Bitumen Road Emulsions (Anionic and Cationic)

BRITISH STANDARD BS 434-2:
1984
Reprinted,
incorporating
Amendment No. 1
Bitumen road
emulsions (anionic and
cationic) —
Part 2: Code of practice for use of
bitumen road emulsions
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UDC 625.856.063:665.775.5
Copyright British Standards Institution

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BS 434-2:1984
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Road

Engineering Standards Committee (RDB/-) to Technical Committee RDB/14
upon which the following bodies were represented:
British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

County Surveyors’ Society
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Greater London Council
Institute of Petroleum
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Highway Engineers
Institution of Municipal Engineers
Road Emulsion Association Ltd.
Society of Chemical Industry
Coopted member
This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Road
Engineering Standards
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes
into effect on
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29 February 1984
© BSI 01-1999
First published as BS 2542

December 1954 Amendments issued since publication
First revision as BS 2542
December 1960
Second revision as BS 434-2 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
October 1973
Third revision February 1984 4757 December Indicated by a sideline in the margin
1984
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference RDB/14
Draft for comment 80/13166 DC
ISBN 0 580 12839 3

BS 434-2:1984
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Information to be supplied by the purchaser 1
3 Materials 1
4 Design 1
5 Work on site 2
6 Repair of potholes and depressions 3
7 Surface dressing 3
8 Formation: sub-base and base sealing 6
9 Grouting 7
10 Retreading 8
11 Premixing 9
12 Coated stone 10
13 Mist spraying 11
14 Tack coating 11
15 Curing of pavement quality concrete 11
16 Slurry sealing 11
17 Miscellaneous uses 12
Appendix A Wet track abrasion test 14
Table 1 — Classes of emulsion for normal uses 1
Table 2 — Rates of application of chippings 4
Table 3 — Target rates of application for lane traffic categories 4 and 5
(cold emulsion) 5
Table 4 — Target rates of application for lane traffic categories 2, 3, 4
and 5 (K1-70 emulsion applied hot) 6
Table 5 — Target rates of application of K1-70 emulsion for impervious
hard shoulders 6
Table 6 — Typical rates of application for grouting 7
Table 7 — Typical mixtures 9
Table 8 — Grading of aggregate for slurry sealing 12
Publications referred to Inside back cover
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© BSI 01-1999
i
BS 434-2:1984
Foreword
This revision of this Part of this British Standard, prepared under the direction
of the Road Engineering Standards Committee, contains recommendations for
the use of anionic and cationic emulsions for road and other uses. It supersedes
the 1973 edition which is withdrawn.
Many minor alterations have been made to the previous edition of this standard
as a result of users’ experience and a major alteration has been made to the
recommendations for the target rates of application of emulsions for surface
dressing.
NOTE Emulsions are normally sold by mass, but as gauging by mass under site conditions is
impracticable, the rates of application are given throughout this standard as litres per square metre
(L/m2). One kilogram of cold emulsion is normally 0.98 L to 1.0 L depending upon the composition,
temperature, etc. and one kilogram of K1-70 at the spraying temperature (75 °C to 85 °C) is 1.02 L
to 1.03 L, so that within the limits shown for various applications litres and kilograms to 0.1 can be
considered as synonymous.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
ii
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© BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
1 Scope 2.4 When the roadwork is to be carried out by the

contractor, the highway engineer should provide a
This Part of BS 434 provides guidance on the
full specification.
general usage of anionic and cationic bitumen
emulsions on roads and other surfaces which are 2.5 The time schedule should include dates for:
specified in Part 1 of this standard. a) the completion of preliminary work, if any;
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard b) the delivery of materials;
are listed on the inside back cover.
c) the start of various sections of the roadwork;
2 Information to be supplied by the d) the completion of various sections of the
purchaser roadwork.
2.1 The guidance given in this clause is intended to 3 Materials
assist the purchaser in clearly indicating his
requirements to the supplier for the purpose of 3.1 Emulsion. The class or classes of emulsion for
either a quotation or an order. normal uses are given in Table 1 for convenience,
but reference should be made to the detailed
2.2 When the purchaser is in no doubt as to the type
recommendations given in the remainder of this
of treatment required, the emulsion supplier need
standard.
only be provided with the following information:
3.2 Aggregate. Unless otherwise stated, the
a) the class and binder content of emulsion;
aggregate should comply with BS 63 or BS 1984. In
b) quantity and type of container; cases where the purpose of the aggregate is also to
c) the date and place of delivery. provide a skid resistant wearing surface, the
2.3 When the purchaser requires advice as to the minimum polished stone value of the aggregate
most suitable treatment, the following general (determined in accordance with BS 812) appropriate
information should be given to the emulsion to the intensity and speed of traffic carried should be
supplier: specified.
a) the location and area to be treated;
4 Design
b) the type of treatment;
4.1 General. Except for class K1-70, bitumen
c) the condition and nature of existing surfacing emulsions are fluid enough to be applied at
and the type of traffic carried; atmospheric temperatures without heating and
d) the approximate date (time of year) when the their viscosities are not materially affected by
work is to be carried out. changes of temperature. Unlike hot-applied binders,
they remain fluid immediately after application.
The viscosity of emulsion used on a steep gradient
should therefore be as high as is compatible with the
conditions and method of application, in order to
prevent undue flow of emulsion down the gradient.
Table 1 — Classes of emulsion for normal uses

Use Clause Emulsion class anionic Emulsion class cationic
Coated stone 12 A2-57 K2, K3
Concrete curing 15 A1-40, A1-55 K1-40, K1-60
Grouting 9 A1-60, A1-55 K1-60, K1-70
Lean mix sealing 8 A1-40, A1-55 K1-40, K1-60
Mist spraying 13 A1-40 K1-40
Patching 6 A1-60, A1-55 K1-60
Premixing 11 A2-50, A2-57, A3 —
Retreading 10 A2-50, A3 K2
Sealing formation and sub-base 8 A1-60, A1-55 K1-60, K1-70
Slurry sealing 16 A4 K3
Surface dressing and sealing 7 A1-60, A1-55 K1-60, K1-70
Tack coating 14 A1-40 K1-40
Miscellaneous 17 By agreement between the highway
engineer and the supplier
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© BSI 01-1999
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BS 434-2:1984
Bitumen emulsions can normally be applied to 5 Work on site

damp surfaces with satisfactory results but, since
5.1 Health and safety when handling
they contain water, they are liable to be adversely
affected by frost or rain during or directly after 5.1.1 General principles. Bitumen emulsions are
application. Work should therefore not be carried safe and without risk to health when properly used.
out in frosty or wet weather. However, cationic This does not obviate the need for working methods
emulsions tend to break more rapidly than anionic that avoid direct skin contact with the emulsions
and, particularly class K1-70, are less susceptible to and adequate protective clothing (overalls, gloves,
rain. In surface dressing and premixing, abnormally etc.) should be worn. Protective clothing should be
hot weather may also cause difficulty and traffic maintained in a sound condition and cleaned or
should, if possible, be kept off the road for a few washed regularly. Drums of emulsion should not be
heated without reference to the manufacturer.
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hours after the work is completed.

