SYNOPSIS

Determination of water quality by using AI 2022-2023
DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY BY USING

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS
INTRODUCTION
Water is the most significant resource of life, crucial for supporting the life of most existing
creatures and human beings. Living organisms need water with enough quality to continue
their lives. There are certain limits of pollutions that water species can tolerate. Exceeding
these limits affects the existence of these creatures and threatens their lives. Most ambient
water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and streams have specific quality standards that indicate
their quality. Moreover, water specifications for other applications/usages possess their
standards. For example, irrigation water must be neither too saline nor contain toxic materials
that can be transferred to plants or soil and thus destroying the ecosystems. Water quality for
industrial uses also requires different properties based on the specific industrial processes.
Some of the low-priced resources of fresh water, such as ground and surface water, are
natural water resources. However, such resources can be polluted by human/industrial
activities and other natural processes.
Hence, rapid industrial development has prompted the decay of water quality at a disturbing
rate. Furthermore, infrastructures, with the absence of public awareness, and less hygienic
qualities, significantly affect the quality of drinking water. In fact, the consequences of
polluted drinking water are so dangerous and can badly affect health, the environment, and
infrastructures. As per the United Nations (UN) report, about 1.5 million people die each year
because of contaminated water-driven diseases. In developing countries, it is announced that
80% of health problems are caused by contaminated water. Five million deaths and 2.5
billion
illnesses are reported annually. Such a mortality rate is higher than deaths resulting from
accidents, crimes, and terrorist attacks.
Water quality is important to the sustainability of a diversion scheme. Predicting water

quality involves forecasting variation patterns in the quality of a water system at a certain
time. Water quality prediction is important for water quality preparation and regulation.
Strategies for the prevention and regulation of water contamination can be developed by
predicting future changes in water safety at varying levels of contamination and devising
rational strategies to prevent and regulate water contamination. In water diversion schemes,
the general consistency of water should be estimated. A large volume of water is transported
to address everyday drinking issues. Thus, strategies should be investigated for forecasting
water quality in current society with advanced computing using artificial intelligence (AI)
techniques, the modelling
of water quality has been developed to resolve water quality issues. Artificial neural networks
(ANNs) have aided in the monitoring of water quality systems by predicting changes in water
quality. They can immensely improve the efficiency of aquaculture.
Currently, researchers mostly emphasize enhancing the applicability and reliability of water
quality prediction/modelling by using a variety of new technologies such as Fuzzy logic,
Department Of Civil Engineering C.I.T. Gubbi 1|Page

stochastic, ANN, and deep learning. proposed four machine learning algorithms, namely,
Support Vector Machines (SVM), Neural Networks (NN), Deep Neural Networks, and k-
Nearest Neighbors (KNN), for the prediction of water quality. Using single feed-forward
neural networks to classify water quality, 25 parameters have been included as input
parameters. To estimate the dissolved oxygen (DO) by employing the ANN model, estimate
the WQI by using an ANN model, and the Internet of Things (IOT) technology was applied
to collect the dataset from water resources, by application of the technology to machine
learning approaches like ANN and regression to predict the chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and ANN with Bayesian regularization to estimate the water quality index (WQI). However,
the radial-basis-function (RBF), a type of the ANN model, was used for the prediction and
classification of water quality.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM:
Developing highly efficient advanced artificial intelligence models to determine the water
quality index (WQI)) and water quality classification (WQC) based on artificial neural
networks and Fuzzy systems.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this research is to develop a reliable method for forecasting water quality
with a proposed model as precisely as necessary. The following are the suitable approaches:
1. To create an artificial neural network model for WQI prediction.

2. To model WQI evaluation using fuzzy logic.
3. Describe and demonstrate the dataset’s significant distribution and feature correlation.
4. Based on prior research, select the most important features for WQC and categorize
three distinct types of water quality based on WQI rate.
5. SVM, NN, MLR, BTM, and RF algorithms are used to optimize model performance.
6. The proposed model approaches: develop a software application that uses the MLR
algorithm to predict water quality in real time for these three types of WQ.
METHODOLOGY
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)
A large amount of data have to be used to assess water quality. Traditional methods (for
example, linear and non-linear regression) do not fully satisfy the needs of researchers, and
artificial neural network (ANN) models come to the fore. ANNs are a family of models
whose architecture is based on biological neural networks. Scientists consider ANNs as a
collection of artificial neurons that are systematized into one interconnected network. The
neural network can detect implicit relationships between inputs and outputs and is able to
predict the water quality index. It is enough to train the network, and in the future, it will be
able to predict values based on previous experience. In addition, ANN models are able to
work effectively with a non-linear relationship between data and provide high accuracy of
forecasts. Creating an ANN requires an appropriate network structure, a number of inputs and

