 2. Alterations in ecosystem composition. Alterations and sudden e
biodiversity on the wroleness of our being and in our everyday lives. More changes, either within species groups or within the environment,
so, our health will ultimately depend upon the products and services that could begin to change entire ecosystems. Alterations in ecosystems
we acquire from the ecosystem. Somehow, there are ways and processes are a Critical factor contributing to species and habitat loss.
in the ecosystem that are not apparent nor appreciated by us, human 3. Over-exploitation. Over-hunting, overfishing, or over-collecting of
beings. Think about the need to drink clean and fresh water, the need to species can quickly lead to its decline. Changing consumption
eat healthy vegetables and food, or the need of man to transport which patterns of humans is often cited as the key reason for this
makes him rely on fuel. All of these are human needs that are answered unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.
and provided by our ecosystem. Thus, if we fail to keep the process of
4. Pollution and contamination. Biological systems respond slowly
taking care of the ecosystem, it is us who are actually putting our lives
to changes in their surrounding environment. Pollution and
at risk. Significant decline in biodiversity has direct human impact when
contamination cause irreversible damage to species and varieties.
ecosystem in its insufficiency can no longer provide the physical as well as
social needs of human beings. Indirectl y,
changes in the ecosystem affect 5S. Global climate change. Both climate variability and climate change
livelihood, income, and on occasion, may even cause political conflict cause biodiversity loss. Species and populations may be lost
(WHO, n.d.). ‘permanently jf they are not provided with enough time to adapt
to changing climatic conditions.
in Biodiversity
Changes
Alteration in any system could bring varied effects. A change in Consequences of Biodiversity Loss
biodiversity could have erratic effects not only in wildlife or marine life but
also in human beings. For examp'e, humans inhabiting the forest would Even with the improvement of technology and science at present, we
disturb the natural orde: of life. Trees and plants would be affected in the still have a lot to learn about biodiversity, more so about the consequences
land- clearing operations where the houses would be built. The animals, of biodiversity loss. However, the basic concept abuut biodiversity loss was
insects, and all types of life forms in the cleared aree would either be from Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
. displaced or most likely be killed. The loss of these life forms could affect Intact ecosystems function best since the organisms composing them
the entire ecosystem governing that environment. The food chain might are specialized to function in that ecosystem to capture, transfer, utilize
be damaged. From this, we can clearly infer that when our ecosystem is and, ultimately, lose both energy and nutrients. The particular species
not well taken care of, biodiversity encounters changes that may impact making up an ecosystem determine its productivity, affect nutrient cycles
human health on such different levels. and soil contents, and influence environmental conditions such as water
cycles, weather patterns, climate, and other nonbiotic aspects. The loss of
biodiversity has many consequences that we understand, and many that
Threats to Biodiversity we do not. It is apparent that humankind is willing to sustain a great deal
of biodiversity loss if there are concomitant benefits to society; we hope
There are major threats to biodiversity that were identified by the
they are net benefits. In many cases, the benefits seem to accrue to a few
United Nations’ Environment Programme (WHO, n.d.). These are the
following: ; individuals only, with net societal loss. However, it is extremely difficult
to estimate the future costs of losses in biodiversity or of environmental
1. Habitat loss and destruction, Major contributing factor is the damage (Rainforest Conservation Fund, 2017).
inhabitation of human beings and the use of land for economic
gains.
@) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter HI: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society 23
 ‘Se ee a
ae
: = c aS es =a i 2s
SBI nt a ~ , t

Environmental hazards increase the risk of cancer, heart disease, asthma,

As stated by Tilman, "The Earth will retain its most striking feature,
and many other illnesses. These hazards can be physical, such as pollution,
its biodiversity, only i: humans have the prescience to do so. This will
toxic cheniicals, and food contaminants, or they can be social, such as
occur, it seems, only if we realize the extent to which we use biodiversity
dangerous work, poor housing conditions, urban sprawl, and poverty.
(Rainforest Consevation Fund, 2017),”
Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene are responsible for
a variety of infectious diseases, such as schistosomiasis, diarrhea, cholera,
_ Nutritional Impact of Biodiversity meningitis, and gastritis, In 2015, approximately 350,000 children under
the age of five (mostly in the developing world) died from diarrheal diseases
According to the World Health Organization, biodiversity is a vital related to unsafe drinking water, and approxima‘ely 1.8 billion people used
element of a human being’s nutrition because of its influence to food drinking wate: contaminated with feces. More than two billion people
production. Biodiversity is a major factor that contributes to sustainable lacked access to basic sanitation.
food production for human beings. A society or a population must have
The interrelation between human health and biological diversity
access to a sufficient variety of nutritious food as it is a determinant of
is considerable and complex. With the current biodiversity loss at
their health as human beings.
unprecedented rates, the delicate balance between human health and
Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many levels: the biological diversity is at risk.
ecosystem, with food production as an ecosystem service; the species
in the ecosystem; and the genetic diversity within species. Nutritional
composition between foods and among varieties/cultivars/breeds of the Environment-Related Illnesses
same food can differ dramatically, affecting micronutrient availability in

a
the diet. Healthy local diets, with adequate average levels of nutrients Some human illnesses that are found to be related with its

coo
intake, necessitates maintenance of high biodiversity levels. Intensified environment include Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, cancer, chronic
and enhanced food production through irrigation, use of fertilizer, plant obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, obesity, occupational
protection (pesticides), or the introduction of crop varieties and cropping injuries, dysentery, arthritis, malaria, and depression. .
patterns affect biodive:sity and thus impact global nutritional status and By contrast, activities that promote health and extend human life
human bealth. Habitat simplification, species loss, and species succession
could have arlverse environmertal effects. For example, food production
often enhance communities, vulnerabilities as a function of environmental
causes environmental damage from pesticides and fertilizers, soil
receptivity to ill health (WHO, 2007). salinization, waste produced by livestock, carbon emissions from food
manufacturing and transportation, deforestation, and overfishing. Health
Health, Biology, and Biodiversity care facilities also have adverse environmental impacts. Hospitals use large
quantities of electricity and fossil fuels and produce medical wastes. To
Almost all living organisms are dependent to their environment
prevent some diseases, it may be necessary to alter the environment. For
to live and reproduce. Basic needs of living organisms such as air, water, example, malaria was eradicated in the United States and other developed
food, and habitat are provided by its environment. The evolution of human natio the 1940s and 50s asa result of draining wetlands and spraying
inns
beines was due to the improved access to these basic needs. Advances in DDT to kill mosquitoes. A reduction in mortality from starvation or disease
agriculture, sanitation, water treatment, and hygiene have had a far greater can lead to overpopulation, which stresses the environment in many
impact on human health than medical technology. different ways—increasing use of fossil fuels, clearing of land, generating
Although the environment sustains human life, it can also cause pollution and waste, and so on (Rensik & Portier, 2017).
diseases. Lack of basic necessities is a significant cause of human mortality.
Chapter I: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Sovlety (2)
(2) Science, Technology, and Society
 Interestingly, according to experts, climate change could also the workplace to minimize impact to the society. The decision-making
have a serious impact on human health and could deteriorate farming - process should be fair, open, and democratic, so that people who will be
systems and reduce nutrients in some foods. In this case, biodiversity affected by environmental risks have a voice in these deliberations and can
increases resilience, thus helping adjust to new environmental conditions. make their concerns known (Rensik & Portier, 2017).
Safeguarding of coral reefs, for instance, is essential to reduce the risk of
When drafting and implementing-environmental health regulations,
floods, as this extraordinary ecosystem can reduce wave energy by 97%,
it is important to consider vulnerable subpopulations. A vulnerable
thus protecting over 100 million people ali over the world.
subpopulation is a group with an increased susceptibility to the adverse
Relationships between human health and the environment raise effects of an environmental risk factor, due to their age, genetics, health
many ethical, social, and legal dilemmas by forcing people to choose among Status, or some other condition. If an environmental regulation is designed
competing values. Many of the issues at the intersection of health and the to protect average members of the population, it may fail to adequately
environment have to do with managing benefits and risks. For example, Protect vulnerable subpopulations. Justice demands that we take care of
pesticides play an important role in increasing crop yields, but they can people who are vulnerable. However, almost everyone in the population
also pose hazards to human health and the environment. Alternatives to has an above-average susceptibility to at least one environmental risk
pesticide use create trade-offs in health. The extreme action of stopping factor. Since providing additional protection to everyone would be
all pesticide uses could significantly reduce agricultural productivity, costly and impractical, protections must be meted out carefully and the
leading to food shortages and increased food prices which would, in turn, popula who tions
are vulnerable to a particular envircnmental risk factor
increase starvation in some parts of the world. Public health authorities " must be defined clearly (Rensik & Portier, 2017).
have opted to regulate the use of pesticides to enhance food production
In addition to this, various public health strategies pit the rights
while minimizing damage to the environment and human health. Energy
of individuals against the good of society, such as mandatory treatment,
production and use help sustain human life, but it can also pose hazards
vaccination, or diagnostic testing; isolation and quarantine; and disease
to human health and the environment, such as air and water polluticn, oil
surveillance. The owner of a coal-burning power plant must deal with
spills, and destruction of habitats (Rensik & Portier, 2017).
many lav's concerning the operatioa of the plant, workplace satety,
No nike demands greater care in balancing benefits and risks than and carbon emissions. A developer who plans to build 150 new homes
global warming. A significant percentage of globa! climate change is due with land he has purchased may also have to deal with laws conceming
to the human production of greenhouse gases. Climate change is likely storm drainage, water and sewage lines, gas lines, sidewalks, and so on.
to cause tremendous harm to the environment and human health, but Restrictions on property rights are justified to protect human heaith and
taking steps to drastically reduce greenhouse gases could have adverse the environment. However, opponents of these restrictions argue that they
consequences for global, national, and local economies. For example, are often excessive or not adequately supported by scientific evidence
greatly increasing taxes on fossil fuels would encourage greater fuel (Rensik & Portier, 2017).
efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions, but it would also increase
Human rights issues also come up with research on environmental
the price of transportatien, which would lead to widespread inflation and
heuiti: that involves human subjects. For such research to be ethical,
reduced consumer spending power. Managing benefits and risks also raises
human subjects must give consent, and great care must be taken to ensure
social justice concerns. In general, people with lower socio-economic status
that they understand that they can opt out of the research project. Since
have greater exposure to certain harmful environmental conditions in their
homes or at work, such as lead, mercury, pesticides, toxic chemicals, or the late 1990s, some pesticide companies have tested their products on
air and water pollution. Communities and nations should wisely choose human subjects to gather data to submit to the government for regulatory
a site for a factory, a power plant, or waste dump, or regulating safety in purposes. Some commentators charge that these experiments are unethical
because they place people at unacceptably high risk without a clear

@% Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology,
and Society (2)
 benefit to society. Others have argued that the experiments, if properly
designed and implemented, could produce important benefits to society
by providing useful knowledge about the effects of pesticides that lead to 1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings
stronger regulations (Rensik & Portier, 2017). regarding their health and the need to protect the growth of
With these in mind, a mitigating plan and a workable plan of biodiversity?
action should be studied in order to not compromise biodiversity, while at 2. Do you think that Earth can exist without human beings taking
the same time, promote good health among the society. care of it? Or biodiversity also needs human beings for it to be
in a continuous growing process?
3. What are small ways that you think would promote safekeeping
our biodiversity? What do you think are the common human
Most of the time, it may seem impossible to really value species activities that can harm biodiversity? What would be the
singly or in a detailed manner. But we have to consider the entire Earth consequences if these human activities might be stopped and
as a single unit. A loss of single-celled species or a family of wild grass
yf
prohibited?
can have adverse effects in the entire biosphere. Biodiversity seen in
macro level seems to be still vast and rich, yet if we look at it in micro-

7
<i
level, per species, we have lost too much. Eventually, in the near future,
this biodiversity loss will have a great negative effect especially to us

—_—-
humans. “The value of biodiversity is the value of everything” (Rainforest

ep
Advocacy writing. In groups of five, brainstorm and come up

CSE
1.
Conservation Fund, n.d.).
with an advocacy that you think is timely, knowing that in our

oO
We must recognize the value of the organisms with which we share emerging needs to endure in this world, biodiversity collapses .
tle planet. As Costanza et al. (1997) put it, “We mus: begin to give the and suffers just to provide our necessities for survival. ~

—
natural capital stock that produces these ’sezvices adequate weight in the
decision-making process, otherwise, current and continued future human
that the society.
2. Concept mapping. List down several concepts
., or human beings benefit from biodiversity. On the other circle,
welfare may drastically suffer... many ecosystem services are literally
enumerate the different challenges and disadvantages that
irreplaceable.” We do not, and probably cannot, ever evaluate such services
biodiversity suffers as we work our way to acquire the benefits.
adequately, but we can value the ecosystems of the worid appropriately
. (Rainforest Conservation Fund, n.d.) Ne On the space where the two circles meet, list down possible ways
and strategies on how we could acquire these benefits and needs
without compromising the growth process of biodiversity.

Se iaieiies
Convention on Biological Diversity (n.d.). "United Nations Decade
on Biodiversity." Accessed July 31, 2017. https://www.cbd.
int/2011-2020/-

Chapter III: Specific Isswes in Science. Technology, and Society Gi)

 “United Nations COHAB
Convention on Biological Diversity, (2010).
sed July 31,
Initiative: Biodiversity and Global Health.” Acces
LESSON
¢
icy-briefl en,
2017. https://www.cbd.int/doc/health/cohab-pol
:
pdf. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Inquirer.net, (2006). “Living Planet report: WWF
paints dire picture SCIENCE, HEALTH, AND POLITICS
31, 2017. hutp://
for survival of the species.” Accessed July
port-wwi-paints-
newsinfo.inquirer.net/$41 255/living-planet-re
dire-picture-for-survival-of-ihe-species.
equences of biodiversity
Rainforest Conservation Fund. (2017). “Cons
forestconservation.
loss.” Accessed July 31, 2017. hap: //www.rain should be able to:
-rece nt-losses-in- At the end of this lesson, the students
org/rainforest-primer/2-biod iversity/g organisms (GMOs);
oss/. « identify issues on genetically modified
biodiversity/4-consequences-of-biodiversity-l
t of GMOs: and
"Value of biodiversity.” * discuss different implications and impac
Rainforest Conservation Fund. (2017), t of GMOs in the
Accessed July 31, 2017. hitp://www.cunf
orestconservation. e create a research paper on the impac
ecent-losses-in- Philippine context.
org/rainforest-primer/2-b‘odiversity/g-r
oss/.
biodiversity/4-consequences-of-biodiversity-l
“Environment. Ethics, and
Rensik, D. B. & Portier, C. J. (2017).
2017.
Human Health.” In The Hasting Center Accessed July 31. In 2001. Rosalie Ellasus, « former
overseas Filipino worker (1
ngbook/environmental- the Integrated Pest Management
hnitp://www.thehastiagscenter.ore/brieji Singapore turned farmer, attended
oduced to Br Corn, a geneticalty
healthy — Farmers Field School and was intr borer, Ms
Life Insurance of the Jestructive Asian corn
Villaggio Globule. (2009), (n.¢.). “Biodiversity is the modified coin thet is resistant to
in ker field. Br Corn yielded 7.2
Life Iyself.” Accessed July 2017, hitp://vglobale
.it/complementari Ellasus volunteered fo: demo-testing
ar yield of 4.2 ions per hectare.
itselihtmi. tons per acre gs compared to a regul
{sot 3-biodiversity-is-the-life-insurance-of- -fife- This is one of the success Stories 01
No insecticide spraying was needed.
y.” Accessed July s) (Ongkiko. 2216)
World Heatth Organization. (n.d.). “Biodiversit genetically modified organisms (GMO
3}. 2017. hitp://www.who.int /globalchange/ecosystems/ aith the fhumuin secicts sce
Genetic engineering Has deen ls were
biodiversity/eiy. lo humankind and when anima
selective breeding was introduced natan t.
: Global and Public ic alteration: is all but
World Health Organization, (2007), “Safer Future Jomesticated. Yet. the process of genet
Wortd Health Report. engineering Wes coined by Jack
Health Security in the 2Ist Century.” In Iewas in F9ST that the term gener. d
Accessed July 31. 2017. http://www.who,int/w
hr/2007/en/. Hetion ney eh Dragon & island (Stablefor
Williamsen, author of the scienze s role
research findings on the DNA‘
WWF Global. (n.d). “How does Biodiversity loss affect m. and 2004). This was years before actual
doubl e-helix of Watson and Crick.
everyone.” Accessed July 31. 2017. hutps
://wwfpanda.org/ in heredity and its structure. the ic
us search for development, genet
you/. were published. Through continuo
about, our_eanth, biodiversity/biodiversity_and | ce fetion no 1 fe heenme » roatin
engineering no longer saved in scien
ehatles tat Seqrety ah
“tapeer Ht) Shevific. feats of Sort
f 133) Scherne. Tesrtreedegts, ant Sachets

~~
 in science laboratories. The gene
ral process of genetic engineer
deliberate manipulation of the ing is the
organism's genes, where jt may The development of GMOs
transfer of genes from other Orga involve advancement of technolog was Perceived to hel
nism. y for the benetit of humans p in the
like agriculture and med in different industries
An antibiotic-resistant E, coli icine,
bacteria was created in 1973.
date, there are Ongoing research To
es on GMOs such as using genc
modified male mosquitoes as Pest tically GMOs in Food and Ag
Control over female mosquito carri
ers
ricultural Industries
of Zika virus,
The Center for Ecogeneti
However, despite the many possi cs and Environmental Health
bilities of creating solutions for identified the following
roles of GMOs in the foo
(CEEH.
Problems and opening doors d and agricultury!
for innovations, genetic engineer
much opposition. Opponents raise ing faces
ethical. social, and environmenta
issues related to genetic engineer l I. Pest resistance — enetic
ing and its GMOs. ally moditied plants to resist
Pests. venyin
This lesson will present the
existence of genetic engineering,
Specifically GMOs in the different An example is Br Com
areas of life, the impact to huma . The DNA tgenome)
and the controversies that surround nkind, Corn has been Modified of the Br
them. with the BENE OF Hacillus
a soil bacterium that produc thur ingiensis.
es Proteins which is
Genetically Modified Organism borers (worms). toxic to cor

