7 VI June 2019

7 VI June 2019
http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.6414
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue VI, June 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com
Analysis on Mix Design of M25 Grade of

Concrete- A Case Study on Modification of
Terminal Building at Silchar Airport
Abdul Aziz1, A Ramakrishnaiah2
1
M.Tech. Scholar of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Golden Valley
Integrated Campus, Angallu, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
2
Associate Professor cum HOD, Department of Civil Engineering, Golden Valley Integrated Campus, Angallu, Andhra Pradesh,
INDIA
Abstract: Concrete mix design is art of civil engineering, which is most widely use in construction work in the world. A good
quality of concrete starts with proper quality of materials, cost effective design which results the valuable construction practice.
A concrete mix design mainly carried out the characteristics of workability, durability and strength of concrete in fresh and
hardened state.
This study investigates for determining most suitable concrete mix in order to achieve the target mean strength. In this research
work 43 grade of ordinary Portland cement, the locally available fine aggregate i.e. sand, 20mm and 10mm graded coarse
aggregate were selected based on IS:456-2000 and IS 10262-2009 standard for determining quantities and proportions for
concrete having grade M25.
A total of six trial mixes were carried out for getting suitable selection for M25 grade of concrete in a better way of
proportioning. Each mix were tested by slump instantly and a set of 6 numbers of cubical specimen having size 150mm X
150mm X 150mm were casted and kept in curing tank after 24 hours from casting time period. After age of 7 days of curing, the
specimens of 3 numbers and after 28 days of curing, the specimens of remaining 3 numbers of each mix were tested. After
observing of the variation of each mix design, the appropriate mix proportion were selected for further construction.
Keywords: Mix design, Compressive strength, Water/cement ratio, Curing, Target mean strength, Aggregates, IS method.
I. INTRODUCTION
A mix design is mostly economically, preparing with raw materials such as cement, fine aggregate or river sand, coarse aggregate,
water, in a proper batching and mixing proportion which results the better quality of concrete work of required strength, durability
workability, and prevent from failure of construction practice which is termed as concrete mix design. In mix design of concrete, the
basic ingredients compare with nominal concrete are slightly same but their proportioning may vary. A fresh concrete which is
workable and cohesive at its initial setting time.
When it becomes hardened, it should be strong enough and durable. Sometimes, concrete fails due to low quality of materials, more
silt content, improper batching and mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and curing, etc. Concrete mix design is very useful in
quality control in construction.
Improper or without curing of concrete results plastic shrinkage cracking as well as drying shrinkage and other side effects.
Characteristics strength of concrete is the value of compressive strength which must be satisfy for concrete grade selection with
respect to its ingredients properties. Different mix design methods carried out for target mean strength or design strength in a
different way. Here, the concrete mix design of M25 grade is use to estimate parameters like compressive strength, cost effective at
the stage of design for a given target strength, in addition to ingredients of concrete to carried out the R.C.C work for construction
and modification of terminal building at Silchar Airport.
A. Purpose of Mix Design

The aim of concrete mix design is to use the proper ingredients proportion of M25 grade of concrete to fulfil the necessary
requirements of the construction of R.C.C work in building at Silchar Airport with the features of quality control in order to
maintain-
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2463

1) To control the desired workability in the plastic stage.

2) To achieve the appropriate strength when concrete is in hardened stage.
3) It should maintain the better durability in case of environmental factors.
4) To be carried out the good quality of construction practice as much as possible.
5) It should produce concrete as economically as possible.
B. Necessary Consideration and basic factors

1) Specification of Materials: For the designing of concrete mix, it should necessary to observe at least the basic properties of each
and every ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture, water.
2) Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Table 1: Properties of cement

