BRIDGE CONSTUCTION METHODS

1
 COURSE OUTLINE
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Part I- Introduction

Part II- Classification of Bridges

Part III- Construction of Bridge Foundation

A. Accessibility
B. Construction of Bridge Foundation
1. R. C. /Prestressed Concrete Piles
2. Steel Piles
3. Cofferdam
4. Bored Piles
5. Footing/Shaft/Coping
C. Construction of Bridge Superstructure
1. Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder
2. PSC Girders
3. Steel Bridges
4. Cable Stayed Bridges
5. Ach Bridges

Part IV – Common Problems in Bridge

Construction

2
I. INTRODUCTION

BRIDGE is a structure built over a

depression or obstacle such as
rivers, valleys or man made structure
such as another road line for use as
passageway for man and/or
vehicular traffic.

3
I.1
a) Main Bridge Components

a.1) Superstructure
Horizontal portion of the bridge
which spans the obstacle.

a.2) Substructure
Supports the superstructure and
transmits the dead and live loads to
the foundation. It accommodates
adequate resistance to vertical and
lateral loads.

I.2 4
b. Types of Bridge Foundation

b.1)Spread Footing

Suitable for shallow foundation. Disadvantages; inability to withstand horizontal

forces/bending moment, danger posed by scouring & difficulty for underwater
construction

b.2) On-Pile Foundation

b.3) Caisson Foundation

A large water tight chamber within which work is done under water, as on the
bridge pier.

I.3 5
 Parts of An Abutment
wingwall

backwall

bridge seat

footing

WINGWALL, which guides the motorists and pedestrians in

and out of the bridge
 BACKWALL which is that transverse part retaining the fill
materials of the approach from going to the bridge
COPING BEAM or that horizontal part where the bearing is
situated
FOOTING which is the enlarged
I.4
part of the substructure that
6
is in direct contact with the soil and/or pile foundation.
Common Types of Abutments

Full Height Open or Spill

Through

Diaphragm Gravity

7
I.5
 Piers

Abut 1 Pier 1 Pier 2 Abut 2

I.6
8
Common Types Of Pier

SOLID SHAFT MULTI COLUMN

PILE BENT SINGLE COLUMN

I.7 9
Parts of a Substructure
o Foundation
o Abutments
o Pier
o Bearing

I.8 10
 II. Classification of Bridges

o Based according to usage

o Based on Type of Material
Used
o Based on System of
Design or according to the
type of supporting
structure used.
o Based on Location of the
Roadway
II.1
11
 TYPE OF BRIDGE ACCORDING
TO USAGE

o Temporary Bridge
o Permanent Bridge

II.2
12
Types of Bridge Based on
Materials Used

o Timber Bridge

o Steel Bridge

o Concrete Bridge

II.3
13
Types of Timber Bridge

– Timber Trestle
– Log Bridge

6 meter clear

II.4
14
 Types of Concrete Bridge

• CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
BRIDGE

• PRE-CAST CONCRETE
BRIDGE

II.5
15
Sample of Cast-in-place Concrete
Bridges

Flat Slab RCDG

Box Girder Voided Slab

II.6
16
 Sample Section Of Pre-cast
Concrete Girder Bridges

PSC I-Girder PSC T- Girder

PSC Channel Beam

II.7
17
Types of Bridge Based on System
of Design or according to types of
supporting structure used
• Simple span-Consisting of a separate
beam for each span, supported at one
end by fixed bearing and the other
end by expansion bearing.

• Continuous span-The superstructure

is continuous over one or more
support.
• Cantilever span –The end of each
horizontal member extend out past its
vertical support. The end projecting
beyond the support is called
cantilever.