Special attention is drawn to the fact that anionic 5.1.2 Cleaning methods. Unbroken emulsion may be
and cationic emulsions cause mutual coagulation if removed from any surface by washing with cold
mixed together. Therefore, any equipment which water but this method is ineffective for the removal
has or may have been employed for cationic of residual bitumen adhering to tools or appliances
emulsions should be thoroughly cleaned before it is or to the person. In such cases, kerosine will assist
again used for anionic emulsions or vice versa. the removal of the bitumen and protective gloves
4.2 Breaking of emulsions. Breaking is indicated should be worn to minimize skin contact.
by a change in colour of the emulsion from brown to If kerosine is used on the skin, it is essential that it
black. The rate of break of an emulsion is dependent is subsequently removed by thorough washing with
upon the following factors: soap and water. The use before work of a barrier
a) the composition of the emulsion; substance on the skin will usually dispense with the
need for kerosine or other skin cleaners, other than
b) the rate of evaporation of the water, which in soap and water.
turn is dependent upon wind conditions, relative
humidity, atmospheric temperature, rate and 5.2 Protection and storage of materials. Drums
method of application; or other containers should be stored under clean
conditions. Emulsions can be damaged by the
c) the porosity of the surface to which the freezing of the water contained within them and
emulsion is being applied and the consequent therefore the drums should be protected from
removal of water by capillary attraction; freezing. If the storage period exceeds 1 month, the
d) the chemical and physical influences of the drums should be turned or inverted at least once a
aggregate with which the emulsion comes in month.
contact; Containers should be well rolled to agitate the
e) the mechanical disturbance of the contents before use. This applies particularly to
emulsion/aggregate system during laying and emulsions in classes A1-40 and K1-40.
rolling or by the action of traffic. Care should be taken to prevent damage to the
When the breaking of the emulsion is likely to be containers when handling them and removing the
delayed, for instance when evaporation is slow, it is bungs.
desirable that traffic should be kept off the work for Immediately after use, returnable containers should
as long as possible after rolling, or at least until it is be completely emptied and the bungs and vent
clear that the emulsion has broken, if the treated plugs replaced.
section cannot be closed to traffic, then the speed of
the traffic should be kept as low as possible and 5.3 Preparation of surface. All mud, dust, leaves,
should not exceed 30 km/h (20 m.p.h) until the etc. should be removed from the surface to be
emulsion has broken. treated by brushing with hand brooms or with
mechanical brooms. In very hot weather, it may be
Lightly coated chippings-may be used with the advisable to dampen the road surface with water in
emulsion but, as this can delay the breaking, order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion,
allowance should be made for this by suitable traffic to reduce the rate of break and to encourage wetting
control. of the surface by the emulsion.
It is essential that the road surface is free from
standing water before the emulsion is applied.
2 © BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
5.4 Application 6 Repair of potholes and depressions

5.4.1 Hand application The emulsion should be class A1-60, A1-55 or K1-60.
5.4.1.1 Buckets and brooms. The emulsions may be Potholes and deep depressions should first be
applied from lipped buckets or cans fitted with cleaned of all loose material and the area should be
duckbill spreaders or baffles and then evenly spread cut out to a regular shape with all the sides vertical
with medium-long bristled brooms or with or slightly undercut. If the exposed surfaces are very
squeegees. It is advisable to spread the emulsion in dry, they should be moistened with water in order to
one direction only so as to avoid any scrubbing ensure better penetration of the emulsion. The
action. bottom and sides of the hole or depression should be
NOTE Pitch-set brooms cannot be cleaned with solvent without thoroughly coated with emulsion. Clean aggregate
the risk of damage. Wire-set brooms are therefore preferred. of the appropriate size (no larger than about
5.4.1.2 Barrel trucks. Many different kinds of barrel two-thirds of the depth of the hole or complying with
trucks are available from which the emulsion is nominal size 28 mm of BS 63-2, whichever is the
discharged directly from the barrel on to an apron, lesser) should be placed in the hole to a thickness
which aids even distribution. slightly greater than its depth and well rammed or
5.4.2 Machine application rolled in. The minimum amount of emulsion
required to coat the stone should then be poured on.
5.4.2.1 Small machines for pressure spraying by The patch should then be covered with clean 10 mm
hand. These may be of two types, either those where or 6 mm chippings and again rolled or rammed.
the pressure is applied to the emulsion indirectly by
means of compressed air, or those where the Shallow depressions should first be brushed clean
emulsion itself is pumped. Both types of machine and then levelled by the application of a coating of
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should comply with BS 3136. All hoses and seals emulsion. Clean chippings of a size approximating
should be manufactured of materials resistant to to the depth of the depression should be placed in
the effects of emulsion and kerosene. the hole and well rolled in.
NOTE 1 It is strongly emphasized that the minimum quantity
5.4.2.2 Bulk spraying distributors. Where the of emulsion necessary should be used, for both potholes and
surface to be covered is of any considerable extent, depressions, so as to avoid a “fat” spot in the road.
specially designed bulk spraying distributors should NOTE 2 If repairs are to be made using asphalt or macadam,
be used for the application of the material. These are emulsion should be used to coat the bottom and sides of the
prepared hole before infilling.
generally operated by the manufacturer of the
emulsion or by specialist contractors. Distributors 7 Surface dressing
for cold applied emulsions should comply with
BS 3136 and distributors for class K1-70 emulsions NOTE The general principles of surface dressing given in this
clause are in accordance with Road Note 39 (second edition).1)
should comply with BS 1707.
NOTE It is not possible to lay down a precise viscosity range for
7.1 General
emulsion for spraying as this is partly dependent upon the 7.1.1 Preparation of the surface. Preparation of the
characteristics of the spraying machine. As a general guide
however, a maximum viscosity of 9 degrees Engler (°E) at the
surface should be carried out in accordance with 5.3.
temperature of spraying is suggested. If difficulty is experienced, All potholes and depressions should be made good
reference should be made to the manufacturer of the emulsion and allowed to settle down thoroughly under traffic
and/or spraying equipment. before surface dressing. Some surfaces will require
5.5 Maintenance of equipment. All mechanical special treatment and attention is drawn to 7.4.
spraying plant should be kept in a clean and sound 7.1.2 Rate of application of emulsion. The rate of
condition, or inefficient spraying may result. application of emulsion will depend upon the
following:
a) the density of traffic;
b) the nature of the surface to be dressed,
e.g. roughness, porosity and hardness;
c) the type and size of chipping to be used.
1)
Road Note 39 (second edition). Recommendations for road surface dressing (TRRL/DTp). Available from HMSO.

