Lesson 3:

Public Water Supply

Water Treatment Method

1. Coagulation and Flocculation
> First step in Treatment: Coagulation and Flocculation
> Chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. It neutralizes the negative charge
of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water.
> Floc are the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger particles
2. Sedimentation
> When water and flocs undergo the treatment process, they go into sedimentation basins.
> Here, water moves slowly, making the heavy floc particles settle to the bottom.
> Floc that accumulates on the bottom is known as sludge, will be carried on to drying
lagoons.
> Direct Filtration does not include the sedimentation step and the floc is just removed by
filtration
3. Filtration
> Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will
pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and pore sizes, in
order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.
> Filters are regularly cleaned by means of backwashing.
4. Disinfection
> Before water goes into the distribution system, it is disinfected to get rid of disease-causing
bacteria, parasites and viruses.
> Chlorine is also applied since it is very effective.
Water disinfection treatment to protect drinking water against:
• Bacteria including salmonella and ecoli
• Viruses including hepatitis A, norovirus, and rotavirus
• Parasites including cryptosporidium and giardia
• And other pathogen
Chlorination
> is the process of adding chlorine to drinking water to disinfect it and kill germs.
> Chlorine is available as compressed elemental gas, sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl)
or solid calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2 .
> While the chemicals could be harmful in high doses, when they are added to water, they all
mix in and spread out, resulting in low levels that kill germs but are still safe to drink .

Water Storage System

> Water storage is essential for meeting all of the domestic, industrial and commercial demands
of most public water systems.
> The type and capacity of water storage required in a distribution system vary with:
> the size of the system
> topography of the area
> how the water system is laid out and various other considerations.
> Water storage tanks can be used for either operating storage or emergency storage.
> An operating storage tank generally “floats” on the system.
> the tank is directly connected to distribution piping
> the elevation of the water in the tank is determined by the pressure in the system.
> Water flows into the tank when water demand is low, and it empties from the tank when
demand exceeds supply.
Water Distribution System
> A water distribution system consists of pipelines, storage facilities, pumps, and other
accessories.
 Main water
> Pipelines laid within public right of way that are used to transport water within a
distribution system.
> public water connection which are laid underground along the streets where the house
service is connected
 Primary Feeders
> Large diameter water mains that are used to connect between water treatment plants and
service areas.
 Secondary feeders
> are connected between primary feeders and distributors.
 Distributors
> are water mains that are located near the water users, which also supply water to
individual fire hydrants.
 Service line
> is a small diameter pipe used to connect from a water main through a small tap to a water
meter at user's location.
 Primary Feeders
> Large diameter water mains used to connect between water treatment plants and service
areas.
 Secondary feeders
> are connected between primary feeders and distributors.
 Distributors
> are water mains that are located near the water users, which also supply water to
individual fire hydrants.
 A service line
> is a small diameter pipe used to connect from a water main through a small tap to a
water meter at user's location.

Public Water Distribution is Classified into:

1. Direct Pressure Distribution
> This type of water distribution obtain its supply of water though a large intake pipe,
installed in the lake basin extended down the water.
> Water is drawn from the lake, to a receiving well by force of gravity, passing
through the filtration plant.
2. Indirect Pressure Distribution
> When the water drawn from drilled distribution is done by indirect pressure.
> For this type, a machine pump is employed mounted on the top of the stand pipe
extended down to the well below water table

Household Water Supply Water

> is a prime necessity in all types of households . It is conveyed from the main to the
household or buildings by means of pipes classified as:
1. Household Service
> refers to the pipe connection from the public water main or any source of water
supply to the building serve.
2. Riser
 > refers to the vertical supply pipe which extend upward from one floor to the
next.
3. Branches
> are horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures.

Type of Cold Water Distribution:

Cold water distribution in the building is classified into three types:
1. Normal Water Pressure
> from public water is normally inadequate to serve buildings
2. Overhead Feed System
> Supplies water to plumbing fixtures by means of gravity.
> The water is pumped to a large tank on the top of the building and distributed the
water to the different fixtures.
3. Air-Pressured System
> water distribution system is a new concept in water distribution where compressed air
is used as the delivery agent.