• Suspension Span – The horizontal

members are supported by cables
passing over tower.
II.8
18
 Types according to the
position of the Bridge Floor
• Deck Bridge- The bridge floor
lies entirely above its
supporting structure.
• Suspension Bridge- The deck is
located entirely below the
supporting structures.
• Through Bridge- The bridge
floor lies somewhere between
the top and bottom of the
supporting structures

II.9
19
Samples of Steel Bridges

– Steel Girder Bridge

– Steel Truss Bridge

– Bailey Bridge

II.10
20
Sample Simply Supported Span

M F M F M F M F

II.11
21
Sample Continuous Span

L not more than 150 meters

M F F F F F F M

II.12
22
Sample Cantilever Bridge

II.13
23
Sample Cable-stayed Bridge

II.14
24
Types of Bridge Based on
Roadway Location

Deck Type

Bailey Panels

Through Type

II.15
25
Types of Bridge according to
Form and Structural Stresses

o Girder Bridge – Design for

flexural stresses

o Arch Bridge – Compression

as its primary stress

o Truss Bridge- Combination

of compression and tension.

o Suspension Bridge- Tension

stress

II.16
26
BAMBAN – Nielsen Bridge,
TARLAC

II.17
27
PART III- Construction of Bridge
Foundation

III-A. ACCESSIBILITY

DUE TO AQUATIC BRIDGE

OPERATION.

III-A.1
28
III-A.1 Embankment
Craneway

III-A.2
29
III-A.2 Structural Steel
Craneway

30
III-A.3
• A temporary wall installed to exclude water to allow construction work within
the area protected by the cofferdam.

Steel sheet pile is effective 5 – 20 meters depth

31
III-A.3 River Re -
Channelization

Abut. "A"

Applied if working on a wide river

bed with low level of water flowing
occupying a narrow area.
III-A.5 32
III-A.4 Timber
Craneway

III-A.6
33
III-B. BRIDGE FOUNDATION
III-B.1 Pre-cast
Concrete Piles
8 PCS
25 MM RSB

4 PCS
7 WIRE
STRANDS

PSC PILE ORD. R.C. PILE

34
III-B.1a
 Fabrication of R. C. /
Prestressed
Concrete Pile
 After the result of test pile is reviewed and
evaluated by the Engineer as well as the
issuance of instruction on the fabrication
length of the piles, fabrication and casting of
piles shall commence.
Reinforcing steel bars shall be pre-assembled
at steel fabrication area and shall be installed
using suitable lifting equipment assisted by
manpower.
 Concrete to be poured shall be in accordance
with the required specification. Curing of
piles shall be done by continuous watering or
by continuously wet burlap covering the
exposed surface of the piles.
 Stockpiling of piles shall be limited to 3 layers
and shall be supported by wood block in
between the piles. Only designated lifting
points shall be used in lifting the piles.
35
III-B.1g
•Forms at but end should be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
•For segmental piles, provision of pipe sleeves for 1st segment and dowels for the 2nd segm

ITEM 400(2)/400(14) – PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES (Furnished

& Driven)

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS :
A. FABRICATION STAGE

a.1 Construction of casting yard, either concrete or on

timber platform.
a.2. Placing of cellophane, then installation of side forms.
a.3. Proper assembly and installation of rebar (number,
spacing, hook, splicing, and concrete spacer.)
a.4. Forms at but end should be perpendicular to the
vertical axis.
a.5. For segmental piles, provision of pipe sleeves for 1st
segment and dowels for the 2nd segment.

1. Installation of pile shoe.

2. Concreting works.
- Used of concrete mixers, vibrators, approved
construction materials, design mix and required
slump.
3. Sampling of concrete.
4. Concrete curing.
5. Removal of forms (after 24 hours).

36
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS :
A. DRIVING STAGE

b.1. Preparation of Square Holes

Construction of square holes to be made of cocologs, good lumber or

structural steel to serve as guide to maintain its verticality/alignment
during driving. Square holes are provided at two (2) levels, 1st at near
ground surface and 2nd at 3 meters above its level.

b.2. Lifting/Spotting of Piles

R. C. Piles shall be lifted or moved properly supported at the points

shown on the plans. It not shown, they shall be supported at the
quarter points.

b.3. DRIVING OF PILES

All piles shall be driven as shown on the plans or as ordered in writing

by the Engineer, using appropriate equipments, materials and
methodology.