Sl. No Particulars Value Specification
1. Brand Dalmia Bharat Cement
2. Specific Gravity 3.12
3. Consistency 26
4. Initial Setting Time (Minute) 60 As per IS 8112-2013
5. Final Setting Time (Minute) 328
6. Soundness, (mm) 1
7. Fineness, (Percentage) 3
8. Compressive strength at 28 43
days, (MPa)
3) Water: Water is using in mix design as a ingredients. Potable water is important for batching and mixing to produce concrete as
because it reacts with cement and hence results in hydration.
4) Fine Aggregate: Normally river sand is use in here as fine aggregate from Madura river, Silchar local area. The sand is tested as
per IS 383:1970 requirement. In addition, sieve analysis has also carried out.
Table 2: Properties of Fine Aggregate (river sand)

1. Source Madura River
2. Zone IV
3. Specific Gravity 2.312 As per IS383-1970
4. Water Absorption 2.62
(Percentage)
5. Bulking (Percentage) 11.11
6. Silt Content (Percentage) 3.5
Table 3: Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate

Sl. No IS Sieve Passing Specification
(Percentage)
1. 10mm 100
2. 4.75mm 100
3. 2.36mm 93.34
4. 1.18mm 89.75
5. 600 83.60 As per IS 2386-
1963
6. 300 12.72
7. 150 1.42
8. 75 0

5) Coarse Aggregate: Normally crushed stone with having 10mm and 20mm sizes are taken for construction work from Madura
river, locality of Silchar area. The aggregate is also tested as per IS 383:1970 standard.
Table 4: Properties of Coarse Aggregate

1. Source Madura River
2. Shape- Angular 10mm 20mm
3. Specific Gravity 2.69 2.69 As per IS383-1970
4. Water Absorption (Percentage) 1.16 1.09
5. Moisture Content (Percentage) 0.44 0.50
6. Aggregate Crushing value 20.22 20.39
(Percentage)
Table 5: Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (10mm size)

Sl. No IS Sieve Passing Specification
(Percentage)
1. 20mm 100
2. 12.5mm 100 As per IS 2386-1963
3. 10mm 85.11
4. 4.75mm 3.17
5. 2.36mm 0
Table 6: Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (20mm size)

Sl. No IS Sieve Passing (Percentage) Specification
1. 40mm 100
2. 25mm 100
3. 20mm 86.11 As per IS 2386-1963
4. 12.5mm 10.17
5. 10mm 1.35
6. 4.75mm 0
6) Admixture: Admixture are manufactured from super plasticizer based chemicals naphthalene formaldehyde sulphate polymer
are used. Mainly admixtures is used as air-entraining agents, water reducers, water reducing retarders and accelerators. Here,
admixture uses as per IS 9103-2003 standards.
Table 7: Properties of Admixture
1. Brand SWC
2. Form Liquid
3. Specific Gravity 1.121 As per IS 9103-2003
4. PH value 7.3
5. Chloride Nil
Content
6. Colour Brown
As per IS:456-2000, characteristics compressive strength for M25 grade of concrete and its proportion are mentioned below the
table 8. Abram’s water/cement ratio states that for any given condition of test, the strength of workability of concrete mix is mainly
depending upon of its water/cement ratio. Applicable of lower water/cement ratio results the greater accuracy of compressive
strength as well as durability of concrete. Utilization of maximum cement content which avoid shrinkage cracks. Also to be focus
for maximum aggregate/cement ratio which can also be economically in nature.

Table 8: Design contraction data for M25 grade of concrete

Sl. No. Data Value
1. Concrete grade M25
3. Characteristics Compressive Strength 25
N/mm2
4. Group for concrete type Standard concrete
5. Max, coarse aggregate size 20mm
6. Slump (mm) 50-75
7. Exposure Condition Mild
8. Quality Control Good
10. Workability for compacting factor 0.85
11. Target Mean Strength 31.60
12. Standard Deviation 4
13. Entrapped-Air, (percentage) 2%
C. Method of Mix Design as per IS:456-2000 and IS 10260:2009

