Pipe Appur

Pipe
Appurtenances
Pipe Appurtenances are

the number of fixtures
which are provided at
variable suitable places
along the pipe line in order
to isolate & drain the pipe
sections for tests,
inspections, cleaning &
repairs.
These include
Sluice valve,
Air relief valve,
Non-return valve,
Scour valve,
Pressure relief valve,
Fire hydrants,
Water meter, etc.
1. Sluice valve or Gate

valve
Used to regulate flow.

opens by lifting a round or rectangular
gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.

Placed at an interval of 3 to 5 Km.
Isolate single section for repair,
maintenance etc.
Usually placed at summits.
Valve may be made up of cast iron with
brass, bronze or stainless steel
mountings.
valves are used when minimum restric
tion is desired.
A globe valve is a
type of valve used for
regulating flow in a
pipeline, consisting of
a movable disk-type
element and a
stationary ring seat in
a generally spherical
body
Globe
Valve
Air
Relie
f
Valve
:
Generally placed at summits on both
sides of sluice valves.

When placed on summits which are near
or sometimes above H.G. line, they
ensure safety of pipe against collapse.
When placed below ordinary sluice valve
they protect pipe against -ve pressure.
This valve will open out automatically as
soon as pressure falls below certain
value.
When used at summit this removes
accumulated air.
Reflux valve or Check

valve or Non return valve
Butterfly
valve
They prevent water to flow back in
opposite direction.
They are installed on delivery side of
pumping set so as to prevent back flow
of pumped water when flow is stopped to
reduce water hammer forces on pumps.
Swing type of check valve consists of a
flap which opens only in one direction.
A butterfly valve is quarter-turn valves in
which when opened, the disc is rotated a
quarter turn so that it allows an almost
unrestricted passage of the fluid.
Scour valve or Drain

valve
These are installed at low
levels to completely remove

water from pipe lines.
Complete emptying of pipe
lines is required for
inspection, repairs and
maintenance.
Pressure relief valves
Installed to reduce water hammer
pressure.
Valve opens out when pressure in
pipe exceeds a certain
predetermined value.
Due to opening of valve certain
amt. of water enters pipeline
reducing pressure in pipe line.
They are provided on upstream
side of Sluice valve and at suitable
interval.
Fire
Hydrant
s
Hydrant is an outlet
provided in water
distribution main for
taping water during
emergencies.
Fire hydrants are
provided at street
crossings, turnings
& 90 to 120 m in
straight runs.
For fire extinguishing water is
required at much higher pressure

which is obtained by attaching
hydrant outlet to fire engine.
Available pressure at hydrant

should be:
7 to 14 m head
of water when
motor pump is
used.
35 to 15 m head
of water when
direct flow from
hydrant is used.
Requirements of good
hydrant:
It should easily
connect to hose
or motor pump
ALSO it should be
easily detachable.
It should not
get out of order

during
operation.
On being fully
It should be
cheap.
opened it should
allow
undisturbed
water flow.
There are two types of fire

hydrants which are commonly
used
1.Post fire hydrant &

2.Flush fire hydrant
Post fire
hydrant:
It consists of
barrel of cast
iron @ 0.9 to
1.2 m high
standing above
ground with
connection to
street main.
There is a valve stem having a leather

valve at its lower end which is connected
to a handle at its top to regulate flow.
In closed position leather

valve rests against valve seat
For opening the hydrant handle is
rotated so that leather valve is
raised up & thereby admitting
water The
into hydrant
barrel. may have 1 to 4
openings which are spaced
around periphery of hydrant
barrel.
Flush fire hydrant
It is
installe
d under
ground
in brick
or cast
iron
with its
top
slightly
above
street
level
Flush hydrant can be made

recognizable by attaching a plate
to on some nearby object.
Flush fire
hydrant being
underground are
difficult to be
searched but are
less prone to
damage by
roguish people.
Flush hydrants
generally have
only one outlet
opening in the
side of moving
stem.
Water meters
Water meter are
the devices used
for measuring
quantity of water
flowing under
pressure through
a pressure
conduit.
This measurement
of quantity of
water supplied to
general public is
necessary to
charge consumer
as per water
supplied to them.
Requirements of good water

meter
It should record
entire water even

small discharge
passing through it.
It should work
efficiently at all
pressures.
It should measure
discharge within
permissible limits.
Maintenance &
repair should be
easy.
It should cause minimum
obstruction to flow & reducing head

loss.
Distribution
System
Requirements of good
distribution system:
It should be capable of supplying water
at all intended places within city at

reasonably sufficient pressure head.
It should be capable of supplying required
amount of water for fire fighting.

