Ss
Ss
Ss
NAME
ss - another utility to investigate sockets
SYNOPSIS
ss [options] [ FILTER ]
DESCRIPTION
ss is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar
to netstat. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.
OPTIONS
When no option is used ss displays a list of open non-listening sockets
(e.g. TCP/UNIX/UDP) that have established connection.
-h, --help
Show summary of options.
-V, --version
Output version information.
-H, --no-header
Suppress header line.
-O, --oneline
Print each socket's data on a single line.
-n, --numeric
Do not try to resolve service names. Show exact bandwidth values,
instead of human-readable.
-r, --resolve
Try to resolve numeric address/ports.
-a, --all
Display both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means
established connections) sockets.
-l, --listening
Display only listening sockets (these are omitted by default).
-o, --options
Show timer information. For TCP protocol, the output format is:
timer:(<timer_name>,<expire_time>,<retrans>)
<timer_name>
the name of the timer, there are five kind of timer names:
<expire_time>
how long time the timer will expire
<retrans>
how many times the retransmission occured
-e, --extended
Show detailed socket information. The output format is:
<uid_number>
the user id the socket belongs to
<inode_number>
the socket's inode number in VFS
<cookie>
an uuid of the socket
-m, --memory
Show socket memory usage. The output format is:
skmem:(r<rmem_alloc>,rb<rcv_buf>,t<wmem_alloc>,tb<snd_buf>,
f<fwd_alloc>,w<wmem_queued>,o<opt_mem>,
bl<back_log>,d<sock_drop>)
<rmem_alloc>
the memory allocated for receiving packet
<rcv_buf>
the total memory can be allocated for receiving packet
<wmem_alloc>
the memory used for sending packet (which has been sent to
layer 3)
<snd_buf>
the total memory can be allocated for sending packet
<fwd_alloc>
the memory allocated by the socket as cache, but not used for
receiving/sending packet yet. If need memory to send/receive packet, the memory in
this cache will be used be‐
fore allocate additional memory.
<wmem_queued>
The memory allocated for sending packet (which has not been
sent to layer 3)
<ropt_mem>
The memory used for storing socket option, e.g., the key for
TCP MD5 signature
<back_log>
The memory used for the sk backlog queue. On a process
context, if the process is receiving packet, and a new packet is received, it will
be put into the sk backlog queue,
so it can be received by the process immediately
<sock_drop>
the number of packets dropped before they are de-multiplexed
into the socket
-p, --processes
Show process using socket.
-i, --info
Show internal TCP information. Below fields may appear:
ecnseen
show string "ecnseen" if the saw ecn flag is found in received
packets
fastopen
show string "fastopen" if the fastopen option is set
cong_alg
the congestion algorithm name, the default congestion
algorithm is "cubic"
wscale:<snd_wscale>:<rcv_wscale>
if window scale option is used, this field shows the send
scale factor and receive scale factor
rto:<icsk_rto>
tcp re-transmission timeout value, the unit is millisecond
backoff:<icsk_backoff>
used for exponential backoff re-transmission, the actual re-
transmission timeout value is icsk_rto << icsk_backoff
rtt:<rtt>/<rttvar>
rtt is the average round trip time, rttvar is the mean
deviation of rtt, their units are millisecond
ato:<ato>
ack timeout, unit is millisecond, used for delay ack mode
mss:<mss>
max segment size
cwnd:<cwnd>
congestion window size
pmtu:<pmtu>
path MTU value
ssthresh:<ssthresh>
tcp congestion window slow start threshold
bytes_acked:<bytes_acked>
bytes acked
bytes_received:<bytes_received>
bytes received
segs_out:<segs_out>
segments sent out
segs_in:<segs_in>
segments received
send <send_bps>bps
egress bps
lastsnd:<lastsnd>
how long time since the last packet sent, the unit is
millisecond
lastrcv:<lastrcv>
how long time since the last packet received, the unit is
millisecond
lastack:<lastack>
how long time since the last ack received, the unit is
millisecond
pacing_rate <pacing_rate>bps/<max_pacing_rate>bps
the pacing rate and max pacing rate
rcv_space:<rcv_space>
a helper variable for TCP internal auto tuning socket receive
buffer
--tos Show ToS and priority information. Below fields may appear:
class_id
Class id set by net_cls cgroup. If class is zero this shows
priority set by SO_PRIORITY.
-K, --kill
Attempts to forcibly close sockets. This option displays sockets that
are successfully closed and silently skips sockets that the kernel does not support
closing. It supports IPv4
and IPv6 sockets only.
-s, --summary
Print summary statistics. This option does not parse socket lists
obtaining summary from various sources. It is useful when amount of sockets is so
huge that parsing /proc/net/tcp
is painful.
-E, --events
Continually display sockets as they are destroyed
-Z, --context
As the -p option but also shows process security context.
-z, --contexts
As the -Z option but also shows the socket context. The socket
context is taken from the associated inode and is not the actual socket context
held by the kernel. Sockets are typ‐
ically labeled with the context of the creating process, however
the context shown will reflect any policy role, type and/or range transition rules
applied, and is therefore a
useful reference.
-N NSNAME, --net=NSNAME
Switch to the specified network namespace name.
-b, --bpf
Show socket BPF filters (only administrators are allowed to get these
information).
-4, --ipv4
Display only IP version 4 sockets (alias for -f inet).
-6, --ipv6
Display only IP version 6 sockets (alias for -f inet6).
-0, --packet
Display PACKET sockets (alias for -f link).
-t, --tcp
Display TCP sockets.
-u, --udp
Display UDP sockets.
-d, --dccp
Display DCCP sockets.
-w, --raw
Display RAW sockets.
-x, --unix
Display Unix domain sockets (alias for -f unix).
-S, --sctp
Display SCTP sockets.
--vsock
Display vsock sockets (alias for -f vsock).
-f FAMILY, --family=FAMILY
Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are
supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink, vsock, xdp.
-D FILE, --diag=FILE
Do not display anything, just dump raw information about TCP sockets
to FILE after applying filters. If FILE is - stdout is used.
-F FILE, --filter=FILE
Read filter information from FILE. Each line of FILE is interpreted
like single command line option. If FILE is - stdin is used.
STATE-FILTER
STATE-FILTER allows to construct arbitrary set of states to match. Its
syntax is sequence of keywords state and exclude followed by identifier of state.
USAGE EXAMPLES
ss -t -a
Display all TCP sockets.
ss -t -a -Z
Display all TCP sockets with process SELinux security contexts.
ss -u -a
Display all UDP sockets.
ss -x src /tmp/.X11-unix/*
Find all local processes connected to X server.
ss -a -A 'all,!tcp'
List sockets in all states from all socket tables but TCP.
SEE ALSO
ip(8),
RFC 793 - https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt (TCP states)
AUTHOR
ss was written by Alexey Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>.
This manual page was written by Michael Prokop <mika@grml.org> for the
Debian project (but may be used by others).
SS(8)