Genetically modified organism

(GMO) is the term used for
an organism created through
genetic engineering. The World
Organization (WHO, 2014) dutin Health
es GMO as an “organism, eithe
animal, or microorenism. in r plant,
which the genetic material (DN
been altered in a way that does A) has
not oceur naturally by mating
recombination,” Below is a diag or natur al
ram of how bacteria! gene is intr
through genetic enginecring to oduc ed
plant cells and tissues to develop Virus resistance — gen
4 genetically modified plant. and breed etically modified Plan
viruses. ts to resist cerrain

An example is GM Pap
aya Or minbow papaya,
ringspot virus (PRSY) The papaya
is known to be detritne
plants. The protein Of ntal tw papaya
PRSV was introduced
through plant tissue Whi to the pupaye plan
ch turned out to be resi
liself. The effect stant to tise + iru.
was like the vaccines hum
mitasles or influenza virus. ans have ovens

Mares, TMhe Genetic Engineering Prices on» Pian

iis: eet, LOOHHee al Socyts

C homer WE Spook f
 . Herbicide tolerance — pranies modified plants to tolerate Examples are Blue Roses. The so-called “blue” roses, which
herbicide. are, in reality, lilac or purple, contained cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside,
together with large amounts of flavonols. The introduction of the
An example is Roundup Ready soybean. Glyphosate, flavonoid 31, 51-hydroxylase gene into pelargonidin- or cyanidin-
an herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making producing rose cultivars diverts the anthocyanin biosynthetic
it tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers then can spray the pathway toward the production of delphinidin glucosides and
herbicide killing the weeds but not the soybeans. the flower color to blue (Elomaa & Holton, 1994),
. Fortification — genetically modified plants fortified with certain . Paper production — modified characteristics of trees for higher
minerals. yield of paper production.
An example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, a precursor of Examples are poplar trees. Lignin is a complex polymer in
vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis genes to the trees that is removed from wood to make paper through kraft
rice, making the rice grains fortified with vitamin A. process, through inserting genes that code for ferulic acid in
young poplar trees, the lignin structure is modified, making
. Cosmetic preservation— " genetically modified plants resist natural
lignin easi¢r to breakdown (Veniza, 2014).
discoloration.
. Pharmaceutical productions — modified plants to produce
An example is Arctic Apple. The apple variety was genetically
pharmaceutical products.
modified to suppress the browning of apple due to superficial
damage. Examples are periwinkle plants. Bacterial genes were added

™—-
to the periwinkle plant to enhance the production of vinblastine,
. Increase growth rate — a genetically modified organism that has
an alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer treatments like
higher yield in growth than normal species.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Runguphan, 2910).
An example is AquAdvantage:salmon. A gene from an ocean

ee
pout, an eel-like fish was introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon,
making the SRR ee ee

cre perry Fayre

Rah rey

. Bioremediation — - use of modified plants that can assist in the

bioremediation of polluted sites,

_GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms An, example is shrub tobacco. Nicotianaseo or shrub
Chay Sih sh tobacco genetically modified with phytochelatin TaPCSI1,
Genetically ‘modified. “Sle 5 (GMOs) in non-food crops and, ~ is uscd for bioremediation. It shows high level accumulation
some microorganisms involve the following: of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces high
1. Flower production - GMOs in flower production are seen in
biomass. _ .
modified color and extended vase life of flowers.

® Science, Technology, and Society

Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society &)
 of pigs and cows that have caused allergic reactions to some
diabetics using it. In 1978, researchers from the City of Hope
National Medical Center and Genentech Biotechnology
Company were able to produce human insulin. The gene for
insulin was inserted to bacterial DNA that was able to produce
almost exactly the same human insulin. This was a breakthrough
Figure 9. Nicotiana glauca
in the mass production. of human insulin. In 1996, modified
human insulin was approved, called the Humalog.
5. Enzyme and drug production — use of modified microorganisms
that can produce enzymes for food processing and medicines.
One example of this is CGTase. Cyclomaltodextrin
glycosyltransferase (CGTase), an enzyme used for food flavor
enhancer, is produced in higher quantity by bacterium Bacillus
which was genetically modified with the gene of a thermophilic
anaerobe, Thermoanaerobacter, carrying CGTase (Pedersen &
Jorgensen, 1995).
Figure 11. Humulin, a samplz of genetically
engincered insulin.

AeSee
S
Benefits of GMOs

- Hw
Sene
ear Aa See
Studies show some of the pocential benefits of GMOs:
Higher efficiency in farming — with the use of pesticide-
resistant/herbicide-tolerant GMO crops, there will be less
use for herbicides/pesticides, and lower cost for labor and
Another example is artemesin. Artemesinic acid is a cultivation.
compound used for anti-malarial drug extracted from sweet
Increase in harvest — GMO crops resistant to pests and
worcwood plant.” Through genetic engineering, it can be
synthetically produced byyeast and bacteria with sweet wordwood
diseases means increase in potential growth and harvest.
plant gene (Zimmer, 2006). Control in fertility — controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds
GMOs in the medical field — genetic engineering is playing a _ (GMO seeds) ensures higher yields.
6.
significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded increase in food processing — altered characteristics of GMO
diseases. It helps in the production of drugs, gene therapy, and crops help ease food processing.
laboratory researches.
Improvement of desirable characteristics - GMOs offer longer
One classic example is Humutin, the genetically engineered shelf life, enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or
insulin used by Type 1 diabetes patients who are insulin-
reduction of enzymes, and other modified characteristics of
dependent. In the past, insulin is extracted from the pancreases
plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ©)
 + Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement — GMO crops 3. Human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:
like maize fortified with lysine and Golden Rice fortified with * More allergic reactions - GMO food may trigger more
vitamin A and iron. There are now cdible vaccines for viral allergic reactions, more so create new ones, as side effect of
and diarrheal diseases. the gene alteration.
« Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides * Gene muiation - GMO food may develop abnormalitics
There are over 400 million acres of GMO farmlands all over and mutation, more than the desired product of the gene

the world. The top five countries that operate GMO farmlands are the alteration.
United States, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada. Some of the GMO * Antibiotic resistance — GMO food contains antibiotic-
agricultural crops that have been approved for public consumption and resistant genes; this may cause disease-causing bacteria
are already in the market include: alfalfa, corn, papaya, soya bean, sugar likely to be more antibiotic-resistant too, increasing the
beets, and squash. Most of these GMO crops were made to be resistant possibility of widespread of the disease.
to pests. Some examples of common food with GMOs are Kellogg’s Corn
+ Nutritional value — GMO food may have change in their
Flakes, Quaker Chewy Granola Bars, Ultra Slim Fast, Quaker Yellow
nutritional value.
Corn Meal, and Alpo Dry Pet Food.
In the animal industries, there are ongoing researches like studies
on Pacific salmon that grows twice faster than the native salmon and Potential Environmental Risks Caused By GMOs
chicken resistant to H5N1 bird flu viruses. However, these GMO animals
; Karki (2006) summarized the perceived potentia! environmental
are all in research laboratory and not yet approved for public consumption.
risks caused by GMOs. Tiie identified major risks are the following:
1. Risk in gene flow — there is a potential risk of the modified
Potential Risks of GMOs gene to be transferred from the GMO crop to its wild relative or
organism in the soil and human intestine (when ingested). For
Despite the promising claims of GMOs, the opponents of GMOs example, a decaying GMO plant could possibly transfer the
claim otherwise. For example, there are studies that show a link in the modified genes to the bacteria and fungi in the soil. Bacteria
adaption of pesticide-resis‘ant GMO crops io the significant growth of and fungi are capable of using a genetic material from their
super weeds that became pesticide-resistant, too. This caused additional
surroundings. There are no studies yet on the effects of the
problem to more than 12 million acres of farms i in the United States.
absorbed modified gene to the other organisms.
Opponents of GMOs have the following major concerns:
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and
1. Since ‘ genetic enginecring is still a young branch of science, weed problems — GMO crops resistant to éertain pesticides
there are inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans may trigger new form of pest resistance while GMO herbicide-
and the environment. tolerant crops may lead to the over use of the herbicides which
2. Genetic enginesrinig promotes mutation in organisms which the may tigger new form of weed resistance. © ,
long term effect is still unknown.
3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New
Pathogens — the modified gene can be transferred and
integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may lead to

G) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society )
 _ Viral or bacterial gene modification or mutation. This living consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not
modified virus and bacteria may then cause new disease that naturally or organically produced;
may affect other organisms including human beings. consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing
Other direct and indirect environmental risks caused by GMOs microorganisms in the hunian digestive system;
(Molfino & Zucco, 2008): production of toxins may be detrimental to human health; and
_ Direct environmental risks are: production of allergens may have adverse effects on humans.
introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment Worldwide, there are many groups that campaign against GMO
may cause disruption of the natural communities through food consumptiun. They encourage people to boycott GMO products and
competition or interference; to be vigilant in checking if the food they buy has GMO ingredients.
In the Philippines, the Supreme Court has ruled against the use of Bt
the possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in
eggplant, another genetically modified crop (Ongkiko, 2016).
the environment if it escapes its intended use and may
post threats or become pest; Other potential risks that raise major concern are:

may cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if Human Genome Project (HGP)— Mapping of human genes
GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical cycles; and to provide framework for research and studies in the field of
nicdicine. It was feared that the ability to produce human
ile persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which
genetic information would create biases and give much power
may cause negative impacts to the consumer of GMO
to people holding the information and to the disadvantage of
products.
those who do not have the genetic information.
. Indirect environmental risks are:
Mutation of genetically -engincered microorganisms —
alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative Genetically modified bacteria and viruses may mutate to
impacts of GMOs to the environment such as evolution become more resistant or virulent that may cause more
of insects, pests, and weeds that became resistant to dreadful diseases for human beings.
GMO crops;
¢ Cloning — The asexual reproduction of an organism using
may have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration parent cell through genctic engineering. In February 24, 1997,
in agricultural practices; and the first mammal, Dolly, a sheep from Scotland, was bom
may have varicd environmental impacts duc to GMOs through cloning. With its celebrated success came the fear of
interaction and release in the natural environment. Bae cloning. It emerged the ethical issue of man “playing

Scientists and medical practitioners would definitely continue to

Potential Human Health Risks caused by GMOs search for ways to preserve lives. Genetic engineering
is perceived to be
A.major concer in the use and consumption of GMOs is its effect one of the keys to this venture. Gene therapy and gene altcration are
on human beings, primarily on human health. Somé potential human promising ways to improve human health conditions.
health risks are identified (Akhter, 2001), such as:

© Science; Technology, and Society. Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society @
 » -— Se ey nn CEE IS “gate a
Sees SonyTee
AGS eae 45 Boas nes ons ear SS a Bie aed
ys at td F. Reiser Sy 3 4a

* Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Established in 2003, Cartagena

On the other hand, great fears loom in the process of this quest.
There are many things to be considered before a certain medical process Protocol is an international environmental treaty that regulaies
using genetic engineering be accepted. the transboundary movements of Living Modified Organisms
(LMOs). The Cartagena Protocol requires exporters to seek
These concerns were affirmed bv the reports, of the World Health
consent from the importers before its first shipment of LMOs
Organization. WHO reported three major issues on GMOs that are in
(WHO, 2014).
international public debates. These are the potential risks of allergic
reactions, gence transfer/flow, and outcrossing (WHO, 2014). * International Trade Agreement on labeling of GM food and food
The primary issue on GMOs presented in public debate is its products. The agreement requires exporters of GM food
unnatural production or what is termed to be a violation of nature. The and food products to label their products and give rights to
creation of new organisms, like GMOs, posts moral issues on defiance to importing parties to reject or accept the GM products. The
natural laws. Another concern is the potential risks to the environment premise of this policy is that consumers have the right to
and human hea!th, to which so much is unknown yet. know and the freedom to choose GM or non-GM products
(Whitman, 2000).
Biosafety on GMOs The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) claims that all GM
products that are available in the international market have passed safety
There are initiatives for the protection of the general human assessment by national authorities. The safety assessments basically look at
population regarding the issues and concerns about GMOs. International the environmental and health risk factors and food safety usually follows
organizations developed principles and treaties that somehow ensure the Codex Food Code. ‘
biosafety ou GMOs. Some of these initiatives are as follows:
The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). The Food and
Agricultural Organization (FAO) together with the World GMOs in Philippine Context

Se
Health Organization (WHO) created The Codex Alimentarius

ae
is an intergovernmental Introduction of GMOs in our country created issues and
Commission (Codex). Codex

As
controversies similar to other countries with GMOs. There are, of course,
body that develops the Codex Alimentarius, know us the
proponents and opponents of these issues.
International Food Code. Codex is responsible for the
development of standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and The GMO concem started in the 1990s with the creation of the
recommendations on food safety. With the pressing issues and National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) through
Executive Order No. 430 of 1990. The NCBP developed the guidelines
concerns on GMOs, in 2003, Codex has developed principles
on the planned release of genetically manipulated organistns (GMOs) and
for the human health risk analysis of genetically modified
potentially harmful exotic species in 1998. In 2002, the Department of
(GM) food products. The principles include pre-market
Agriculture released Administrative Order No. 8, the guideline for the
assessments of GM food products and its evaluation of direct importation and release into the environment of GM plants and plant
and indirect effects. However, the’ Codex principles has no products, On that same year, the entry of GMO importation started
binding effect on national legislation but through the sanitary (Baumuller, 2003). The Philippines was marked to be the first country
and phytosanitary measures of the World Trade Organization, in Asia to approved commercial cultivation of GMOs when GM corn
national legislators are encouraged to complement their planting was approved in 2002 (Serapio & Dela Cruz, 2016).
national standards with the Codex Principles (WHO, 2014).

@ Science, Technology, and Society - Chapter II: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Socicty (%

SSeS eS
 APSE 1 SOS
Oh) Lee NR et se

and propagation is temporarily put to stop until a new administrative order a|

From December 2002 to present, there are 70 GMO applications
to the is issuedin accordance with the law. ‘
approved by the Department of Agriculture for the release
processin g
environment, 62 GMOs of which are approved for food feed and In March 7, 2016, five government agencies namely, the Department
and the remaining § were approved for propagation (Aruclo, 2016). of Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture, Department
of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Health, and
In 2004, the Philippines was classified by International Service for
Department of the Interior and Local Government, passed a Joint
acquisition of agri-biotech applications as one of the fourteen biotech-
crops Department Circular No. 1, series of 2016 on rules and regulations for the
mega countries which grow 50,000 hectares or more of GMO
research and development, handling and use, transboundary movement,
annually (James, 2004). In that same year, Senator Juan Flavier authored
AERTS

release in the environment, and management ‘of the genetically modified

a bill on the mandatory labeling of food and food products with GMOs.
plant and plant products derived from the use of modem biotechnology.
The Senate did not pass the bill.
This joint department circular paves way to issuance of new permits for
In 2006, the Philippines became part of the Cartagena Protocol planting and importing GM crops in the country.
on Biosafety. In the same year, Executive Order No. 514 was issued to
address the biosafety requirements of the Cartagena Protocol and the
establishment of the National Biosafety Framework (NBF). UTNE —

tomers
In 2010, the Organic Agriculture Act was issucd, encouraging Genetic engineering is an emerging field of science. Its quests
organic agriculture than GMO-related agriculture. Prior to this act, there are to preserve and prolong life. In more than four decades since the

Ee, BS EE
are several provinces like Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental which first genetically modified bacteria was produced, thousands of genetically
of the
agreed to support organic agriculture. There was the establishment modified organisms have been created and propagated. Some are approved
Negros Organic Island throvgh a memorandum of agreemen t (MOA)
by experts and government authorities for human use and consumption

TTS
between the two provinces in 2005. With this MOA, the two provinces while others are kept in institutional research laboratories subject for more
s
were able to ban the entry of GMOs and living GMOs to their province experiments.

ET
through provincial ordinance. Similar to this case, Davao City passed
helps There are advantages and disadvantages in using genetic engineering
the Organic Agriculture Ordinance in 2010 This city ordinance

a
Mindana o in both fields of medicine and food and agriculture, there are controversies
the prevention of field testing of GM Bt eggplant in the UP

PN
_ that are still debatableup to the present. The major concernof the opponents
Campus (Aruclo, 2016).
Casifio, together with other

a
In 2012, Representative Teddy is the success stories of the GMO recipients. :
food
congressmen, filed a bill pushing for the mandatory labeling of GM
law, only There is still a long way to go for GMOs to prove itself, as humans
and food products. To date, there is no Philippine biosafety
seek answers to life’s predicaments or as humans play like God.
biosafety regulations formed under NBF.
A study on the biosafety regulations of the Philippines concluded
on
that the existing regulation is weak, which can be fixed through legislati
such as a republic act (Richmo nd, 2006).

In December 2015, the Supreme Court ordered to put an end to

the field testing of GMO Bt eggplant and declared Administrative Order
No. 8, series of 2002 of the Department of Agriculture as null and void,
This means that any actions or procedures related to GMO importations

(% Science. Technology, and Society Chapter

Ill: Specific Issues
in Science, Technology,
and Society Cy)
 Aruclo, L. (2016). "Philippines GMO-Free Zones: Successful Roots
in Organic Policy and Law.” In GMO-Free Regions. Accessed
August 1, 2017. http://www.gmo-free-regions org/fileadmin/
1. How would you reconcile the advantages and disadvantages that files/gmo-free-regions/Philippines/The_Philippines_GMO-
GMOs bring to humans?
Free_Zones.pdf. .
2. When do you think should the pursuit of GMOs research stop? Baumuller, H. (2003). "Domestic Import Regulations for Genetically
3. Is genetic engineering a pure scientific process or it is indeed an Modified Organisms and their Compatibility with WTO Rules.”
act of humans playing like God? In International Institute for Sustainable Development. Accessed
August 1, 2017. https://www.ictsd.org/downloads/2008/08/tkn_
baumulier.pdf.