It should be cheap with least capital
construction cost.
It should be simple & easy to operate
& repair, also safe against bursting.
Layout of distribution
networks
1. Dead end
system
2. Grid iron
system
3. Ring system
4. Radial system
1.Dead end or tree system

There is only one main supply line from
which no. of sub mains originates.

Each sub main then divides into
several branch pipes called laterals.
From each lateral service
connections are given to consumers.

This type of layout is suitable for
localities which expand irregularly

in hap hazardous manner.
Advantages: 1. Cheap & simple

2. Shorter pipe lengths are reqd.
3. Lesser cut-off valves.
4. Distribution network can be solved easily.
Disadvantages:
1. No. of dead ends
prevent free circulation of water which leads
to water stagnation & degradation of water
quality.
2. During fire fighting discharge cannot be
increased because water is reaching from
one source & in one direction.
3. Any damage or repair will completely stop
water supply in area being fed by that pipe.
2. Grid Iron system

In this system mains, sub mains &
all branches i.e. laterals are

interconnected with each other.
This system is suitable for well
planned city in which roads are

developed in grid iron pattern.
Advantages: 1. In
case of repairs only
small area is affected.
2. During fire more
water can be diverted
towards affected
area.
3. Dead ends are
eliminated.
4. Pipe size gets
reduced as discharge
& friction loss through
each pipe is less.
Disadvantage: 1.
This system of pipe
lines require more
length of pipe &
more no. of sluice
valves.
2. It is costlier.
3. Design is difficult.
Calculations for
determining
pressure & pipe
dimensions are
tedious.
3. Ring or circular system

A closed ring either circular or
rectangular, of main pipes is formed

around area to be served.
Main pipe lines are placed along
periphery
This system is suitable for cities or
towns having well planned roads.

Advantages & disadvantages are same
as that of grid iron system.
4. Radial system
This system is suitable for localities
having radial road system emerging

from different centers.
Water from mains is pumped into
distribution reservoirs placed at
different centers & then supplied to
consumers.
This system ensures High pressure &
efficient water distribution.
Design & calculations are simple.
Methods of distribution:
1. Gravitational system,
2. Pumping system,
3. Combined gravity and
pumping system.
Systems of supply
1. Continuous supply
system
2. Intermittent supply
system
Disadvantages of
intermittent supply system
1. Wastage of water due to storing
2. Fire risk during non supply period.
3. Inconvenience to consumers.
4. Bigger distribution mains.
5. Suction created due to partial vacuum
created introduces dirt from surroundings

into pipes, which leads to contamination.
6. Additional watch & ward staff.
Types of distribution
reservoirs
1. Surface reservoirs.
2. Elevated
reservoirs
Surface Reservoir
Elevated Reservoirs
Storage capacity of
distribution reservoir
It consists of
1.Balancing storage
2.Breakdown storage
3.Fire storage

Pipe Appur

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pipe Appur

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pipe Appur

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pipe

Pipe Appurtenances are

1. Sluice valve or Gate

Used to regulate flow.

gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.

Generally placed at summits on both

sides of sluice valves.

Reflux valve or Check

They prevent water to flow back in

Scour valve or Drain

levels to completely remove

Pressure relief valves

Installed to reduce water hammer

For fire extinguishing water is

required at much higher pressure

Available pressure at hydrant

get out of order

There are two types of fire

1.Post fire hydrant &

There is a valve stem having a leather

In closed position leather

Flush fire hydrant

Flush hydrant can be made

Requirements of good water

entire water even

It should cause minimum

obstruction to flow & reducing head

It should be capable of supplying water

at all intended places within city at

amount of water for fire fighting.

1.Dead end or tree system

which no. of sub mains originates.

connections are given to consumers.

localities which expand irregularly

Advantages: 1. Cheap & simple

2. Grid Iron system

all branches i.e. laterals are

planned city in which roads are

3. Ring or circular system

rectangular, of main pipes is formed

towns having well planned roads.

having radial road system emerging

created introduces dirt from surroundings

You might also like