37
IMPORTANT NOTES :

 Piles allowed to be moved - attained 80% of the design 28 day

CS., or 14 days after casting

 Piles allowed to be transported - attained 100% of the design 28

day and driven CS., or 28 days after
casting

 Minimum Pile Penetration - 3M – firm materials

- 5M – soft materials

 Allowable Variation (Plumbness) - 20mm/meter of pile length

 Allowable Variation at the - 75mm any direction

Butt end of Piles

 Theoritical Location Underneath - within 150mm

the Pile Cap

 Gravity Hammers - shall not weigh less than 60% of

the combined wt. of the pile and
driving head but not less than
2,000 kg.

 Height of Fall of Hammer - not to exceed 4.50m for Timber and

steel piles, 2.50m for concrete
piles.

 Min. Embedment for Exposed - Greater than the Exposed Length

Piles with Pile Bent Type but not less than 6 meters
Foundation

 Appropriate Formula - Modified Hiley’s Formula

In getting Bearing Values
Of Concrete/Steel Piles
When weight of ram or hammer
To weight of pile Is greater than
One fourth (1/4)

38
 a. Photo showing the
Fabrication of R.C. Piles

Coarse aggregates – 19 mm max.

Concrete strength – 27.6 mpa

39
III-B.1h
Lifting of Piles

40
c. Delivery of Fabricated
Concrete Piles

41
III-B.1j
Driving Equipment

o Drop Hammer
o Single Acting Hammer
o Double Acting Hammer
o Diesel Hammer
o Vibratory Hammer

42
III-B.1b
 Drop Hammer
Disadvantages- 1) slow rate of driving
2)Cannot be used underwater,3)danger
of damaging piles,4)heavy vibration

43
III-B.1c
 The Importance of Test Piles
TEST PILE DATA

Project: Construction of Mabolo Bridge Province: Camarines Sur

Location: Naga City Hammer Used: M-23
Pile No. & Location: Pile Bent # 20-D Weight of Ram: 22.57 KN
Required Bearing Capacity: 344 KN Date Driven: 01-15-03
Cut-Off Elevation: (+) 1.53 m WHERE:
Ground Elevation: (+) 0.53 m Ra. = Bearing Capacity (KN)
Computed Casting Length after Driving: 19.00 m W = Wt. Of Ram/Hammer (KN)
Pile Tip Elevation after Driving: (-) 16.47 m S = Ave. Height of Penetration (MM)
Type of Test Pile: RC Pile H = Height of Fall of Ram (MM)
Dimension: 0.40m. x 0.40m. x 20.00 m K = Constant: 10 mm
Weight of Pile: 23.357 Kn Wp = Weight of Pile (KN)
FS = Factor of Safety

FORMULA USED: [ 2WH (W)]

Ra. = [ (S+K) (W+Wp)] FS

GROUND TIP NUMBER AVERAGE FALL BEARING

PENETRATION ELEVATION OF BLOWS PENETRATION OF RAM CAPACITY
(M) (M) (MM/BLOW) (MM) (KN)
0.00 0.53
0.30 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.20 -0.67 4.00 225.00 500.00 17.00
2.00 -1.47 5.00 160.00 900.00 42.31
3.00 -2.47 6.00 166.67 1,300.00 58.80
4.00 -3.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 147.21
5.00 -4.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
6.00 -5.47 23.00 43.48 1,500.00 224.14
7.00 -6.47 21.00 47.62 1,500.00 208.03
8.00 -7.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
9.00 -8.47 15.00 66.67 1,500.00 156.35
10.00 -9.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 128.46
11.00 -10.47 16.00 62.50 1,500.00 144.28
12.00 -11.47 19.00 52.63 1,500.00 167.01
13.00 -12.47 28.00 35.71 1,500.00 228.82
14.00 -13.47 32.00 31.25 1,500.00 253.58
15.00 -14.47 45.00 22.22 1,500.00 324.63
16.00 -15.47 48.00 20.83 1,500.00 339.25
17.00 -16.47 50.00 20.00 1,500.00 348.68