© BSI 01-1999 3
BS 434-2:1984
The density of traffic is considered in terms of the The rates of application of chippings should be as
number of commercial vehicles a day in the lane given in Table 2.
under consideration, a commercial vehicle being Excess chippings should be swept up and taken
defined as any vehicle of unladen mass greater away as soon as possible. Further sweeping to
than 1.5 t. Traffic in each direction may be assumed remove chippings disturbed by traffic should be
to be half the sum in both directions where the latter carried out as required.
only is known. Lane traffic categories are as follows.
Table 2 — Rates of application of chippings
Nominal size Rate of application
Category 2 = 1 000 to 2 000  of chippings
commercial
Category 3 = 200 to 1 000  vehicles per day mm kg/m2

Category 4 = 20 to 200  per lane in one 14 13 ± 2
 direction
Category 5 = 0 to 20  10 10 ± 1
The hardness of the road surface is defined as 6 7±1

follows. 3 6±1
a) Very hard: surfaces such as concrete or
7.2 Cold application
exceptionally lean bituminous mixtures.
Negligible penetration of chippings will occur 7.2.1 Type of emulsion. The emulsion should be
even under the heaviest traffic. class A1-60, A1-55 or K1-60 and should be applied
b) Hard: surfaces containing some hard by spraying using a distributor complying with
bituminous mortar into which chippings will BS 3136. Classes A1-60 or K1-60 are more suitable
penetrate only slightly under heavy traffic. for use on open textured surfaces and where
chippings larger than 10 mm are specified.
c) Normal: surfaces into which chippings will
penetrate moderately under medium and heavy 7.2.2 Rate of application of emulsion and size of
traffic. chipping. The rates of application of emulsion for
the chipping sizes recommended for various types of
d) Soft: surfaces into which chippings will surface and traffic densities should be as given
penetrate considerably under medium and heavy in Table 3.
traffic.
7.3 Hot application
e) Very soft: surfaces into which even the largest
chippings will be submerged under heavy traffic. 7.3.1 Type of emulsion. The emulsion should be class
Usually rich in binder. K1-70 and should be applied by spraying at a
temperature of 75 °C to 85 °C using a hot binder
Detailed recommendations on the rate of
distributor complying with BS 1707.
application of emulsion are given in 7.2 to 7.4.
7.3.2 Rate of application of emulsion and size of
7.1.3 Application of chippings. An even layer of
chipping
clean single-size chippings complying with BS 63 or
BS 1984 should be spread over the film of emulsion 7.3.2.1 Traffic lanes. The rates of application of
as soon as possible after spraying and before emulsion for the chipping sizes recommended for
breaking occurs. The chippings should preferably be various types of surface and traffic densities should
spread by a mechanical gritter to ensure uniformity be as given in Table 4.
of distribution. 7.3.2.2 Hard shoulders. Where bitumen emulsion is
Lightly coated chippings may be used with the to be used on the surface dressing of impervious
emulsion but, as this can delay the breaking, hard shoulders, class K1-70 should be used. Where
allowance should be made for this by suitable traffic the dressing is expected merely to carry isolated
control. vehicles in emergencies, rates of application should
be as given in Table 5.
The surface should then be rolled. Rubber-tyred
rollers are strongly recommended for compaction of NOTE If the dressing is needed to provide a new skid-resistant
surfacing for use by heavy traffic during motorway maintenance
surface dressings. Where steel-tyred rollers are to work, the chipping size and rate of application of K1-70 emulsion
be used, they should be of the lightest type to ensure should be in accordance with Table 4. Where delays are expected
that the chippings are pressed into the binder film between applying the dressing and the passage of traffic, the
appropriate rates of spread given in Table 4 should be increased
and initial compaction achieved in two or three by 0.2 L/m2 to ensure retention of chippings during the
passes without crushing the chippings. In no case untrafficked period.
should their mass exceed 8 t. A lighter roller should
be used for 6 mm and smaller chippings.
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4 British Standards Institution © BSI 01-1999

Copyright
BS 434-2:1984
Table 3 — Target rates of application for lane traffic categories 4 and 5 (cold emulsion)
Type of surface Lane traffic category
4 5
Nominal size Emulsion Nominal size Emulsion
of chippings rate of chippings rate
mm L/m2 mm L/m2
Very hard Double dressing recommendeda
Hard 6 1.5 6 1.6
Normal 10 1.5 6 1.5
Soft 14 1.5 10 1.5
Very soft 14 1.4 10 1.4
NOTE 1 When bulk spraying distributors are used, rates of spread of binder should not vary by more than ± 10 % of the target
Figure. When hand spraying, a wider variation can be expected.
NOTE 2 Target rates of emulsion application should be increased in the following circumstances:
a) when using gravel aggregate: by 0.1 L/m2;
b) on porous or rough surfacings: by 0.2 L/m2.
When both conditions apply, the increase should be 0.3 L/m2. The use of gravel aggregates larger than 10 mm is not recommended.
NOTE 3 Pedestrian and slow moving traffic areas such as paths, drives, car-parks, etc., should be dressed with 6 mm or smaller
chippings as normal surfaces, lane traffic category 5.
a See 7.4.2.
7.4 Treatment of surfaces requiring It is recommended that chippings known to have

pre-treatment good adhesion to bitumen should be used.
7.4.1 Sealing open textured coated macadam. When 7.4.3 Stone sett paving. Joints between loose setts
surface dressing open textured macadam, it is should be thoroughly cleaned out to a depth of
essential that excessive penetration of the emulsion about 25 mm and then filled with chippings suitable
is prevented by first brushing in clean chippings to the size of the joints (generally 6 mm nominal or
(6 mm maximum), sand or fine coated macadam less in size). Emulsion should then be poured into
used in just sufficient quantity to fill the surface the joints and chippings lightly scattered over the
interstices. The chippings or fine coated macadam joints. As with a concrete surface, a preliminary
should be rolled in and emulsion applied, followed treatment should be given (see 7.4.2). After a few
by 10 mm or 6 mm chippings but using days, depressions should be made good and a
approximately 0.2 L/m2 more emulsion than the normal emulsion surface dressing should be
appropriate recommendation given in Table 3 (cold) applied.
or Table 4 (hot) (0.3 L/m2 when gravel chippings are 7.4.4 Other surfaces. Recommendations for surface
used). It is usually desirable to give a second surface treatment of other surfaces should be obtained from
dressing, using 14 mm or 10 mm chippings and the manufacturers of the emulsion.
emulsion applied according to the recommendations
given in Table 3 (cold) or Table 4 (hot) for the
appropriate lane traffic category. The second
surface dressing should not be applied until the first
has had sufficient time to settle down to become a
stable wearing surface.
7.4.2 Concrete and other very hard surfaces. Because
of the nature of these surfaces, it is necessary to
treat them in two stages. First, the surface should
be cleaned and emulsion applied either at the rate
of 1.4 L/m2 and then covered with 6 mm chippings
or at the rate of 1.0 L/m2 and then covered
with 3 mm chippings.
Secondly, the normal surface dressing treatment
should be carried out using 10 mm or 6 mm
chippings as appropriate.
5
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© BSI 01-1999
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Table 4 — Target rates of application for lane traffic categories 2, 3, 4 and 5