———
Brar, D. "The History of Insulin.” In International Islet Transplant
Registry. Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.med.uni-giessen,
to your de/itr/history/inshist.html.
1. Agree or Disagree. Discuss the topics below according
(If you Elomaa, P. & Holton, T. (1994). Modification of Flower Colour using
opinions. Group yourselves based on your opinions
agree or disagree). Within your group, prepare pointers for your Genetic Enginecring, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
discussion. Aftcr which, face the other group and start a debate. Reviews. 12:1, 63-88, doi: 10.10S0/02648725.1994.10647909.
Topics: https://www.rescarchgate.net/profile/Paula_Elomaa/
Use of genetically modified milk from animals for publication/284702780_Modification_of_Flower_Colour_
a.
human beby consumption ° using_Genetic_Engineering/links/56b2 1 3dd08acSec4ed4b22a8/
Economie concerns over moral issues on GM food i Modification-of-Flower-Colcur-using-Genctic-Enginecring.
b.
and food products pdf. :
2. Research Work. Write an individual research paper on the impacts Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). "Genetic Engineering.” Accessed August 1,
of GMOs on one of the following topics: 2017. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/genetic_enginecring.
a. Golden Rice of the International Rice Research aspx.
Institute Grace Communication Foundation. (n.d.). "Genetic Enginecring.”
b. Genetically modified organism produced by Philippine Accessed August 1, 2017. hitp://www.sustainabletable.oig/264/
researchers ' genetic-engincering.
c. Issues on Philippine biosafety policies Herman, J. (2016). "Gene therapy and genome editing strategies
i for HIV resistance." Accessed August 1, 2017. https://www.
fredhutch.org/cn/news/spotlight/imports/gené-therapy-and-
genome-editing-strategies-for-hiv-resistance.
html.
International Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.
Akhter, J. (2001). “Genetically Modified Foods: Health and Safety (2006). “Biotec: Plants for Bioremediation.” Accessed August 1,
Issues.” Research Gate. Accessed October 25, 2017. http://www. 2017. http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/25/
researchgate.net/publication/6539067/Genetically_Modified_ default.asp.
Foods_Health_and_Safety_Issucs.
Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ©)

i>
 Public Television. (n.d.). "Genetic Engineering.” (n.d.). Science Daily. (2016). “Residents concemed about use of
Iowa
"Genetically Engineered Insulin.” Accessed August 1, 2017. ~ genetically modified mosquitoes to curb insect population.”
http://www. iptv.org/exploremore/ge,‘uses/use2_medical.cfm. Accessed August 1, 2017. https://www.sciencedaily.com/
Preview Global Status releases/2016/06/160606100844.htm.
James, C. (2004). “Executive Summary:
of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops.” International Serapio, M., Jr. & Dela Cruz, A. (2016). "Philippines Signs New
Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Application. GMO Rules, Food Industry Relieved." Accessed August 1,
Accessed October 25, 2017. http;//en glish.bio sefty.gov .com/ 2017. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-gmo-
per.
forum_9641/2016021W020160202488738705940. id USKCNOW90MK,
Stableford, B. M. (n.d.). “Historical dictionary of science fiction
Molfino, F. & Zucco, F. (Eds.). (2008). “Women in Biotechnology:
Creating Interferences.” Springer Science and Business literature.” p. 133. ISBN 9780810849389. Accessed August I, 2017.
Media. Accessed October 25, 2017. http://w ww.sprin ger.com/ http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/genetic%enginecring/
book/9781402086106/ en-en/.
Terrascope. "Genctically Modified Crops.” (n.d.), Accessed August
Ongkiko, R. M. (2016). “Rise of the BT Superwoinan.” RDE Digest.
Vol. 8. No.1. UPLB. 1, 2017. http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission201 7/genetically-
modified-crops/.
Pedersen, S., Jensen, B. F., & Jorgensen, S. T. (1995). “Genetically
Modified Foods.” In American Chemical Society Symposium Series. Veniza, K. (2014). Greener paper through genetically engincered
Vol. 605. doi: 10.1021/bk-1995-0605.ch017 Accessed August I, trees. https://gencticliteracyproject.or/2014/04/09/ereener-paper-
2017. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/dk- 1995-0605.ch017.- through-genetically-engineered-trees/.
Whitman, D. (2000). “Genetically Modified Food: Helpful or Harmful?”
Philippine Senate. (2004). "GMO." Accessed August 1, 2017. http://
www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/1181634!.pdf. CSA Discovery Guide. Accessed October 25, 2017. http://www.
csa.com/discoveryguides/emfood/review.pdf.
Richmond, C. (2006). “Genetically Modified Crops In The
World Health Organization. (2014). “Frequently Asked Questions
Philippines: Can Existing Biosafety Regulations Adeauately
In Pacific Rim Law & Policy on Genetically Modified Foods.” Accessed October 25, 2017.
Protect The Environment?”
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-
Journal Association. Vol. -15. No. 2. Accessed August 1, 2017.
genetically-modefied-food/en.
https://digital .lib.washington.edu/dspacelaw/bitstream/
handle/1773.1/631/15PacRimLPolyJ569.pdf?sequence=1). Your Genome. (n.d.). "Genetic Engineering.” Accessed August 1, 2017,
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engincering.
Runguphan, W., Qu, X., & O'Connor, S. (2010). “Integrating Carbon-
http://www.sustainabletable.org/264/genetic-engincering.
Halogen Bond Formaticn into Medicinal Plan Metabolism.”
In Nature: doi: 10.1038/nature09524. https://www.sciencedaily. Zimmer, Carl. (n.d.). "Scientist of the Year: Jay Keasling.” Discoverer
com/releases/2010/11/101103141533.htm. Magazine December 2006 Issue. Accessed August 1, 2017.
http://discovei magazine.com/2006/dec/cover.
Science Daily. (n.d.). “Plants engineered to produce ‘new drugs.”
Accessed July 26, 2017. hittps://www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/2010/11/101103141533.htm.

& Science, Technology, and Society Chapier It: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ‘@)
 The of nanotechn ology and nanosci
concepts
Richar d Feynma eee d started in.
Decemberscienti 1959 when
29, sts can di Physici st ynman discusse a method
in which
E ; ON
LESS iz can direct and control individual atoms and molecules
i ; : the B tt i i n

4 term “nanotechnology” was coined b y Professor Norio Taniguchi

after the dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining (NNT. bt oe

How Smal!l is a Nanoscale?

ee Ta eis . A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10° of

illustration below shows how small nanoscale iscompared to pack oa
or materials.
d be able to:
At the end of‘this lesson, the students shoul
+ define nanotechnology;
* characterize nanoscale;
« describe the various uses of nanotechnology;
echnology; and
* discuss concerns on the use of nanot
technology in the *
* explain the siatus of the use of nano
Philippines.

aes esi
new technological tools that
Scientific researchers have developed
lives. The use of nanoscale is one
greatly improve different aspects of our
ated by advancement in science and
important interdisciplinary area gener
were able to build materials with
technology. Scientists and engineers :
nanomaterials. Indeed, research
innovative properties as they manipulate nue to bring
aterials will conti
and application of knowledge on nanom
the society, especially health
widespread implications in various areas of
, and agriculture.
care, environment, energy, food, water
eering, and technology
Nanotechnology refers to the science, engin (NNI,
{'to 100 nanometers
conducted at the nanoscale, which is about study and application
employs the
2017). Nanoscience and nanotechnology
things in other areas of science including materials
of exceptionally small
and chemistry (NNI, 2017).
science, engineering, physics, biology,

Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Sock (3)
3)
 Sic ee oe

Manipulation of nanomaterials needs an adept understanding of 3. Scanning tunneling microscope

Classified
their types and dimensions. The various types of nanomaterials are This special type of microscope enables scientists to
their individua l shapes and sizes. They may be particles,
according to view and manipulate nanoscale particles; atoms, and smal!
tubes, wires, films, flakes, or shells that have one or more nanomete r ‘sized
so that we molecules. In 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the
dimensions. One should be able to view and manipulate them Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention.
can take advantage of their exceptional characteristics.