Recommended Length = from Elev 1.53 m. to Elev. -16.47 m. plus 1 meter

= 19 meters

SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY ;

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA CARLITO L. NACIONAL

Project Manager Project Engineer Engineer V
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC PAD-I, Bureau of Construction

44
III-B.1d
Single acting hammer
Is a freely falling weight

Disadvantages-1)require more
investment
2)More complicated/high
maintenance cost
3)More time to set up/take
down,
4)require large operating crew

45
III-B.1e
Double acting hammer

46
III-B.1f
 STAKE OUT SURVEY
a. Establish the alignment of the bridge
structure and the location of
Abutments and Piers based from the
known reference elevation and
coordinates provided in the approved
plans

b. Establish vertical and horizontal

control points (benchmark) that are
fixed and non-movable near the
abutment for easier and expeditious
control and re checking of the actual
elevation and alignment.

47
 STAKE OUT SURVEY

• C. Level the area and the location

of the Bridge Abutments and
Piers with adequate working
area for construction equipments
and temporary stock pile of
excavated materials
• D. Layout excavation location

48
f. Proper Sequence of Driving Each
Pile in Pile Groups

49
III-B.1m
Methods of Splicing Piles

0.40 x 0.40 m.
R.C. Piles

4 meters
o Splice Can
o Build-up
0.40 m.

o Structural Epoxy
Male/Female

0.40 x 0.40 m.
R.C. Piles

50
III-B.1n
g. Importance of Driving Each Pile
Continuously

51
III-B.1o
Equipment: Diesel Hammer

52
III-B.1p
 TEST PILE DATA
TEST PILE DATA

Project: Construction of Mabolo Bridge Province: Camarines Sur

Location: Naga City Hammer Used: M-23
Pile No. & Location: Pile Bent # 20-D Weight of Ram: 22.57 KN
Required Bearing Capacity: 344 KN Date Driven: 01-15-03
Cut-Off Elevation: (+) 1.53 m WHERE:
Ground Elevation: (+) 0.53 m Ra. = Bearing Capacity (KN)
Computed Casting Length after Driving: 19.00 m W = Wt. Of Ram/Hammer (KN)
Pile Tip Elevation after Driving: (-) 16.47 m S = Ave. Height of Penetration (MM)
Type of Test Pile: RC Pile H = Height of Fall of Ram (MM)
Dimension: 0.40m. x 0.40m. x 20.00 m K = Constant: 10 mm
Weight of Pile: 23.357 Kn Wp = Weight of Pile (KN)
FS = Factor of Safety

FORMULA USED: [ 2WH (W)]

Ra. = [ (S+K) (W+Wp)] FS

GROUND TIP NUMBER AVERAGE FALL BEARING

PENETRATION ELEVATION OF BLOWS PENETRATION OF RAM CAPACITY
(M) (M) (MM/BLOW) (MM) (KN)
0.00 0.53
0.30 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.20 -0.67 4.00 225.00 500.00 17.00
2.00 -1.47 5.00 160.00 900.00 42.31
3.00 -2.47 6.00 166.67 1,300.00 58.80
4.00 -3.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 147.21
5.00 -4.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
6.00 -5.47 23.00 43.48 1,500.00 224.14
7.00 -6.47 21.00 47.62 1,500.00 208.03
8.00 -7.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
9.00 -8.47 15.00 66.67 1,500.00 156.35
10.00 -9.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 128.46
11.00 -10.47 16.00 62.50 1,500.00 144.28
12.00 -11.47 19.00 52.63 1,500.00 167.01
13.00 -12.47 28.00 35.71 1,500.00 228.82
14.00 -13.47 32.00 31.25 1,500.00 253.58
15.00 -14.47 45.00 22.22 1,500.00 324.63
16.00 -15.47 48.00 20.83 1,500.00 339.25
17.00 -16.47 50.00 20.00 1,500.00 348.68