(K1-70 emulsion applied hot)
Type of surface Lane traffic category
2 3 4 5
Nominal size Emulsion Nominal size Emulsion Nominal size Emulsion Nominal size Emulsion
of chippings rate of chippings rate of chippings rate of chippings rate
mm L/m2 mm L/m2 mm L/m2 mm L/m2
Very hard Not recommended 6 1.3 6 1.5 6 1.6
Hard 14 1.5 b 10 1.3 6 1.3 6 1.4
Normal 14 1.4 a 10 1.3 10 1.3 6 1.3
Soft 20 a 1.3 14 1.2 14 1.3 10 1.3
Very soft Not suitable for 20a 1.2 14 1.2 10 1.2
surface dressing
NOTE 1 When bulk spraying distributors are used, rates of spread of binder should not vary by more than + 10 % of the target
figure.
NOTE 2 Target rates of emulsion application should be increased in the following circumstances:
a) when using gravel aggregate: by 0.1 L/m2;
b) on porous or rough surfacings: by 0.2 L/m2.
When both conditions apply, the increase should be 0.3 L/m2. The use of gravel aggregates larger than 10 mm is not recommended.
a
Surface dressing in these conditions is not recommended but at the discretion of the engineer 20 mm chippings may be used
where traffic speeds are low.
b
Further evidence is being sought for successful use of K1-70 emulsion in these categories.
Table 5 — Target rates of application of K1-70 suitable in conditions of low temperatures and high
emulsion for impervious hard shoulders humidity.
Type of chippings Nominal size Emulsion rate 8.3 Treatment of non-cement bound sub-bases
of chippings and bases
mm L/m2 8.3.1 Time of application. Fresh formations,
Crushed rock and 10 1.6 granular sub-base and base materials such as
wet-mix macadam should be sprayed as directed by
slag aggregate 6 1.4
the engineer.
Crushed gravel 10 1.8 8.3.2 Emulsion. The emulsion used for this work
6 1.6 should be class A1-60, A1-55, K1-60 or K1-70,
applied at 0.9 L/m2 to 1.4 L/m2 directly on to the
8 Formation: sub-base and base formation and allowed to break. When a period of
sealing wet weather is encountered or in the situation
where there is little or no evaporation, it is advisable
8.1 General. This clause covers the surface to use class K1-60 or K1-70. Where the surface is not
application of emulsions to freshly cut or placed being surface dressed, the rate of emulsion
formations and/or freshly laid sub-bases, with the application should be increased by 0.4 L/m2 for
object of retaining the volume and strength by class A1-60, A1-55 or K1-60 and by 0.2 L/m2 for
maintaining the moisture equilibrium or curing of class K1-70.
cement bound materials. The dual role of the 8.4 Surface dressing. If the sealed surface,
emulsion is to prevent evaporation in dry weather sub-base or base is required to be surface dressed, it
and the ingress of water in wet weather. should be given a second application of emulsion
8.2 Treatment of cement bound sub-bases and within 2 to 3 days of the first spray and at the same
bases. Sub-bases and bases such as cement rate of spread. This second spray should be covered
stabilized soil, lean mix concrete or others which with 6 mm chippings at 6 kg/m2 to 8 kg/m2
contain cement should be covered within 1 h of (see clause 7).
laying, using class A1-40, A1-55, K1-40 or K1-60
emulsion at a rate dependent on the class of
emulsion and the nature of the surface being
treated. The cationic grades are particularly
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6 © BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
9 Grouting 9.4.2 Hand spreading. Preferably, each load of

aggregate should be unloaded outside the area upon
9.1 General. This clause covers the preparation of
which it is to be spread and every precaution should
a surfacing from 50 mm to 75 mm thick in one
be taken to prevent the aggregate becoming
course or up to 100 mm thick in two courses, as may
contaminated with dust or foreign matter during all
be specified, by the application of emulsion into the of the operations. The spreading should be carried
interstices of mineral aggregates after the latter out with shovels and not forks, care being taken to
have been spread on the foundation.
avoid segregation of the different sizes of aggregate.
The emulsion should be class A1-60, A1-55 or K1-60.
9.4.3 Mechanical spreading. Alternatively, the
Class A1-60 or K1-60 is preferable when the
aggregate may be spread by mechanical means such
compacted stone layer is unusually open or wet. By
as a spreader box. It is advisable to spread the
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier coarse aggregate first and to superimpose 14 mm
class K1-70 may be used. to 20 mm material as a separate operation.
9.2 Preparation of base. Clean sand or quarry
9.4.4 Rolling. The rolling should be carried out with
fines should normally be laid upon the prepared
a roller of mass 6 t to 10 t or such other mass as may
foundation to a depth not exceeding 13 mm. For
be approved by the purchaser or his representative.
scarified surfaces this preparation may be omitted.
Longitudinal rolling should progress from the sides
Satisfactory foundations and drainage are towards the centre of the road. The rolling should be
presupposed. continued until there is no appreciable movement of
9.3 Aggregates. Any clean, angular, but not the aggregate under the roller. If necessary, to
necessarily dry, aggregate can be used, provided achieve this result further 14 mm to 20 mm
that it has sufficiently high crushing strength with chippings may be applied to the surface as required.
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regard to the traffic to be carried. The grading In the case of semi-grouted work, the minimum
should be selected with reference to the character of quantity of water should be applied during rolling to
the aggregate to be used and the depth of the bring up a slurry evenly in the aggregate within
compacted layer or layers; for example, suitable such a depth of the surface of the road as may be
gradings would be: specified. It is preferable that the lower or slurried
a) for a 50 mm compacted thickness: layer, which is thus waterbound, should not exceed
60 % of 40 mm nominal single-sized material; two-thirds of the total thickness of the compacted
thickness of the surfacing.
30 % of 28 mm nominal single-sized material;
9.5 Application of emulsion
10 % of 14 mm to 20 mm nominal single-sized
material; 9.5.1 Rate of application. For a full grout, the
b) for a 65 mm to 75 mm compacted thickness: quantity of emulsion should be sufficient to coat the
aggregate to the full depth of the course; it is an
60 % of 50 mm nominal single-sized material; advantage to apply the emulsion in two stages. For
30 % of 40 mm nominal single-sized material; semi-grouted work, the quantity of emulsion used
10 % of 14 mm to 20 mm nominal single-sized should be sufficient to coat the aggregate to the full
material. depth of the layer above the slurried or waterbound
layer (see Table 6).
It is important to ensure that the various sizes are
thoroughly mixed. Alternatively, the 14 mm Table 6 — Typical rates of application for
to 20 mm material may be spread over the larger grouting
material after the latter has been placed in position Thickness of Full grout Semi-grout
and vibrated into the interstices. course
9.4 Spreading and compacting the aggregate mm L/m2 L/m2
9.4.1 General. For a finished thickness up to 75 mm, 50 5.5 to 7.0 3.0 to 5.5
the aggregate should be spread to the required 65 7.0 to 9.5 4.0 to 7.0
contour and to such a thickness that, after being
compacted by rolling, its minimum thickness is not 75 9.5 to 11 5.5 to 8.0
less than specified.