Nanomanufacturing
How to View Nanomaterials
It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing
Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minute of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also involves
pes
nanomaterials. During the carly 1930s, scientists used electron microsco research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction
. The scanning tunneling
and ficld microscopes to look at the nanoscale of materials. Therefore, nanomanufacturing leads to the development
and
microscope and atomic force microscope are just among the modern of new products and improved materials. There are two fundamental
remarkable advancements in microscopy. approaches to nanomanufacturing, cither bottom-up or top-down (NNI,
Electron microscope 2017):
1.
German engineers Emst Ruska and Max Knoll built 1. Bottom-up fabrication
the first electron microscope during the 1930s. This type of It manufactures products by building them up from
microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up, 2tomic- and molecular-scale components. However, this
a specimen and develop a well-magnified image. Electron method can be time-consuming. Scientists and engincers are
microscopes produce higher and better resolution than older still in search for effective ways of putting up together molecular
light microscopes because tiey can magnify objects up to components that self-assenible and from the bottom-up to
a million times while conventional light microscopes can organized structures.
magnify objects up to 1,500 times only. Scanning electron
2. Top-down fabrication
microscope (SEM) and transmission clectron microscope
(TEM) are the two general types of electron microscope. It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale.
This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards
2. Atomic force microscope (AFM) excess raw materials.
It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and There are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
Christoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of a mechanical from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-up fabrication.
probe that gathers informati on fromad the surface of a material. These include:
bs Pe Tre
s ane “9

* Dip pen lithography

It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force
microscope is “dipped” into a chemical fluid and then utilized
to “write” on a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto
Paper.
Chapter II: Specific Issues in Science, Technulogy, and Society @
 Self-assembly
It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join
together to mold an organized structure in the absence of an
outside direction.
¢ Chemical vapor deposition
It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to
form very pure, high-performance films.
Figure 12. A product of nanomanufacturing: A 16 gauge wire, approximately
« Nanoimprint lithography 1.3 millimeters in diameter, made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by thread and the same wire on a 150 ply spool. (Source: Nanocomp).
“stamping” or “printing” them onto a surface.
« Molecular beam epitaxy
Distinct Features of Nanoscale
It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin
films. Nanoteclinology involves operating at a very small dimension
and it allows scientists to make use of the exceptional optical, chemical,
« Roll-to-roll processing physical, mechanical, and biological qualities of materials of that small
It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale , scale (NNI, 2017). The following are distinct features of nanoscale:
devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal, Scale at which much biology occurs.
« Atomic layer epitaxy Various activities of the cells take place at the nanoscale.
It is a nicans for laying down onc-atom-thick layers on a The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as the genetic
surface. ‘material of the cell and is only about 2 nanometers in diameter.
Furthermore, the hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the
With the use of these techniques, nanomaterials are made more
tissues throughout the body is 5.5 nanometers in diameter.
durable, stronger, lighter, water-repellent, ultraviolet- or infrared-
resistant, scratch-resistant, ciectrically conductive, antireflective, A good number of modern researches focus on advancing
antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others. The abovementioned procedures, therapies, tools, and treatments that are more
chacacteristics lead to the manufacture of the present variety of accurate and custom-made than traditional, methods and
nanotechnology-enabled products such as tennis rackets and baseball cause no adverse effects on the body.
bats to catalysts for purifying crude oil and ultrasensitive recognition and
, An example of this is the bio-barcode assay, which is
classification of biological and chemical toxins.
a fairly inexpensive approach for identification of specific
It is not impossible that in the near future, computers that are in a
in the blood despite their small number
disease markers
better, more efficient, with larger storage of memory, faster, and energy- particular specimen.
saving will be developed. Soon, the entire memory of a computer will be
saved in a single tiny chip. Moreover, nanotechnology has the potential to
construct high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells.

Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ()

 Scale at which quantum effects dominate propertics of
materials.
Particles with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers have
propertics that arc significantly discrete from particles of
bigger dimensions, Quantum effects direct the behavior
and properties of particles in this size scale. The properties
of materials are highly dependent on their size. Among the —_—

essential properties of nanoscale that change as a function

of size include chemical reactivity, fluorescence, magnetic Figure 13. The Effect of the Increased Surface Area Provided
by Nanostructured Materials
permeability, melting point, and electrical conductivity.
One example is the nanoscale gold, which is not only
the yellow-colored element we are used to secing but it can Government Funding for Nanotechnology in
ulso appear red or purple, Gold’s electrons display restricted
Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
motion in the nanoscale. Practical!y, nanoscale gold particles
selectively build up in tumors, where they permit both precise U.S. Nationai Nanotechnology Initiative
imaging and targeted laser destruction of the tumor while
* The best-known and most-funded program is the
avoiding damage on healthy cells.
National Nanoicchnology Initiative of the United States.
Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas than similat Tie NNI was established in 2001 to coordinate U.S.
masses of larger-scale maicrials, federal nanotechnology R&D. The NNI budget in 2008
As we increase the surface area per mass of a particular and 2009 were $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively.
material, a greater amount of the material comes in contact European Commission
with another material and can affect its reactivity.
* In February 2008, the EC officially launched the
If 1 cubic centimeter is filled with micrometer-sized European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council
cubes—a trillion (1012) of them, each with a surface area of (ENIAC).
6 square micrometers—the total surface area amounts to 6
Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the National
squaré meters, or about the area of the main bathroom in an
Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
average house. When that single cubic centimeter of volume is
AIST) :
filled with 1-nanometer-sizéd cubes—1021 of them, each with
an area of 6 square nanometers—their total surface area comes Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program
to 6,000 square meters. for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foundation)
China (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology)
Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative)

(3) Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society ()
 . Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology) Benefits and Concerns of Using
9. Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology or NINT) Nanotechnology
10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative) Nanotechnology has various applications in different sectors of the
society and environment. Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005) proposed an
11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or NANOTEC)
initiative called “Addressing Global Challenges Using Nanotechnology”
12. Malaysia (National [Malaysia] Nanotechnology Initiatives or to accelesate the use of nanotechnology to address critical sustainable
NNI) ; development chalienges. They suggested a model that could help figure
out the possible contributions of the community in overcoming global
challenges that pose risk on health and other aspects of peoples’ lives.
Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the Philippines However, there are concerns that need to be addressed before using and
(ayrit, 2005) promoting materials derived from nanotechnology (Dayrit, 2005).

1. ICT and semiconductors 1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become

pervasive.
2: Health and medicine
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specific
3. Energy
properties.
4. Food and agriculture
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms
. Environment which may make some natural resources and current practices
uncompetitive or obsolete.

Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines (funded by PCAS- 4, It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one has
TRD-DOST) the specialist tools of nanotechnology.

1. ICT and semiconductors

Table 2. Benefits and Concerms of the Application of Nanotechnology in
2. Health and biomedical Differeut Areas
3. Energy
4. , Environment
' 5. Agriculiure and food
6. Health and environmental risk
7. Nano-metrology
8 Education and public awareness benign industrial ¢ No nano-specific
EPA
processes and regulation
materials

© Science, Technology, and Society

 needs to be explored, not only by known experts but also neophytes, in
order to advance our knowledge of science and technology, and more
Health e Improved medicine . Ability to cross cell

membranes and importantly, to help improve our quality of life. But, before we engage
translocate in the body in nanotechnology, we need to take into account the social, cthical, and
* No FDA approval environmental concerns of using such nanomaterials.
needed for cosmetics or
supplements re
watt Presnell @ViHepevieiesian elim) ili bs
Economy « Better products * Redistribution of wealth = ‘
. + New jobs © Potential cost of What are nanomaterials and how are they made?
cleanups What are the factors that need to be considered before
and healthcare manufacturing materials through nanotechnology?
Accessibility to all What are the contributions of nanotechnology for the
income levels improvement and sustainability of our environment?
(Source: University of Washington, n.d.)

Social and Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research on

Nanctechnology Creative Work. Illustrate or design a product or output that
Who will benefit from it? On the other hand, who won't? is made up of nanomaterials you want to create. Explain the
raw materials that make up your product, the steps involved
2. For whom and what are your objectives for developing your”
product? for developing your product, and the specific use of the final
roduct. What is the significance of your output for the socicty?
3.
5
How will it affect social, economic, and political relationships?
.
ee e ee arene 7
|, Naliseb ecksbesn fe oer Srccdiicr” Wine Wo eokve? Philosophical discussion. Form groups made up of five to cight
? P te rs . members and discuss the impact of nanotechnology in various
5. Who will haye access to it? Who will be excluded? aspects (health, environment, economy, ethics, etc.) of the

6. Are there dangers involved with its development (e.g., safety, seco rare your own ideas and principles in relation to the
health, pollution)? How can you minimize them? topic. Encourage everyone to participate,
‘ < . te . Portfolio. Conduct a research on the recent innovations or
7. Who will 2H access ai
erry ae tone advancements in nanotechnology in different countries. Cut out
(Source: University of Washington, n.d.) pictures and provide descriptions. Show and discuss your output
in class.
ys
SUNG
Nanotechnology is an advanced interdisciplinary field that
encompasses science and technology that manufactures materials of great
help to the improvement of various areas of society especially heaith
care, environment, energy, food, water, and agriculture. It is a field that

(%
Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (8)
Science, Technology, and Socicty
 ne

Dayrit, F.M. (2005). “Nanotechnology: Business and Practical

LESSON
Applications: Where the Philippines Is and Where It Should
Be.” Ateneo de Manila University. 5 THE ASPECTS OF GENE THERAPY
National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Manufacturing at the
Nanoscale.” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www.nano.
gov/nanotech-101/what/manufacturing.