The Bureau of Indian Standard code IS:456-2000 and IS 10260:2009 has recommended the process of concrete ingredients and its
design mix procedure.
Water/cement ratio is the main fact to get the compressive strength of concrete. With proper assumption of water/cement ratio
results the better quality of workable concrete. As per IS standards, depending upon on the grade of concrete as well as the type of
exposure, the water/cement ratio is to be selected.
In case of selection of water content, it is also depends upon on the slump value as well as maximum size of coarse aggregate,
whereas depending upon the zone of fine aggregate, and the maximum size of coarse aggregate results the variation of coarse
aggregate volume.
As per IS 383:1970 standards, there are several factors such as shape and size of coarse and fine aggregate, water content, quality,
quantity and grade of cement influence the concrete mix design. Using absolute volume method results the batch wise weight of
each ingredient of concrete for design mix whereas trial mix has to be followed for selecting the best mix design for concrete in
construction practice. Table 8 is to be follow-up for necessary features of concrete mix design having M25 grade in trial mix
procedure. Characteristics compressive strength (Fck) is obtained from the cube test results after the curing of cube specimen(s)
place in a dry weather with minimum of 12 hours and hence tested in compressive test machine. The compressive load is found
562.5 KN.
Formula for getting compressive strength of concrete-
Compressive strength of concrete (Fck) = Maximum compressive load (F)/ Cross sectional area of cube (A)
Whereas, A= 150mm X 150mm = 22500mm2
F = 562.5 KN = 562500N
So, compressive strength of concrete, Fck = F/A = 562500/22500
= 25 N/mm2
= 25/9.8
= 2.55 Kg/mm2,
Whereas, 1Kg is equal to 9.8N.
D. Procedure for M25 grade of concrete mix design

1) Step 1: Determination of Target Mean Strength for mix design-
The target mean strength of concrete is found from the characteristics compressive strength of cube at an age of 28 days is-
Ftarget = Fck + (t x s)
= 25 + (1.65 x 4),

Where, Ftarget: Target mean strength at an age of 28 days of concrete in N/mm2.

Fck: Characteristics compressive strength at an age of 28 days = 25 N/mm2.
t: Tolerance factor = 1.65
s: standard deviation (taken from table 8, IS:456-2000) = 4,
whereas standard deviation is depends upon on the selected proportion having low results as well as the number of tests carried out.
2) Step 2: Selection and calculation of water content-
Table 9: IS:456-2000-Durability criteria
Exposure Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete
Min cement Max Min Min cement Max Min
(Kg/m3) w/c Grade (Kg/m3) w/c Grade
Mild 220 0.60 ----- 300 0.55 M20
Moderate 240 0.60 M15 300 0.50 M25
Severe 250 0.50 M20 320 0.45 M30
Very Severe 260 0.45 M20 340 0.45 M35
Extreme 280 0.40 M25 360 0.40 M40
3
From the above table of IS:456-2000, minimum cement content for mild exposure condition is 300Kg/m .
But the grade of concrete is M25 and water/cement ratio is 0.437 and maximum cement content is 450 Kg/m3 (as per IS:456-2000,
clause 8.2.4.2).
As per table5, IS 10262-2009, water content for 20mm maximum size of aggregate = 186Kg/m3.
As per IS 10262-2009, clause 4.2, we can increase 3% for every additional 25mm slump, hence water content = 186 + 3% of 186 =
186 + 5.58 = 191.6Kg/m3.
As admixture is used, the water content can be reduced by 11.3% and above.
From the above figure and table 5 of IS:456-2000, maximum water/cement ratio for mild exposure condition is 0.55 and the zone of
fine aggregate is IV.
Considering water/cement ratio as (0.55-0.113) =0.437.
So, 0.437<0.55, hence satisfy.
The actual water content to be used = 191.6 –{(11.3/100) x 191.6}= 169.94 litres/m3.
3) Step 3: Calculation cement content-
As per table5 of IS:456-2000, for mild exposure condition, minimum cement content = 300Kg/m3.
Water/cement ratio= 0.437
Water used in = 169.94 litres//m3.
So, {Water content (W)/ Cement content (C)} = 0.437
C= 169.94/0.437 = 388.88 Kg/m3 = 390 (aprox.)
4) Step 4: Calculation of volume of coarse and fine aggregate content-
As per table 3 of IS 10262-2009, clause 4.4, A-7 and B-7, Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size of aggregate
and zone IV of fine aggregate for water/cement ration of 0.55 is equal to 0.66m3.
Actual water/cement ratio = 0.437, which is less by 0.55 – 0.437 = 0.113
Reducing water/cement ratio, it is desirable to increase the coarse aggregate proportion reduce fine aggregate in order to satisfy as
per IS code provisions.
Hence,
For every decreasing 5% of water/cement ratio, coarse aggregate proportion has increased by 1%.
So, for decreasing 0.113x 100 % = 11.3 % of water/cement ratio, it is desirable to increase coarse aggregate upto = (1/5) 11.3%
=0.0226m3.
Final proportion volume of coarse aggregate = 0.66 + 0.0226 = 0.6826m3
Volume of fine aggregate = 1- 0.06826 = 0.3174m3.