© BSI 01-1999 7
BS 434-2:1984
9.5.2 Procedure. As soon as the emulsion has been 10 Retreading

applied, clean 6 mm or 10 mm chippings should be
10.1 General. This clause covers a method of
spread uniformly over the surface in sufficient
reconstituting old, waterbound macadam, coated
quantity to fill up all the surface interstices, but not
macadam and grouted and surface dressed roads
in excess of this. The surfaces should then be rolled
again. which involves the minimum quantity of new
materials.
Should a finished thickness of over 75 mm be
The emulsion should be class A2-50, A3 or K2; the
specified, the aggregate should be spread,
degree of stability required depends upon the
compacted and grouted with emulsion in two
grading and type of surface to be treated. The
separate layers. The bottom, or first, layer should
manufacturer of the emulsion should be consulted
not have a thickness less than the top, or second,
layer and the size of the aggregate should be before undertaking any retread work so that the
appropriate to the thickness of each layer. The first correct class of emulsion may be supplied.
layer of aggregates should be compacted and 10.2 Preparation of surface. The existing surface
grouted as in the case of single course work, except should be scarified, for example by tines fitted to an
that, after grouting, chippings should not be applied ordinary road roller of mass 8 t to 10 t, to a depth of
to fill the surface interstices. The second layer of approximately 75 mm.
aggregate should be spread immediately grouting of It is essential that the material to be used should be
the first course has been completed and, after broken down to less than 75 mm in size. If it has not
grouting, should have chippings applied and be been reduced to the desired size by the initial
rolled as in the case of single course work. scarifying, this can often be effected by harrowing.
9.6 Joints. The end of each day’s work should be Any larger lumps of coated macadam or stone
finished by laying and rolling a feathered edge not should be broken down by other means or rejected.
less than 300 mm in width. This should be cut back It is also necessary to make up depressions or places
to well compacted material and should have a clean deficient in aggregate with fresh stone
vertical face before further laying-up to it proceeds. graded 40 mm to 14 mm. Any fresh aggregate
Similarly, when surfacing in half-widths, required should be added at this stage and mixed
longitudinal joints should be feathered off and with existing materials by means of cultivators,
subsequently cut back to a clean vertical face harrows or other suitable equipment.
immediately before laying the second half-width. Any necessary reshaping should then be carried out
Areas inaccessible to the roller should be thoroughly either by hand or mechanically with a blade grader.
compacted by tampers. 10.3 Application of emulsion. The total rate of
9.7 Surface dressing. After an agreed interval, the application should usually be 5.5 L/m2 to 8.0 L/m2.
surface should be swept, and a surface dressing of It is generally necessary to apply the emulsion in
emulsion and 14 mm or 10 mm chippings applied two or more applications and to mix it with the
according to previous recommendations aggregate by harrows or other means after each
(see clause 7); the purpose of this surface dressing is application except the last. If there is any doubt
to seal the surface. regarding the number of applications which should
A second surface dressing of emulsion and chippings be applied the emulsion supplier should be
may be required two or three months after the first consulted. Mixing should be not more than
application on some roads to provide a necessary to distribute the emulsion; excessive
skid-resistant surface. mixing may cause premature breakdown and bring
to the surface too high a proportion of the larger
sized stones.
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8 © BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
10.4 Reshaping and sealing. After any reshaping The manufacturer of the emulsion should be
necessary to restore any loss of profile caused by the consulted so that the correct grade of emulsion may
mixing operations, the surface should be rolled be supplied.
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immediately, preferably with a roller of mass 8 t 11.2.2 Aggregate. Any normal, clean, but not
to 10 t; one passage with the roller, followed by necessarily dry, aggregate can be used, provided
back-rolling next day, is normally adequate. If that it has a sufficiently high crushing strength with
desired, chippings may be lightly scattered on the regard to the traffic to be carried. Typical gradings
surface prior to rolling to help fill any voids and to for coarse and fine aggregates are given in
prevent the binder from sticking to the roller; Table 7(a) to Table 7(e).
watering of the roller for this purpose should be kept
11.3 Mixing. Mixers may be either:
to a minimum. Chippings ranging from 14 mm
to 3 mm may be used according to the texture of the a) rotary drum type concrete mixers; or
surface. If the surface is still too open textured after b) single or twin shaft concrete or macadam
the first passage of the roller, further chippings, mixers.
preferably 10 mm or 6 mm, may be applied after The appropriate emulsion should be added to the
spraying the surface lightly with class A1-60, A1-55, mixer in the approximate amounts shown in
K1-60 or K1-70 emulsion at a rate of application Table 7(a) to Table 7(e).
of 0.7 L/m2 to 0.9 L/m2.
If additional water is required with fine graded
10.5 Surface dressing. After a period which may aggregates, it should be added either to the
vary from a few days to a few weeks, depending on aggregate or preferably to the emulsion prior to
weather conditions, traffic, etc., the retreaded mixing.
surface should be surface dressed with class A1-60,
It is essential that the time of mixing be carefully
A1-55, K1-60 or K1-70 emulsion and covered
with 6 mm or 10 mm chippings (see clause 7). The controlled and over-mixing avoided because this will
rate of application of the emulsion should be result in stripping of the bitumen film.
increased by approximately 0.2 L/m2 over the 11.4 Laying. The mixed material should be spread
appropriate recommendation for hard surfaces to the required contour immediately after
given in Table 3 and Table 4. preparation and lightly rolled. It should then be
allowed to set for a few hours depending upon the
11 Premixing drying conditions, after which final compaction may
be effected. A suitable roller for this purpose would
11.1 General. This covers the production of be of mass 6 t to 8 t.
bitumen coated macadams which are laid
immediately after mixing and while the emulsion is Table 7 — Typical mixtures
still substantially in an unbroken state. Emulsions (a) Nominal size 40 mm, single course macadam
of sufficient stability for mixing with the particular Test sieve complying Aggregate: crushed rock or slag.
graded aggregate should be used. with BS 410 Percentage by mass passing
Satisfactory foundations and drainage are 50 mm 100
presupposed.
37.5 mm 90 to 100
11.2 Materials
28 mm 55 to 90
11.2.1 Emulsion. The emulsion used for this work
should be class A2-57 or A2-50, though under some 14 mm 35 to 55
circumstances, e.g. for 6 mm nominal size wearing 6.3 mm 20 to 30
course and especially for fine coated macadam, 3.35 mm 10 to 20
class A3 may be necessary. The degree of stability
required depends upon the grading and type of 300 µm 2 to 10
aggregate to be treated. 75 µm —
For mixing coarse graded aggregate, it is necessary NOTE For 40 mm nominal size single course macadam,
for the viscosity of the emulsion to be sufficiently use 55 L to 70 L of emulsion per tonne of aggregate.
high to ensure that no undue draining away of the
emulsion occurs during and after mixing, and that
an adequate film of bitumen is deposited on the
stone. For fine graded aggregate, an emulsion of
lower viscosity is required in order to ensure an
adequate coating with bitumen of the fine particles
of the aggregate, and for this purpose it may be
necessary to add a suitable proportion of water.