Recommended Length = from Elev 1.53 m. to Elev. -16.47 m. plus 1 meter

= 19 meters

SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY ;

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA CARLITO L. NACIONAL

Project Manager Project Engineer Engineer V
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC PAD-I, Bureau of Construction

53
III-B.1q
 Summary of Pile Driving Data

SUMMARY OF BEARING PILE DATA

Project: Mabulo By-Pass Bridge Naga, City
Type of Pile: H-Pile, 79.02 kg/m
Recorded by: Severino B. Plurad, Jr.

REQUIRED BEARING POWER : 344 KN TYPE OF FORMULA :

REQUIRED TIP ELEVATION : (-) 10.47
CUT-OFF ELEVATION : (+) 1.53
CASTING LENGTH OF THE
12 meters plus 12 meters = 24.00
REGULAR PILE : (2WH) x W x 1
B.P. =
LOCATION : PILE BENT # 1 (S + K) x (W + P) x 4
SIZE OF PILE : 12" x 12" x 12 meters

MARK GROUND DATE TOTAL TOTAL AVE. FALL OF COMPUTED FINAL TIP PAY TOP OF
PENETRATION BEARING
OF PENETRATION PENETRATION LENGTH PILE
FOR LAST 20 POWER,
PILE ELEV. (M) DRIVEN (M) BLOWS (mm) (MM/BLOW) RAM (mm) (KN) ELEV. (M) L.M. ELEV.(M)

1-A 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 362 18.08 1,600.00 352.50 -16.47 18.00 1.53

1-B 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 336 16.79 1,500.00 346.40 -16.47 18.00 1.53

1-C 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 336 16.79 1,500.00 346.40 -16.47 18.00 1.53

1-D 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 336 16.79 1,500.00 346.40 -16.47 18.00 1.53

SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY:

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA ORLANDO B. ROCES

Project Manager Project Engineer OIC - Regional Director
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC Region V

54
III-B.1r
III-B.2 STEEL PILES
Common Types of Steel Piles

• H-Pile

• Monotube Piles

55
III-B.2a
Typical H-Pile Section

Flange/Web Thickness = 10mm.

Flange
Width =
0.30 m.

Web width =0.30 m.

Unit Weight depends on the design and
indicated in the Mill Certificate

56
III-B.2b
Structural Steel H-pile Driving

57
III-B.2c
Driving of Tubular Piles

58
III-B.2d
COMPLETED DRIVING OF
H-PILES

59
III-B.2e
Types of Monotube Piles

Tapering Uniform
Diameter

60
III-B.2f
 STAKE OUT SURVEY
a. Establish the alignment of the bridge
structure and the location of
Abutments and Piers based from the
known reference elevation and
coordinates provided in the approved
plans

b. Establish vertical and horizontal

control points (benchmark) that are
fixed and non-movable near the
abutment for easier and expeditious
control and re checking of the actual
elevation and alignment.

61
 STAKE OUT SURVEY

• C. Level the area and the location

of the Bridge Abutments and
Piers with adequate working
area for construction equipments
and temporary stock pile of
excavated materials
• D. Layout excavation location

62
DRIVEN MONOTUBE PILES

63
III-B.2g
III-B.3 COFFERDAM

64
III-B.3a
STEEL COFFERDAM

65
III-B.3b
B.3 Steel Cofferdam

66
III-B.3c
Excavation Works

67
III-B.3d
Shoring/timbering Works

Using timber planks, waling pieces and struts

2-3 meters in stages

1.Keep excavated materials clear at the top of excavation.

2.Keep loose tools and equipment clear at the top of excavation
68
III-B.3e
Timber Cofferdam

69
III-B.3f
Exercise Number 1

Select the best answer.