Friction in Water Supply and Distribution System Friction

> in the plumbing system refers to the resistance produced by the flowing water with the
fittings and interior surface of the pipe.
> In water supply distribution, friction is defined as the resistance between the molecules
of wate

Pressure
> force required to move the water inside the pipe. It is the only means necessary to
overcome friction.
> The pressure exerted by the water at rest called Static Pressure.
> The pressure exerted by water at the base of a service pipe when the water is not in
motion is one example of static pressure.
Normal Pressure
> refers to the pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours.
> Normal pressure for residential house ranges from 30 psi to 40 psi.
> Lower than this value may result to insufficient flow of water, especially, during
simultaneous use of the fixtures.
> If the water pressure is greater than 50 psi may cause pipe hammering or even bursting
of pipe joints.
> An excessive water pressure can be minimized, by providing a Pressure Reducing Valve.
> This will keep the pressure constant to 40 psi or can be rest to ant other pressured
desired.
> Water vibration and hammering, can be checked by installing an Air Chamber pipe at the
back of the faucet. The compressed air inside the pipe chamber serves as cushion to prevent
water hammering

Water hammer
> is a phenomenon that can occur in any piping system where valves are used to control the flow
of liquids or steam.
> result of a pressure surge, or highpressure shockwave that propagates through a piping system
when a fluid in motion is forced to change direction or stop abruptly

Critical Pressure
 > refers to the maximum and minimum pressure at which proper function of the water supply
can be maintained.
Head Loss by Friction or Friction Head Loss
> is the loss in the rate of flow, due to friction between the water and the walls of the pipe.
Pressure Loss
> refers to the variation in pressure between the water main and the outlet end of the water
service. Pressure loss generally caused by friction

Water Service Fittings and Devices Valves

> is necessary to avert serious damages of the installation in case of service breakdown.
Different types of valves used in water supply system:
1. Gate Valve
• Used to completely closed or completely open the line but not necessarily to control the flow
of water.
• Connected to the main supply and pipeline wherein operation is infrequent.
• Have a gate like disk that move across the flow.
Types of Gate Valve
1. Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disk Type
> is used where the stem must be installed pointing downward.
2. Double Disk Valve Type
> it closes as the same manner of wedged shaped but the parallel faces drop in a
vertical position, and are forced apart by the disc spreader
2. Glove Valve
> Is actuated by a stem screw and hand wheel, suited on installation that calls for throttling.
• Affords Greater resistance to flow than the gate valve because of the change in flow direction.
Types of Glove Valve :
1. Plug Type Disc Valve
> a wide bearing surface producing good resistance to the cutting effects of scale, dirt
other foreign matter found inside the pipe.
2. Conventional Disc Valve
> has a pressure tight bearing between the disc and the seat. Recommended for cold
water and other temperature service.
3. Composition Disc Valve
> used for various types of services on oil, gasoline, steam, hot and cold.
3. Angle Valve
• Operates in the manner as the glove valve with similar range of disc and seat design.
• Used making 90° turn in a line to reduce the number of joints.
4. Foot Valve
• Is located at the lower end of the pump used to prevent loss of priming the pump.
• Sometimes referred to as Retention Valve
5. Check Valve
• Main function is to prevent the reversal flow of gas or liquid in the line.
• It is principally used in industrial piping connections for gas, water, steam air and other
general vapor services.
6. Safety Valve
• Is used on cold water system, heating systems, compressed airlines, and other pipelines with
excessive pressure

Water Services Fittings & Devices:

• Corporation Stop
> connected to the water main and serve as a control of the water service.
 • Meter Stop
> a controlling stop of the entire water supply in the building.
• Water Meter
> a device to measure the amount of water that passes through the water service.

Hot Water Supply in Building

> A source of hot water for residences and public and industrial enterprises to satisfy domestic
and production needs; also, the complex of equipment an d structures that provide it.
> Hot water supply systems consist of heat sources, water treatment apparatus, water heaters,
pipelines to transport the water, and devices to regulate and control the water’s temperature.
Hot Water System Distribution has Two Type
1. Up-Feed and Gravity Return System
> is commonly used in residential and other industrial installation with the following service
feature:
• it provide constant circulation of hot water.
• Hot water is quickly drawn to the fixture anytime desired.
• Provide economical circulating return to unused hot water.
• Eliminate waste of water
2. Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System
> Is a efficient type of hot water distribution generally used in building of extreme heights.
The operating principles are as follows:
• Hot water rises up to the highest point of the plumbing system and travel s to the fixtures
via gravity.
• Water will circulate, even if there may be defect in the mechanical construction

Pump Circuit System

> is a mechanical device used to circulate hot water to the plumbing fixtures.
> recommended for large building where difficulty of providing natural circulation of hot water is
encountered

Hot Water Tank

> The purpose of a hot water tank is to serve the domestic hot water system. The tank should
be strong enough to resist the high pressure of boiling water stored in it.
Hot Water Tank is Classified into Two Types
1. Range Boiler
> a small water tank and generally made of copper or stainless steel sheet.
> It is built into cylinder shape with concave ends, welded or riveted to assure strength
and durability.
> Sizes from 300 to 600 mm diameter and a length nor more than 1800 mm long. Installed
in either vertical or horizontal position.
2. Storage Boiler
> a heavy duty steel sheet of diameter varying from 600 to 1300 mm and not more than
5000 mm long.
> Standard metal gauge is used with a working pressure limited not to exceed 85 psi. If
more than 85 psi, it required an extra heavy duty tank