5) Step 5: Design mix calculation as per IS method-

Mix design calculation per unit volume of concrete can achieve by-
a) Volume of Aggregate, VAgg= 1- (Vw + Vc + VA + VAir),….Eq1
b) Volume of concrete, V= 1m3
c) Volume of Cement, Vc =(Wc)/(Sc x 1000) = 390/(3.12 x 1000)= 0.125m3
d) Volume of water, Vw = (Ww)/(Sw x 1000) = 169.94/(1 X 1000) = 0.17m3
e) Volume of admixture, VAdm =(W A)/(SAdm x 1000)
Dosage 0.21% by weight of cementation material and also assuming specific gravity as 1.121.
= [{(0.21/100) x 390} / (1.121 X 1000)]= 0.000731 m3.
Where,
V: Volume of concrete
Vc: Volume of cement
C: Weight of cement
Sc: Specific gravity of cement
Vw: Volume of water
Ww: Weight of water
Sw: Specific gravity of water = 1
VAdm: Volume of admixture
W A : Weight of admixture
SAdm: Specific gravity of admixture
VAir: Volume of air-entrapped
VC.A: Volume of coarse aggregate
WC.A: Weight of coarse aggregate
SC.A: Specific gravity coarse aggregate
VF.A: Volume of fine aggregate
WF.A: Weight of fine aggregate
SF.A: Specific gravity of fine aggregate
f) Volume of air-entrapped, VAir = 2% for 20mm maximum size of coarse aggregate = 0.02 m3.
g) Volume of coarse aggregate, VC.A= {(WC.A)/(SC.A X 1000)},...Eq2
h) Volume of fine aggregate, VF.A= {( WF.A)/( SF.A X 1000),…… Eq3
Putting above values in equation1, results-
VAgg = 1- (0.17+0.125+0.00731+0.02) =0.6843m3
i.e. VC.A+ VF.A =0.6843m3
From Eq2,
WC.A= VAgg x VC.A x SC.A x 1000 =0.6843x 0.6826x 2.6832x 1000 =1253.333
Also, consider-
Coarse aggregate with 20mm size = 60% of WC.A
= 0.6 X 1253.333 =752Kg
Coarse aggregate with 10mm size = 40% of WC.A
= 0.4 X 1253.333 =501.34Kg
From Eq3,
WF.A= VAgg x VF.A x SF.A x 1000= 0.6843x0.3174x2.312x1000 =502.164Kg.
So weight of admixture,
WA= (0.21/100)x 390 = 0.82ml

Table 10: Data can be written in tabulated form as-

Sl. No. Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Admixture
(Kg) (River sand, in Kg) (Kg) (Litre) (ml)
1 390 502.164 10mm 20mm 169.94 0.82
752 501.34
E. Trial Mix Design