© BSI 01-1999 9
BS 434-2:1984
(b) Nominal size 40 mm, open textured base (e) Fine coated macadam
--`,,```,,``,`,,,,,`,`````,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
course macadam Test sieve complying Aggregate: crushed rock or slag.

Test sieve complying Aggregate: crushed rock or slag. with BS 410 Percentage by mass passing
with BS 410 Percentage by mass passing 6.3 mm 100
50 mm 100 2.36 mm 75 to 100
37.5 mm 90 to 100 600 µm 30 to 55
28 mm 55 to 85 150 µm 10 to 25
14 mm 15 to 35 75 µm 5 to 15
3.35 mm 0 to 10 NOTE For fine coated macadam, 100 L to 120 L of emulsion
NOTE For 40 mm nominal size open textured base course per tonne of aggregate is normally used; with coarser gradings,
macadam, use 45 L to 65 L of emulsion per tonne of aggregate. the emulsion may sometimes be reduced to 80 L/t and with
finer gradings or more rugous aggregates, e.g. blast-furnace
slag, the emulsion may be increased up to 135 L/t.
For fine coated macadam, use 0 L to 70 L of water per tonne of
(c) Nominal size 14 mm, open textured wearing aggregate depending on the type, grading and natural water
course macadam content of the aggregate.
Test sieve complying Aggregate: crushed rock or slag. 11.5 Surface dressing. After a few weeks,
with BS 410 Percentage by mass passing
open-texture surfaces should be sealed by surface
20 mm 100 dressing with class A1-60, A 1-55, K1-60 or K 1-70
14mm 90 to 100 emulsion and covered with 10 mm chippings
(see clause 7). The rate of application of the
10 mm 55 to 75 emulsion should be that normally used for 14 mm
6.3 mm 25 to 45 chippings (see Table 3 and Table 4). Finer graded
3.35 mm 15 to 25 materials, such as the 6 mm wearing courses or fine
coated macadam, do not normally require surface
75 µm 2 to 6 dressing.
NOTE For 14 mm nominal size open textured wearing course
macadam, use 70 L to 90 L of emulsion per tonne of aggregate. 12 Coated stone
12.1 General. This clause covers the production of
coated macadam having a shiny coating of bitumen
(d) Nominal size 6 mm, medium textured wearing
similar to hot coated material it differs from
course macadam
premixed materials (see clause 11)which are laid
Test sieve complying Aggregate: crushed rock or slag. immediately after mixing and while the emulsion is
with BS 410 Percentage by mass passing
still substantially in an unbroken state. The coated
10 mm 100 stone may be stockpiled for a period before laying
6.3 mm 90 to 100 and is particularly suitable for such work as trench
reinstatement and remedial patching.
3.35 mm 45 to 65
12.2 Materials
1.18 mm 10 to 30
12.2.1 Emulsion. The emulsion used for this work
75 µm 2 to 8 should be class K2, K3 or modified A2-57, depending
NOTE For 6 mm nominal size medium textured wearing on the activity of the aggregate to be coated and the
course macadam, use 85 L to 100 L of emulsion per tonne of amount of fines present. It is not normally necessary
aggregate.
to add water to the mix. The manufacturer should
be fully consulted so that the correct grade of
emulsion to produce a coating on the particular
stone may be supplied.
10 © BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
12.2.2 Aggregate. A large range of aggregates can be 14 Tack coating

used but not all stone is suitable for coating by this
14.1 General. This clause covers the provision of an
process. Aggregates need not be dry but excessive
adhesive film between a coated macadam or other
moisture and/or fines may prevent coating or cause
carpet and the surface on which it is laid.
stripping. Gradings given in Table 7(a) to Table 7(e)
are normally suitable, provided that the fraction 14.2 Emulsion. The emulsion used for this work
passing 75 µm is below 5 % in all cases. should be either class A1-40 or K1-40.
12.3 Mixing. Mixing should be carried out as Because of the low viscosity of these emulsions, it is
described in 11.3, except that addition of water to important that they should be used as soon as
the emulsion is normally unnecessary. Mixing time possible after delivery. If this has not been possible,
should be kept to a minimum; coating is usually the drums should be very thoroughly rolled before
achieved in 15 s to 25 s. Longer mixing may lead to use.
--`,,```,,``,`,,,,,`,`````,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
stripping. The emulsion should be evenly sprayed so as to
12.4 Laying. Freshly prepared coated material or avoid ponding in the hollows, since this may lead to
that obtained from a stockpile should be spread to local fatting-up of the subsequently applied carpet.
contour and compacted. A suitable roller would be of The rate of application should generally be
mass 6 t to 8 t. For reinstatement work, coated between 0.3 L/m2 and 0.5 L/m2 but the actual rate of
stone should be laid as required and compacted by application should be decided for each job after
any suitable means. consideration of the individual circumstances of use.
For example, the lower rate is appropriate for a
13 Mist spraying dense substrate and the higher rate for a rugous
substrate. A lower rate of application than 0.3 L/m2
13.1 General. This clause covers the treatment of will possibly be necessary for a tack coat applied
road surfaces showing signs of fretting or incipient prior to slurry sealing, whilst a heavier rate of
disintegration. The life of such a surface may often spread than 0.5 L/m2 might be considered necessary
be prolonged without detriment to the non-skid and for some concrete substrates.
riding qualities of the road by the application of a
light dressing of low viscosity emulsion. The emulsion should be allowed to break completely
before starting to lay the carpet.
13.2 Emulsion. The emulsion used for this work
should be either class A1-40 or K1-40. 14.3 Gritting. The emulsion applied as in 14.2 may
be covered with a very light scattering of bitumen
Because of the low viscosity of these emulsions, it is coated grit as in 13.3, or fine coated macadam, to
important that they should be used as soon as prevent picking up.
possible after delivery. If this has not been possible,
the drums should be very thoroughly rolled before 15 Curing of pavement quality
use.
concrete
The emulsion should be sprayed at the rate
of 0.40 L/m2 to 0.45 L/m2. It is essential that the 15.1 General. This clause covers the use of
emulsion should be evenly sprayed so as to avoid emulsion as a convenient and effective method for
ponding in the hollows, since this may lead to local curing concrete.
fatting-up of any subsequently applied carpet. 15.2 Emulsion. The emulsion should normally be
The emulsion should be allowed to set before class A1-40 or K1-40.
blinding (see 13.3). Within 1 h of being laid, the concrete should be
13.3 Blinding. After the emulsion has started to given a coating of emulsion at the rate of 0.5 L/m2
break, it is recommended that there should be a to 0.9 L/m2 followed soon afterwards by the
light dressing of bitumen coated grit, 3 mm to dust application of sand or other small grit. The road may
aggregate, with not more than 10 % passing a 75 µm be opened to traffic as soon as the concrete has
sieve complying with BS 410 and binder content not attained the required strength.
exceeding 3.5 %. The rate of application should
be 2.5 kg/m2 to 5 kg/m2 according to the texture of 16 Slurry sealing
the surface. Richly coated grit should be avoided 16.1 General. This clause covers a process for
since it cannot be spread uniformly by mechanical treating airfield and road surfaces by applying a
gritter and may not work into the carpet slurry composed of fine aggregate and bitumen
satisfactorily. emulsion which seals cracks, arrests fretting and
NOTE When the rate of application of bitumen coated grit is fills voids and minor depressions to provide a more
at 5 kg/m2, it is advisable to increase the rate of application of the even riding surface or a base for further treatment,
emulsion to 0.55 L/m2 to 0.7 L/m2, preferably employing
class K1-40 emulsion.
e.g. surface dressing, thin carpet coat or friction
© BSI 01-1999
11
BS 434-2:1984
courses. It does not cover proprietary premixed For large areas, a bulk transit concrete mixer
material and advice on the use of such material may be used into which the ingredients
should be obtained from the supplier. (including water) are measured and mixed as the
16.2 Materials mixer travels to the area to be treated. A screed
box fitted with an adjustable rubber screed
16.2.1 Emulsion. For the production of slurry which, should be towed by the mixer which feeds it
on laying, develops early resistance to traffic and during laying.
rain, the emulsion should be class A4 rapid setting
Alternatively, a special mobile mixing machine
or class K3.
as described in b) may be used.
For less rapid setting slurry, the emulsion should be
class A4 slow setting. b) For class A4 rapid setting and K3 emulsions,
only special mobile mixing machines should be
16.2.2 Additives. It is usual to use ordinary used. These carry supplies of aggregate,
Portland, hydrated lime or other additives to control emulsion, water and filler (e.g. ordinary Portland
consistency, mix segregation and setting rate. It is cement or hydrated lime) and are fitted with
advisable to consult the manufacturer, who can metering devices to feed the ingredients in their
advise on this point. correct proportions to a mixer fitted to the rear of
16.2.3 Aggregate. It is essential that aggregates the machine. From the mixer the slurry is fed into
should be laboratory tested to determine their the screed box towed by the machine.
suitability for the process both as regards c) The appropriate dosage of emulsion, water and
compatibility with the emulsion and compliance filler should be determined by laboratory
with the wet track abrasion test in appendix A. examination of the aggregate. In the case of class
When tested in accordance with appendix A, the loss K3 emulsion, the necessary dosage of prewetting
in mass on the specimen should not solution, if used, should also be determined and
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exceed 500 g/m2. this dosage should be sprayed on the aggregate

