Volatile Oils

Volatile oils  Peppermint (Mentha piperita) – menthol,
menthyl acetate.
 Volatile oils or essential oils, as their name
implies, are volatile in steam. They differ Aldehydes
entirely in both chemical and physical properties
from fixed oils. These oils are contained largely  Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) -
as such in a plant. They are secreted in oil cells, cinnamaic aldehyde, eugenol, terpenes
in secretion ducts or cavities or in glandular
hairs.  Cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) - Cinnamic
aldehyde
Composition of volatile oils
 Lemon (Citrus limon) - citral; limonene
• Terpenes or sesquiterpenes
 Lemon grass (Cymbopogan spp) - citral and
citronellal
 Turpentine (Pinus spp) - pinenes, camphene
 Citron-scented cucalyptus (Eucalyptus
citriodora) – citronellal.
 Juniper (Juniperus communis) - pinene,
camphene; sesquiterpenes; candinene, alcohols
Ketones
 Cade (Juniper Tar Oil) - Juniperus oxycedrus -
sesquiterpenes (cadinene); phenols  Spearmint (Mentha spicata and M. cardiaca) -
(guaiacol,cresol). carvone, limonene, esters
Alcohols  Caraway (Carum carvi) - Carvone, limonene
 Coriander (Coriander sativum) - linalol, terpenes  Dill (Anethum graveolens) - Carvone, limonene
 Otto of rose (Rosa spp) - Rosa spp. - geraniol,

 Sage (Salvia officinalis) - thujone, camphor,
citronellol, esters.
cineole.
 Geranium (Pelargonium spp) - geraniol;
citronellol, esters.  Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) - Thujone;
thujyl alcohol, azulenes.
 Indian or Turkish geranium (Cymbopogan spp)
– geraniol.
Phenols
 Sandalwood (Santalum album) - santalols,
 Cinnamon leaf (Cinnamonum verum Presl.) -
esters, aldehydes.
eugenol
 Clove (Syzygiumm aromaticum) - eugenol,
Esters and alcohols
acetyl eugenol, methyl pentyl ketone, vanillin
 Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) - linalol, linalyl
 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) – Thymol
acetate, ethyl-pentyl ketone
 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - borneol and  Horsemint (Monarda punctata) – thymol

linalol, bornyl acetate, terpenes; cineole
 Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) – thymol
 Pumilo pine (Pinus mugo var. pumilo) - bornyl
acetate, terpenes, sesquiterpenes
 Compounds formed via the shikimic acid-
phenylpropanoid route.
Ethers
 Anise or star anise (Pimpinella anisum and
Illicium verum) - anethole, chavicol methyl TERPINOIDS - natural products that can be separated
ether. into isoprene units 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
(isoprenoids)
 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) - anethole,
Volatile oils
fenchone.
 ELEOPTENE-liquid
 Eucalyptus (Ecalyptus globulus) - cincole,  STEREOPTENE- solid
terpenes.
Characteristics
 Cajuput (Melaleuca spp) - cineole, terpenes,  Can be distilled
alcohols and ester.  Do not have glycerol
 No permanent grease spot
 Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) - safrole;  Not saponifiable by alkalis
terpenes.  Do not become rancid
 Oxidize and resinify
 Parsley (Petroselinum sativum) – apiole.  Odor and refractive index
 Indian dill (Peucedanum soja) - Dill apiole METHODS
 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) - myristicin,  DISTILLATION- water, steam, water & steam,
terpenes, alcohols, phenol. destructive distillation
 EXPRESSION- mechanical means, ecuelle
 Peroxides method
 ENFLEURAGE
 Chenopodium (Cheropodium ambrosioides) –  EXTRACTION
ascaridole
ENFLEURAGE METHOD
 Nontrepenoid and derived from glycosides
 Mustard (Brasicca spp) – Glucosinolates
 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) - methyl

salicylate
 Bitter almond (Prunus communis) - HC
Volatile oils
 The odoriferous principles found in plants, also
known as ethereal oil and essential oil.
2 CLASSES OF CONSTITUENTS
 Aromatic Terpenoid derivatives formed via the
acetate- mevalonic acid pathway.
Thyme and thyme oil
 From Thymus vulgaris and thymus zygis
 Content: thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, y-

Volatile oils terminene, with linalol b-myrcene and terpinen
• Dementholized mint oil
• From Mentha arvensis content: cineole, limonene Lavender oil
• Sage leaf
• From Salvia officinalis (Labiateae) content: a-thujone,  From Lavandula angustifolia
b- thujone, cineole, borneol
• Use: antiseptic and astringent for mouthwash  Uses: for toiletry and perfumery industries, in
ointments to mask disagreeable odors, as an
anti-arthropod preparation Gamma Benzene
Hexachloride Application. Flowers are treatment of
flatulent dyspepsia, topically as oil for rheumatic pain.
And aroma theraphy.
Rosemary oil
• From Rosmarinus officinalis
• Use: perfumery, component in soap liniment,

aromatheraphy
Oil of Rose (Otto or Attar of Rose)
 From Rosa damascena
• Contents: alcohol geraniol, citronellol, nerol and 2-

Phenylethanol.
 Uses: perfumery
Caraway and caraway oil

 From dried fruits of Carum carvi
(Umbelliferae)
• Contents: in volatile oils, it contains ketone

carvone and the terepene limonene
• Uses: culinary purposes, flavoring and carminative
Coriander and coriander oil
• From Coriander sativum (Umbelliferae)
• Contents: linalool
 Uses: used in curries, flavoring agent,

carminative
VOLATILE OILS
 Anise and aniseed oil
 Star anise fruit and oil
 Chinese star anise (Illicium verum)
 Use: flavoring agent and carminative
Bitter fennel and sweet fennel (Foccinulum

vulgare)
 Constituents: anethole
Cumin
 From dried fruits of Cumminum cyminum
 Constituents: cuminic aldehyde, pinene and a-

terpino

Volatile Oils

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Volatile Oils

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Volatile oils  Peppermint (Mentha piperita) – menthol,

Alcohols  Caraway (Carum carvi) - Carvone, limonene

 Otto of rose (Rosa spp) - Rosa spp. - geraniol,

 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - borneol and  Horsemint (Monarda punctata) – thymol

 Indian dill (Peucedanum soja) - Dill apiole METHODS

 Mustard (Brasicca spp) – Glucosinolates

 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) - methyl

 Bitter almond (Prunus communis) - HC

 From Thymus vulgaris and thymus zygis

 Content: thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, y-

• From Rosmarinus officinalis

• Use: perfumery, component in soap liniment,

Oil of Rose (Otto or Attar of Rose)

 From Rosa damascena

• Contents: alcohol geraniol, citronellol, nerol and 2-

Caraway and caraway oil

• Contents: in volatile oils, it contains ketone

• Uses: culinary purposes, flavoring and carminative

Coriander and coriander oil

• From Coriander sativum (Umbelliferae)

 Uses: used in curries, flavoring agent,

 Star anise fruit and oil

 Chinese star anise (Illicium verum)

 Use: flavoring agent and carminative

Bitter fennel and sweet fennel (Foccinulum

 From dried fruits of Cumminum cyminum

 Constituents: cuminic aldehyde, pinene and a-

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