For getting better cube strength of M25 grade of concrete with respect to cost economically, the above mix proportion are carried
out with the variation of water/cement ratio as follows-
1) Trial Mix 1: For cement content having 360 Kg/m3 , water/cement ratio= 0.437
Water content = 0.437 x 360 = 157.32 litres.
For casting a set of cube 150mm x 150mm x150mm having 6 numbers of specimen for trail mix 1 with the reference of 360 Kg/m3
of cement content in order to brought a weight of 25Kg of cement weighted by weight machine and other ingredients are also
followed in the same manner, such as-
Cement content for cube casting= 25Kg under 360Kg/m3
Fine aggregate (river sand) = (502.164/ 360)x25 = 34.87Kg
Coarse aggregate (Crushing stone)
10mm: (501.34/360)x25 =34.82Kg
20mm: (752/360)x25 =52.22Kg
Admixture: (0.82/360) x 25 = 0.06ml
Water Content: (157.32/360)x25 = 10.925 litres.
After mixing of all concrete ingredients, instantly slump test has carried out for each trial mix. A slump cone has checked properly
before pouring of concrete and fill-up in three steps having equal volume and asset of 25 times has compacted by a temping rod in
each steps, as prescribed by IS:1199-1959. Slump value has carried out for getting the workability of concrete in each of trail mix
and comparing these values with the data above in tabulated.
Similarly, each cube specimen has casted in three steps having equal volume and a set of 35 times has compacted by a temping rod
in each steps of each specimen and placing in a dry weather for 12 hours after casting with providing of each cube ID. After 12
hours, all the trial mix cube specimen (each trial mix has 6 cube casted specimen, a total of 36 cube has casted) placed in water tank
for curing purpose. For each trial mix, 3 out 6 cubes specimen are taken out and places in a dry weather condition for few hours and
need to carried out for testing in compressive test machine for getting each and every cube specimens. Strength at the age of 7 and
28 days as prescribed in IS516-1959 an acceptance criteria of IS:456-2000 standards.
Figure 1: Slump Testing for workablility

Figure 2: Cube casting (step by step) for trail mix
Table 11: The above trail mix 1 are in tabulated form as-
Sl. No. Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Admixtur Slump
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Litre) e (ml) (mm)
Trial 360 502.164 10mm 20mm 157.32 0.82
Mix1 752 501.34
Sample1 25 34.87 52.22 34.82 10.925 0.06 Nil
Similarly, for other trail mixes, same procedure has been carried out.
2) Trial Mix 2,3,4,5 and 6: Similarly, it has followed in the same manner for 370 Kg/m3, 380 Kg/m3, 390 Kg/m3, 400 Kg/m3 and
410 Kg/m3 with having 25Kg of each cement sample weighted with respect to its other ingredients-
Table 12: Trial mix 2,3,4,5 and 6 are in tabulated form

Sl. No. Cement Fine Coarse aggregate Water Admixture Slump
(Kg) Aggregate (Kg) (Litre) (ml) (mm)
(Kg)
Trial Mix2 370 502.164 10mm 20mm 161.69 0.82
752 501.34
Sample 2 25 33.93 50.81 33.87 10.925 0.055 Nil
Trial Mix3 380 502.164 752 501.34 166.06 0.82
Sample 3 25 33.04 49.47 32.98 10.925 0.05 20
Trial Mix4 390 502.164 752 501.34 169.94 0.82
Sample 4 25 32.20 48.21 32.14 10.90 0.05 Nil
Trial Mix5 400 502.164 752 501.34 174.80 0.82
Sample 5 25 31.39 47 31.33 10.925 0.05 48
Trial Mix6 410 502.164 752 501.34 179.17 0.82
Sample 6 25 30.62 45.85 30.47 10.925 0.05 20