Requirements for aggregate grading are given feed in its passage through the machine to the
in Table 8. mixing compartment.
Table 8 — Grading of aggregate for slurry Site variations, in particular temperature
sealing variations, may require adjustment to the dosage
Test sieve Finished thickness of sealing of water or prewetting agent.
complying The amount of emulsion used should be 180 L/t
with BS 410
to 250 L/t of dry aggregate.
Nominal 3 mm. Nominal 1.5 mm.
Percentage by mass Percentage by mass d) In some cases the use of a cationic tack coat,
passing passing class K1-40, is recommended before laying the
5.0 mm 100 100 slurry. The machines should be equipped to give
a light spray of water on to the tack coat film just
3.35 mm 80 to 100 — before the slurry is spread.
2.36 mm 75 to 100 95 to 100 e) The manufacturer of the emulsion should be
1.18 mm 55 to 90 70 to 95 consulted on the desirability of rolling and also of
tack coating. Where rolling is required, a
600 µm 35 to 70 55 to 75 pneumatic-tyred roller should be used after the
300 µm 20 to 45 30 to 50 material has set sufficiently.
150 µm 10 to 25 10 to 30
17 Miscellaneous uses
75 µm 5 to 15 5 to 15
This clause covers uses of emulsions which may be
NOTE Slurry seals with a nominal finished thickness of 6 mm of interest to the road engineer in connection with
are in use and evidence of their performance is being obtained.
Details of the aggregate gradings required may be included in a road construction and similar work but not
future revision or amendment. necessarily appertaining to the trafficked surface.
In most cases the emulsions used are those specified
16.3 Mixing and laying. Techniques vary
in Part 1 of this standard but in some cases they
according to the type of emulsion used, as follows.
may be modified by additions such as rubber latex or
a) For class A4 slow setting emulsion, mixing may they may incorporate harder bitumens.
be by hand, concrete mixer or other effective
mixer.
12 © BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
As conditions vary considerably from site to site, it e) Protection. The use of emulsion for the
is recommended that the user consult the emulsion protection of exposed or buried concrete and iron
manufacturer who will advise on the most suitable work, chiefly against sulphate attack and
method and grade of emulsion for carrying out work corrosion. Emulsion incorporating rubber latex is
on a particular site. normally used.
Miscellaneous uses include the following. f) Crack filling. The use of emulsion containing
a) Grass growing. The use of emulsion, usually in rubber latex for penetrating cracks in asphalt
conjunction with a layer of sand, to assist and concrete surfaces and filling with an elastic
--`,,```,,``,`,,,,,`,`````,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
germination of seed, and particularly on slopes to resilient sealant.
protect the surface from erosion and denudation g) Water seepage sealing. The use of emulsion to
until a sufficient grass root system to stabilize the reduce or eliminate seepage of water through
surface has been established. hair cracks in concrete “lakes” and to reduce
b) Blowing sand stabilization. The use of seepage loss on concrete irrigation or drainage
emulsion to give 25 mm to 50 mm depth of lightly ditches, etc., passing over porous soil.
stabilized surface on dunes and other areas
where blowing sand creates problems. The
treatment may be carried out in conjunction with
the establishment of trees and other vegetation.
c) Slip-coat. The use of emulsion to create a
membrane of bitumen between layers of concrete.
This retains the strength of the upper layer by
preventing water seepage into the lower layer,
and avoids rigid adhesion between layers of
different ages and strengths so that they mature
without setting up internal stresses.
d) Butt-joint priming. The use of emulsion to
prime the surface of butt joints between
bituminous or other materials.
© BSI 01-1999
13
BS 434-2:1984
Appendix A Wet track abrasion test A.1.12 Suitable mixing rod, approximately 10 mm
in diameter, fitted with a handle.
A.1 Apparatus A.2 Preparation of test specimens. Prepare
A.1.1 Mechanical mixer, of the planetary type, specimens in duplicate with each of the slurry
equipped with an abrasion head which has a rubber mixtures selected after laying trial strips. If no trial
strip holding device with 10 mm to 15 mm free strips are to be laid, make a series of duplicate
vertical movement and a mass of 2 200 g when specimens over the range of 180 L to 250 L of
loaded, so that approximately 1.4 g per mm2 is emulsion per tonne of dry aggregate, include the
exerted on the specimen via the rubber strip. amount of filler and any additive recommended by
the emulsion manufacturer in these mixes. Find the
The speed Sb of the beater shaft, to which the
water addition by trial as that amount necessary to
abrasion head is attached, and the speed Sp of the
produce, after stirring for at least 30 s, a fluid slurry
planetary arm in r/min, together with the planetary
which spreads readily without segregation.
arm diameter dp (i.e. twice the radius), should be
such that: To make the specimen, lay a metal sheet on a level,
firm surface, place centrally on top of this a sheet of
a) Sb and Sp are in opposing motions
roofing felt, and complete the assembly by placing
(i.e. one clockwise, the other anticlockwise);
the mask centrally on the felt. Weigh 675 g of the
b) dp is less than 125 mm; aggregate into the mixing can followed by the filler,
c) π 125 × Sb + π dp × Sp equals between 7 × 104 water and additive (if recommended). Stir for 20 s,
and 9 × 104 mm/min. add the emulsion and immediately stir vigorously
A.1.2 Strips of rubber, having a hardness for between 30 s and 60 s before pouring into the
of 66 IRHD to 75 IRHD when tested in accordance mask assembly while still stirring. Spread the
with BS 903-A26. The strips should be 125 mm slurry immediately to provide an even surface with
long, 12.5 mm wide and at least 20 mm deep. The minimum use of the squeegee.
depth should be sufficient to allow the strip to be NOTE When samples from a continuous slurry mixer are to be
examined, it is convenient to place the assembly of the metal
clamped (along the full length of 125 mm) in the sheet, felt and mask beside the road ahead of the machine, to take
abrasion head and to leave a distance of 10 mm from the chute of the mixer a sample in the mixing can and to
uncontained rubber above the 125 mm × 12.5 mm keep it vigorously stirred until it is poured.
abrasion face. Remove the mask from the specimen as soon as this
A.1.3 Balance, of 2 000 g capacity, readable and can be done without flow taking place, then allow
accurate to 0.5 g. the specimen to drain and place it, still on the metal
A.1.4 Flat bottom specimen pan, 300 mm to 330 mm plate, in the oven to dry to constant mass. Drying
diameter with 80 mm to 150 mm vertical side wall overnight is normally sufficient for complete drying.
at least 1 mm thick, having a means of securing Weigh the specimen with the metal plate.
specimens to the bottom of the pan. A.3 Procedure. Place the specimen, without the
A.1.5 Forced draught constant temperature oven, metal plate, in the water bath for not less
thermostatically controlled at 60 ± 3 °C. than 60 min and not more than 75 min.
A.1.6 Water bath, thermostatically controlled Remove the specimen from the bath and fit it
at 25 ± 1 °C. securely to the bottom of the pan. Fix the pan to a
rigid platform with the rubber strip abrasion head
A.1.7 Roofing felt, complying with type B of BS 747, in position at the mid-point of its free vertical
cut either into approximately 300 mm diameter movement centrally on the specimen. Pour
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circles or into octagons formed by cutting triangles sufficient water (approximately 700 mL) at 25 ± 1 °C
from the corners of approximately 300 mm squares into the pan, to cover the specimen completely. Then
of felt, so that the distance between each pair of abrade the specimen for the time T minutes from
opposite sides is approximately 300 mm. the formula:
A.1.8 Metal sheets, at least 300 mm square
2
and 1 mm thick, resistant to water and oil. 2.387 ( 125 + d p )
---------------------------------------------------
- = T
A.1.9 Squeegee blade, 300 mm to 350 mm long. 100S b + 0.8 d p 3S p
A.1.10 Mask of impervious rigid material,
Remove the specimen from the pan, wash it free
approximately 300 mm square, 6 mm thick with a
from loose particles, replace it on its metal plate and
circular opening 280 mm diameter in the centre.
dry in the oven to constant mass.
A.1.11 Suitable mixing can, approximately 130 mm
Number the metal plates in a series so that they can
high and 120 mm diameter.
be identified when replacing the specimens on them
after the abrasion has been carried out.
14 © BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
NOTE In some cases, the roofing felt sticks to the metal plate A.5 Reporting of results. Report the loss in mass
during drying. This can be prevented by inserting sheets of as the mass lost per square metre of abraded area to
silicone treated paper between the felt and the metal sheets
before placing the specimens in the oven. This applies both to the the nearest 1 g.
initial drying and to the drying after abrading. When silicone Note the proportions of aggregate, filler, bitumen
paper is used, it should be treated as part of the metal sheet and
weighed as such, but it should be removed from the base of the emulsion and water used to form each specimen.
sample before placing it in the water bath. Express the amount of emulsion used as the number
of litres per tonne of dry aggregate.
A.4 Calculation. Note the texture, setting time, cohesion and particle
2 4 ( W 2 – W1 ) 6
segregation of the specimen during formation.
Loss in g / m = ---------------------------------
- × 10
2
π ( d p – 125 )
where
W2 is the mass of steel sheet + felt + specimen
--`,,```,,``,`,,,,,`,`````,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
before abrasion (in g);
W1 is the mass of steel sheet + felt + specimen
after abrasion (in g);
dp is the planetary arm diameter (in mm).
© BSI 01-1999
15
--`,,```,,``,`,,,,,`,`````,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
16
blank
BS 434-2:1984
Publications referred to
BS 63, Single-sized roadstone and chippings.