National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Nanotechnology

101.” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www.nano.gov/
Pee RAS Aa SS
nanotech-101/.
National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What is At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
Nanotechnology?” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www. describe gene therapy and its various forms; and
nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition. assess the issue’s potential benefits and detriments to global
National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What's so special about health.
the Nanoscale?” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www.
nano.gov/nanotech-101/speciat. UU fle
Roco, M. “National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Long-Term
Medical science has detected many human discases related to
View.” In Proceedings Nanotechnology and the Environment:
defective genes. These types of diseases are not curable by traditional
Applications and Implications. Progress Review Workshop Ill, methods like taking readily available medicines. Gene therapy is a potential
EPA, Oct 26-28, 2005, Arlington, VA. method to cither treat or cure genetic-related human illnesses.
Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005). “Nanotechnology and the In 2015, a team of researchers at the Harvard Medical School
Developing World,” PLoS Medicine. Accessed February 25, and the Boston Children’s Hospital stated that they were able to restore
2017. http:// www.plosmedicine.org. basic hearing in genctically dzaf mice using gene therapy. The Boston
Ethical Implications of Children's Hospital research team also reported that they have restored a
University of Washington. “Societal and
higher level of hearing—down to 25 decibels which is actually equivalent
° Nanotechnology.” Accessed February 25, 20i7. http://depts. to a whisper. They used an improved gene, therapy vector developed at the
washington.edu/ntethics/. ’
Massachusetts Eye and Ear that was identified as “Anc80" which enables
the transfer of genes to the, inaccessible outer hair cells when introduced
into the cochlea (Fliesler, 2017).
Human gene therapy was Secuaity first realized in 1971 ‘when
the first recombinant DNA experiments were planned. It can be simply
viewed as insertion foreign DNA into a patient’s.tissue that hope to

@ Science, Technology, and Society Chapter IIE: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (8)
 ~~
ue
Se tens SF Se 2
VRSwe 7

successfully eradicate the targeted disease. It was actually inspired by the Stem Cell Gene Therapy :
success of recombinant DNA technology which occurred over the last 20
years. Without a doubt, gene therapy is the most promising yet possibly Stem celis are mother cells that have the potential to become any
unfavorable medical field being studied. type of celi in the body, One of the main characteristics of stem cells is
their ability to self-renew or multiply while maintaining the potential to
develop into other types of cells. Stem cells can become cells of the blood,
The Basic Process heart, bones, skin, muscles, brain, among others. There are different
sources of stem cells vut all types of stem cells have the same capacity to
There are several approaches to gene therapy. These are the develop into multiple types of cells.
following (Fliester, 2017): Stem cells are derived from different sources. Two of which are
« Replacement of mutated gene that causes disease with a embryonic and somatic stem cells.
healthy copy of the gene The embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old
* Inactivation of a mutated gene that is functioning improperly human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The embryos
are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro fertilization)
¢ Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease clinics where several eggs are fertilized in a test tube then implanted into
In general, a gene cannot be directly inserted into a human gene a woman (Crosta, 2013).
or cell. A gene is inserted into another gene using a carrier or vector. The somatic stem cells are ceils that exist throughout the body
At present, the most common type of vectors are viruses that have been ufter embryonic deveiopment and are found inside of different types of
genctically changed to carry normal human DNA. Viruses have evolved tissue. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone
a way of encapsulating and transporting their genes to human cells in’a marrow, blood, blood vessels, skcictal muscles, skin, and the liver. They
pathogenic manner (Science Daily, 2017). remain in a non-dividing state for years until activated by disease or tissue
injury. These stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely, enabling
Two Types of Gene Therapy them to generate a range of cel! types from the originating organ or even
regenerate the entire original organ. It is generally thought that adult or
The idea of gene therapy is based on correcting a disease at its root; somatic stem cells are limited in their ability to differentiate based on
fixing the abnormal genes that appear to lead to certain diseases. their tissue of origin, but there is some evidence to suggest that they can
differentiate to become other cell types (Crosta, 2013).
There are essentiaily two forms of gene therapy. One of which
is called somatic gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves the
manipulation of genes in cells that will be helpful to the patient but not The Bicethics of Gene Therapy
inherited to the next generation (Nimsergern, 1988).
There are ethical issues involved in gene therapy. Some of the
The other form of gene therapy is called germ-line gene therapy inquiries cited are (Genetics Home Reference, 2017):
which involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the origin cells
1. How can “good” and “bad”. uses of. gene therapy be
that will pass the chang on to the next generation (Your Genome, 2017). Sistinantched?
2. Who decides which traits are normal and which constitute a
or disorder?
disability

®% Science, Technology, and Society Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (9)
 3, Will the high costs of gene therapy make it available only to
the wealthy?
4. Could the widespread use of gene therapy make socicty less 1, Flowchart. Make a flow chart of the basic process of gene therapy.
accepting of people who are different? Explain each part of the process. You may use references for
your guide.
5. Should people ve allowed to use gene therapy to enhance basic
human traits such as height, intelligence, or athletic ability?
2. Concept mapping. Using a Venn diagram, differentiate the two
forms of gene therapy.
Another controversy involves the germline therapy. As discussed,
3. Debate. Have a debate on the bicethical issues on gene therapy.
germline therapy is genetic modification of germ cells that will pass the
change on to the next generation. There are a lot of questions on the effects
of the gene alteration to the unborn child and the next generation, since
the alteration can be passed on. In the United States, the government docs
not fund researches on human germline gene therapy.

:
Crosta, P. (n.d.). "What Are Stem Cells?” Accessed August 1, 2017.

Fs SUIMARY ae hup://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell.
Fliesler, N. (2017). “Now Hear This.” Accessed August I, 2017.
Gene therapy is a method that may treat or cure genetic-related https://hms.harvard.edu/news/now-hear.
human illnesses. There are two forms of gene therapy. Oue is somatic
Genetics Home Reference. (2017). “What are the ethical issues
gene therapy which involves the manipulation of genes in cells that will be,
surrounding gene therapy?” Accessed August 1, 2017. https://
helpful to the patient but not inherited to the next géucration. The othe:
ghr.nim.nih.gov/primer/therapy/ethics,
is germline gene therapy which involves the genetic modification of germ
cells or the origin cells that will pass the change to the next generation. Medicine Net. (n.d.). "Stem Cell.” Accessed August 1, 2017. http://
There are many ethical issues on gene therapy. Some of these www.medicinenet.com/stem_cells/article.htm#.
issues are about questions on whose authority or power to decide which Nimsergern, M. (1988). "Gene Therapy.” Accessed August 1, 2017.
human traits should be altered; other concems are on the discriminatory https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~meclean/plsc43 1 /students98/
effects of those who may not or cannot avail gene therapy. nimsgren.htm.
Science Daily. (n.d.). "Gene Therapy.” Accessed August 1, 2017.
PS TETAS ESI https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/gene_therapy.
htm.
Your Genome. (n.d.). “Is Germline Gene Therapy Ethical?"
1. Would you ‘subject yourself for gene therapy without its 100% Accessed August 1, 2017. https://www.yourgenome.or/debates/
assurance of effectiveness or future negative side effects?
is-germline-gene-therapy-cthical.
2. Should gene therapy be limited to medical concerns‘only Gr
could it be used for aesthetic purposes?

Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (9)

 external forces, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition
of the atmosphere or in land use. It can also be due to natural occurrences
or contributed by acts of human beings.
LESSON
This lesson will present the causes of climate change and its effects
on the society,
6 CLIMATE CHANGE
Causes of Climate Change
The causes of climate change could be natural or by human activities.

Natural Causes
bees UY ds saih I) Volcanic Eruptions
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: Volcanic eruptions are one of the natural causes of climate change.
« identify the causes of climate change; When volcanoes erupt, it emits different natural aerosols like carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxides, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or dusi, and even
* understand the effects of climate change on the society; and
microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. The velcanic eruption can cause
* illustrate how the community helps in mitigating the hazards a cooling effect to the lithosphere becatse its emitted aerosol can block a
caused by climate change. certain percentage of solar radiation. This cooling effect can last for one
to two years,
Ue te
LEO What happens in violent volcanic eruptions is the release of ash
particles in the stratosphere. The volcanic ashes which have sulfur dioxide
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a United
combine with water vapor. It then forms to sulfuric acid and sulfurous
Nations body that evaluates climate change science, released its report
aerosols. The sulfurous acrosc!s then are transported by easterly or westerly
on globai climate change. The report's important conclusions were the
winds, Volcanoes located near the equator are morc likely to cause global
following: world’s climate has changed significantly over the past century;
cooling because of the wiid pattern. Volcanoes located near to north or
the significant change has human influence; using climate models and if
south poles are less likely to cause cooling because of pole wind pattem,
the trend continues, the global mean surface temperature will increase
the sulfurous acrosols are confined in pole area.
between 1°C and 3,5°C by 2100.
There are several recorded major volcanic eruptions that cause
Why should a few degrees of warming be a cause for a concern?
climate change. Mount Tambora of Indonesia erupted in 1816. It was
According to experts, global climate change could have a greater potential
war. These considered as the largest known eruption in human history. The eruption
to change life in our planet than anythingclse exce pt
a nuclear
caused snowfall in the northeastern United States and Canada. It affected
changes will also lead to a number of potentially serious consequences.
their agricultural lands, losing crops that caused food shortage and increased
But first, what is climate change? Climate change refers to the human mortality.
The ezuptions of Mount Krakatau
of Indonesia in 1883
statistically significant changes in climate for continuous period of-time. and Mount Pinatubo
of the Philippines in 1991 contributed, too,
to the
Factors that contribute to climate change can be natural internal process, cold years
of planet Earth.