a) Step 7: Results of Trail mix design

It has observe that in all trail mix design whereas sample-4 has provides better strength which is also cost economically compared
with sample-5 and sample-6 and satisfied for construction of R.C.C work in terminal building at Silchar Airport with M25 grade of
concrete.
Table 13: Selected appropriate trail mix design for further construction
Sl. No. Cement Fine Coarse aggregate Water Admixture
(Kg) Aggregate (Kg) (Litre) (ml)
(Kg)
Trial Mix2 390 502.164 10mm 20mm 169.94 0.82
752 501.34
Sample 2 25 32.20 48.21 32.14 10.90 0.05
Figure 3: Cube testing for getting Compressive strength of sampl
Table 14: Cube test results for 390 Kg/m3, trial mix-4, sample-4
Sl. No Cube Id 7 Days Cube Strength 28 Days Cube Strength Selection
2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm )
Individual Average Individual Average Yes No
Trial 39/22/1 23.15
Mix 4 39/22/2 24.10 23.38 ---
and 39/22/3 22.90 Yes
Sample4
39/22/4 26.19
39/22/5 26.50 26.67
39/22/6 27.25
II. CONCLUSION
The present study was undertaken to develop the strength characterises from the variation of different strength in design mix
methodology for M25 grade of concrete. The appropriate selection of mix design of proper proportion of ingredients of concrete
results the better way in construction practices rather than structural failure. We should keep in mind that concrete strength is not
only depends upon the water content in a mix proportion but several factors effects on it for the selection of any grade of concrete.
Practically, each and every materials’ properties is necessary to obtain and should test for quality of work. Admixture as well as
increasing of aggregate with decreasing of water content results the good compressive strength of concrete to the satisfactory target
mean strength. We should follow up IS provisions while selecting of mix design of concrete.

III. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Abdul Aziz was bron in 1994 at Nilambazar town in Karimganj district, Assam. He received his Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering from Holy Mary Institute of Technology, under Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad in 2017.
Currently, he is a final year student of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering with specialization in Structural Engineering and
Construction Management from Golden Valley Integrated Campus, previously B.E.S Group of Institution, Angallu, Chittoor district
under Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur. His research interest lies in “A Case Study on Modification of
Terminal Building at Silchar Airport”.
A Ramakrishnaiah working as associate professor cum HOD in Civil Engineering Department of Golden Valley Integrated Campus
Angallu, Chittor district, Andhra Pradesh. His major research work lies in Structural Engineering, Concrete Technology, Analysis
and design of structure.
REFERENCES
[1] IS:456-2000 “Plain and reinforce concrete” code of practice.
[2] IS 10262-2009 “Guide lines for concrete mix design”
[3] IS 383-1970 “Specifications for coarse and fine aggregate”
[4] M.S. Shetty- Concrete Technology theory and practice.
[5] IS 516-1959 “Methods of tests for strength of concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[6] Alexander, M., and Mindess, S., “Aggregates in concrete” CRC Press(2010).
[7] Standard practice for selecting proportion for normal, heavy weight and mass concrete, ACI-211.1-9,(1992), ACI Committee-011, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
[8] Neville, A.M., “Properties of concrete,”,(1973), Publishers The English Language Book Society., PP629/632.
[9] D.S. Prakash Rao and V. Giridhar Kumar, “Investigation on concrete with stone crusher as fine aggregate”, The Indian Concrete Journal July-2014.
[10] Raju N.K,: Design of concrete mixes, 4th edition, CBS Publisher, New Delhi (2007).

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7 VI June 2019

Analysis on Mix Design of M25 Grade of

A. Purpose of Mix Design

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2463

1) To control the desired workability in the plastic stage.

B. Necessary Consideration and basic factors

Table 1: Properties of cement

Table 2: Properties of Fine Aggregate (river sand)

Table 3: Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2464

Table 4: Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Table 5: Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (10mm size)

Table 6: Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (20mm size)

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2465

Table 8: Design contraction data for M25 grade of concrete

C. Method of Mix Design as per IS:456-2000 and IS 10260:2009

D. Procedure for M25 grade of concrete mix design

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2466

Where, Ftarget: Target mean strength at an age of 28 days of concrete in N/mm2.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2467

5) Step 5: Design mix calculation as per IS method-

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2468

Table 10: Data can be written in tabulated form as-

E. Trial Mix Design

Figure 1: Slump Testing for workablility

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2469

Figure 2: Cube casting (step by step) for trail mix

Table 12: Trial mix 2,3,4,5 and 6 are in tabulated form

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2470

a) Step 7: Results of Trail mix design

Figure 3: Cube testing for getting Compressive strength of sampl

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2471

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 2472

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