BS 63-2, Metric units.
BS 410, Specification for test sieves.
BS 434, Bitumen road emulsions (anionic and cationic).
BS 434-1, Specification for bitumen road emulsions.
BS 747, Specification for roofing felts.
BS 812, Methods for sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sands and fillers.
BS 903, Methods of testing vulcanized rubber.
BS 903-A26, Determination of hardness.
BS 1707, Hot binder distributors for road surface dressing.
BS 1984, Gravel aggregates for surface treatment (including surface dressings) on roads.
BS 3136, Cold emulsion spraying machines for roads.
Road Note 39 (second edition). Recommendations for road surface dressing (TRRL/DTp)2).
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2) Available from HMSO.

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Bitumen Road Emulsions (Anionic and Cationic)

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BRITISH STANDARD BS 434-2:

Copyright British Standards Institution

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Road

British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

This British Standard, having

First published as BS 2542

ISBN 0 580 12839 3

Copyright British Standards Institution

1 Scope 2.4 When the roadwork is to be carried out by the

Table 1 — Classes of emulsion for normal uses

Bitumen emulsions can normally be applied to 5 Work on site

hours after the work is completed.

5.4 Application 6 Repair of potholes and depressions

Copyright British Standards Institution

The hardness of the road surface is defined as 6 7±1

4 British Standards Institution © BSI 01-1999

7.4 Treatment of surfaces requiring It is recommended that chippings known to have

Table 4 — Target rates of application for lane traffic categories 2, 3, 4 and 5

9 Grouting 9.4.2 Hand spreading. Preferably, each load of

9.4 Spreading and compacting the aggregate mm L/m2 L/m2

Copyright British Standards Institution

9.5.2 Procedure. As soon as the emulsion has been 10 Retreading

Copyright British Standards Institution

course macadam Test sieve complying Aggregate: crushed rock or slag.

12.2.2 Aggregate. A large range of aggregates can be 14 Tack coating

exceed 500 g/m2. this dosage should be sprayed on the aggregate

W2 is the mass of steel sheet + felt + specimen

BS 63, Single-sized roadstone and chippings.

2) Available from HMSO.

Copyright British Standards Institution

Copyright British Standards Institution

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