@) Science, Technology, and Society” Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society @)
 Orbital Changes of precession is 2 shift in the celestial poles. Five thousand years ago, the
North Star was Thuban in the constellation Draco. Currently, the North
Earth’s orbit can also cause climate change. This was proposed by Star is Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor.
the Milankovitch theory. The Milankovitch theory states “that as the Earth
travels through space around the Sun, cyclical variations in three elements + During the 1940s and 1950s, the theory fell into disrepute due to
of Earth-Sun geometry combine to produce variations in the amount of radiocarbon Gating, indicating a lag in cooling versus insolation and ‘to a
solar energy that reaches Earth (Academic Emporia, 2017). scale problem with high frequency glacial advances (Academic Emporia,
2017). The theory was revived several times throughout the late 1960s to
The three elements that have cyclic variations are eccentricity, the present (Academic Emporia, 2017).
obliquity, and precession.
Eccentricity is a term used to describe the shape of Earth's oroit ©
around the Sun. The inapact of the variation is a change in the amount of The Carbon Dioxide Theory
solar energy from perihelion (around January 3) to aphelion (around July Carbon dioxide (CO,) is added when power and heat are produced
4). The time frame for the cycle is approximately 98,000 years (Academic by burming coal, oil, and other fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is transparent to
Emporia, 2017). Currently Earth's eccentricity is 0.016 and there is about sunshine but not invisible to infrared (heat) radiation leaving the ground.
a 6.4% increase in insolation from July to January (Academic Emporia, Carbon dioxide absorbs part of the infrared radiation in the air and returns
2017). Academic Emporia (2017) states, “The eccentricity influences it to the ground keeping the air near the surface warmer than it would be if
seasonal differences: when Earth is closest to the Sun, it gets more solar the carbon dioxide did not act like a blanket. Doubling the carbon dioxide
radiation. If the perihelion occurs during the winter, the winter is less raises the temperature to 2°C to 3°C.
severe. Ifa hemisphere has its summer while closest to the Sun, summers
are relatively warm.”
Human Activities
Obliquity is the variation of the tilt of Earth's axis away from ibe
orbital plane. As this tilt changes, the seasons become more exaggerated. The Human activities contribute to climate change. The largest known
obliquity changes on a cycle taking approximately 40,000 years. Academic contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases
Emporia (2017) states "the more tilt means more severe seasons—warmer carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases and aerosols
summers and colder winters; less tilt means ! oss severe seasons—cooler affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared
summers and milder winters.” q (thermal) radiation that are part of Earth’s energy balance. Changing the
atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead
Precession is the change in orientation of Earth's rotational axis.
to a warming or.cooling of the climate system. Since the start of the
The precession cycle’ takes about 19,000 to 23, 000 years. Precession is
- industrial era (about 1750), the overall effect of human activities on climate
caused by two factors: a wobble of Earth's axis and a turning around of
has been a warming. influence.. The human impact gn.climate during
the’ elliptical orbit of Earth itself (Academic Emporia, 2017). Obliquity
this cra-greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes,
affected the tilt of Earth's axis, precession affects the direction of Earth's
oe ee eS ee ee such as solar changes and volcanic eruptions. Human activities. result
in.emissions of four principal greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO,),
(closest distance from Sun) and aphelion (farthest distance from Sun), and
methane - (CHy, nitrous oxide (N,0) and the halocarbons (a group of
this increases the’seasonal contrast in one hemisphere while decreasing it
gases containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine). These gases accurm!ate
in the other hemisphere. (Academic Emporia; :2017}. Currently, Earth is
in the atmosphere, causing concentrations to increase with time (www.
closest to the Sun in the Northern Hemisphere winter, which makes the
c02now.org)..
winters there less severe (Academic Emporia, 2017). Another consequence

Chapter IIT: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Socicty @)

 The greenhouse gases mentioned are natural gases. However, the (IPCC, 2007). On September 16, 1986, an international treaty was
high level of these gases in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse adapted. It is called the Montreal Protocol. The treaty aimed to regulate
effect. The increasing amount of these gases is due to huinan activities. the production and use of chemicals that contribute to Ozone layer
High level of carbon dioxide comes from fossil fuel use in transportation; depletion (Britannica, 2017).
and the buildirg, heating, cooling, and manufacture of cement and other
goods. Deforestation releases carbon dioxide and reduces its uptake by Effects of Climate Change on Society
plants. High methane emission is related to agriculture, natural gas
distribution, and landfills. High nitrous oxide is also emitted by human Climate chanye could cause severe affects to all life forms around
activities such as fertilizer use and fossil fuel burning. Halocarbon gas our planet. It direct affects the basic elements of people’s lives like water,
concentrations have increased primarily due to human activities. Principal food, health, use of land, and the environment.
halocarbons include the chlorofluorocarbons (e.g., CFC-11 and CFC-12)
With the average global temperature which is predicted to rise by
which were used extensively as refrigeration agents and in other industrial
2 to °C within the next fifty years, glaciers will continue to melt faster.
processes before their presence in the atmosphere was found to cause
Melting glaciers will increase flood risks during the wet season and strongly
stratospheric ozone depletion. The abundance of chlorofluorocarbon gases
reduce dry-season water suppties to one-sixth of the world’s population,
is decreasing as a result of international regulations designed to protect the
predominantly in the Indian subcontinent, paris of China, and the Andes
ozone layer (The Encyclopedia of Earih, 2016).
in South America. Declining crop yields due to drought, especially in
Ozone is another greenhouse gas that is continually produced and Africa, are likely to leave hundreds of millions without the ability to
destroyed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions In the troposphere, produce or purchase sufficient food. At mid to high latitudes, crop yiclds
human activities have increased ozone through the release of gases such may increase for moderate temperature rises (2 to 3°C), but then decline
as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide, which chemically with greater amounts of warming. Occan edification, a direct result of
react to produce ozone. rising carbon dioxide levels, will have major effects on marine ecosystems,
Halocarbons released by human activities destroy ozoné in the with possible adverse consequences on fish stocks (Stern, 2007).
stratosphere and have caused the ozone hole over Antarctica, While water Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition
vapor is the most abundant and important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, and heat stress. Vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever
human activities have only a small direct influence on the amount of _ could become more widespread if effective control measures are not in
atmospheric water vapor. Indirectly, humans have the potential to affect place. Rising sea levels may result in more flooded areas each year with a
water vapor substantially by changing climate. For example, a warmer warming of 3 or 4°C. There will be serious risks and increasing pressures
atmosphere contains more water vapor. Human activities also influence for coastal protection (Stern, 2007).
water vapor through CH, emissions, because CH, undergoes chemical
Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change,
destruction in the stratosphere, producing a small amount of water vapor,
with one study estimating that around 15-40% of species face extinction
and aerosols, the small particles present in the atmosphere with widely
with 2°C of warming. The consequences of climate change will become
varying size, concentration, and chemical composition..Some aerosols are
disproportionately more damaging with increased warming. Higher
emitted directly into the atmosphere while others are formed from emitted
temperatures will increase the chance of triggering abrupt and large-scale
compounds. Aerosols contain both. naturally occurring compounds and
changes that lead to regional disruption, migration, and conflict. Warming
those emitted as a result of human activities, Fossil fuel and biomass
may induce sudden shifts in regional weather patterns like the monsoons
burming have increased aerosols containing sulphur compounds, organic
or the El Nifio. Such changes would have severe consequences for water
compounds, and black carbon (soot). Human activities such as surface
availability and flooding in tropical regions and threaten the livelihood

se nee
mining and industrial processes have increased dust in the atmosphere
Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society G)
ne

‘i

i
 y Pa ere Saeed SS vor Oe RE a OR Ses
5s:

of billions. Melting or collapse of ice sheets would raise sea levels and REFERENCES
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Britannica. (n.d.). “Montreal Protocol.” Accessed August 1, 2017.

Climate change is a worldwide issue that we have to face. Climate
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Real Climate. (2010). "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Gilbert Plass.”
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2. Is climate change preventable? Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Affects People Around the
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climate_change_main.

1. Group Work. Each group will create an infomercial showing how

the community can help mitigate the hazards caused by climate
change.
2. featiiacal Werk: Creme kn: pdrotecy campelea by imekiog’a
. poster via social media that tells about how the community will
Be le ete eee

Qa Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society @)

De RE ae ae aa dr rns
ar