outputs and the number of epochs used for simulation. The selection of the optimal network
structure occurs by using experience and trial and error. Choosing the optimal network
architecture, activation function, loss function and optimization algorithm is an important
step to approximate complex non-linear relationships.
The ANN applications solving problems of the real world include a wide range of scientific
fields from finance to hydrology and fall into the three categories: (i) pattern classification,
(ii) prediction, and (iii) control and optimization . Clustering, classification, and simulation in
the ANN models are performed with different kinds of structures related to the ANN models.
The ANN models are categorized into three groups: (i) static ANN, (ii) dynamic ANN, and
(iii) statistical ANN. Static ANN model is known as a multilayer perceptron neural network
model, dynamic neural network models such as tapped delay lines and recurrent neural
network models, and statistical neural network models such as radial basis function model,
and generalized regression neural network model. It may also be possible to combine the
ANN model with other optimization techniques, for example, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference
system for the better prediction purposes. One of the most important implications of the ANN
is in hydrological systems, and this chapter provides an insight into the concept, background,
theory, classification, and application of the ANN models in hydrology and water resources
management.
FUZZY SYSTEM
The use of mathematical modelling allows situations that arise and proceed in an uncertain
environment to be simulated. Given the dynamic variability and a significant number of
variables, there is a trend in the mathematical modelling of water quality to develop methods
that minimize uncertainty and facilitate the numerical solution of problems. One of the
methods is fuzzy logic, which generalizes classical set theory and formal logic. Fuzzy logic is
an extension of classical logic and can be used to solve problems that have a significant
amount of subjectivity. The main reason for the appearance of a new theory was the presence
of fuzzy reasoning in the description of processes, systems and objects by a person. Fuzzy
logic is capable of handling linguistic, vague and uncertain data and can be defined as a
logical, reliable and transparent process of collecting and using data that creates opportunities
for decision
making in the environment. Fuzzy logic tools and capabilities are used to assess water quality
by calculating the WQI. Modelling ecological systems is a challenging scientific task because
researchers often fail to make accurate statements about inputs and results. Fuzzy logic can
be applied to the development of environmental monitoring indicators to solve this problem.
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Volume 1:

Recommendations; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1993; ISBN
978-92-4-154460-3.

2. UN water, “Clean water for a healthy world,” Development, 2010,
https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ presscenter/articles/2010/03/22/clean-
water-for-a-healthyworld.html.
3. C. N. Babu and B. E. Reddy, “A moving-average filter based hybrid ARIMA-ANN
model for forecasting time series data,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 23, pp. 27–38,
2014.
4. S. Lee and D. Lee, “Improved prediction of harmful algal blooms in four major South
Korea’s rivers using deep learning models,” International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 1322, 2018.
5. Z. Ahmad, N. A. Rahim, A. Bahadori, and J. Zhang, “Improving water quality index
prediction in Perak River basin Malaysia through a combination of multiple neural
networks,” International Journal of River Basin Management, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 79–
87, 2016.
6. T. H. H. Aldhyani, M. Alrasheedi, A. A. Alqarni, M. Y. Alzahrani, and A. M.
Bamhdi, “Intelligent hybrid model to enhance time series models for predicting
network traffic,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 130431–130451, 2020.
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Recurrent Neural Network and Improved Evidence Theory: A Case Study of
Qiantang River, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 19879–19896. [CrossRef]
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8. Zare, A.H.; Bayat, V.M.; Daneshkare, A.P. Forecasting Nitrate Concentration in
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Proceedings of the 2008 Second International Symposium on Intelligent Information
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10. A. A. M. Ahmed and S. M. A. Shah, “Application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference
system (ANFIS) to estimate the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Surma River,”
Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 237–243,
2017.

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Determination of water quality by using AI 2022-2023

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY BY USING

Water quality is important to the sustainability of a diversion scheme. Predicting water

Department Of Civil Engineering C.I.T. Gubbi 1|Page

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1. To create an artificial neural network model for WQI prediction.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)

Department Of Civil Engineering C.I.T. Gubbi 2|Page

1. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Volume 1:

Department Of Civil Engineering C.I.T. Gubbi 3|Page

Department Of Civil Engineering C.I.T. Gubbi 4|Page

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