70
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Advantages Over
Driven Piles
o Larger sections
o Can penetrate hard layers
o Adapts to different depths
o Risk of false refusal is
eradicated
o Less vibration and not
noisy
o Fast execution
o More economical

III-B.4a 71
Disadvantages

oRequires specialized
personnel
oRisk of disturbed soil
around the pile
oRisk of poor contact at
the base
oFrequently difficult to
keep site clean

III-B.4b 72
Drilling Rig

III-B.4c 73
Bored Pile Attachments

III-B.4d 74
 FABRICATED STEEL
CASING FOR BORED PILES

III-B.4e 75
Steel Casing for Bored Pile
foundation (Calibrated)

III-B.4f 76
 Driving of steel casing
with adequate falsework.

III-B.4g 77
Driving of Steel Casing

III-B.4h 78
BAR BENDER FOR SPIRAL
STEEL CAGE BARS FOR
BORED PILE

III-B.4i 79
Assembly of Reinforcing Steel
Cage Bars for Bored Piles

III-B.4j 80
An Auger

III-B.4k 81
A Few Notes About Drilling

o Preparation of Drilling Mud

o Installation of Steel Casing
o Actual Drilling
o Monitoring/.Desanding of
Drilling mud
o Stratification
o Verification of Soil Bearing
Capacity

III-B.4l 82
III-B.4m 83
Drilling using auger

III-B.4n 84
Sounding Cable to determine
the actual depth of borehole

III-B.4i 85
Soil Penetration Test Is Measured
and No of Blows Counted.

III-B.4j 86
No of Blows Is the N Value

III-B.4k 87
Installation of Rebar Cage

III-B.4l 88
Desanding of Contaminated
Bentonite Suspension

III-B.4m 89
Are Also Used to Secure a Clean
Borehole Bottom

III-B.4n 90
Installation of tremie Set

III-B.4o 91
Concreting Stage
o Cleaning of Borehole Bottom
o Assembly /Installation of
Tremie Set
o Concreting
o Depth Monitoring
o Shortening of Tremie Pipe
o Overpouring of Dirty
Concrete

III-B.4p 92
Concrete Pourin of Bored Pile

III-B.4.q 93
Concrete Pouring

III-B.4.r 94
Shortening of tremie Set

III-B.4.s 95
Concreting During The Night

III-B.4.t 96
Newly Completed Bored Pile

III-B.4.u 97
 First Stage
Drilling Works
Drilling
Bucket Temporary/Permanent Steel
Casing, 10mm thk.

Ground Slurry
Level Level

Water
Table 1.50m

pw
ps

III-B.4.v 98
 Second Stage
Reinforcement Cage
Ground Slurry
Level Level

Water
Table 1.50m

Stiffining Ring @ every 2.0m,

2.50m on center

Cage Bar

Vertical Spacer @ 2.50m to

3.0m on center, spacer shall
be carefully welded to the
longitudinal bars

0.20 – 0.30m
p

pw
ps
The Bentonite / Super Mud must be checked before the cage is positioned

Specific Weight  1.15 + 1.20 t / cu.m.

Sand Content  5 to 6% in volume

III-B.4.w 99
 Third Stage
Pouring of Concrete
Concrete Funnel

Mud
Ground Slurry
Level Level

Water
Table 1.50m

Tremie Pipe

2.50m minimum

pw
ps

III-B.4.x 100
Methods of Testing Completed Bored
Piles

o Pile Integrity Test

a. By Crosshole Logging Method
b. By Low Strain Method
o High Strain Dynamic Testing

III-B.4.y 101
By Crosshole Logging Method

III-B.4.z 102
Low Strain Dynamic Testing Requires Only the
Impact Caused by a Small Hand Held
Hammer

III-B.4.x 103
Striking Hammer Lifted and Then
Dropped to the Top of the Pile

III-B.4.y 104
High Strain Dynamic Testing Force and Velocity
Records Are Continuously Viewed From the PDA
Monitor for Each Blow to Evaluate Data Quality, the
Maximum Hammer Energy Delivered to the Pile,
Pile Integrity, Pile Stresses and Other Pertinent
Information.
III-B.4.z 105
III-B.4.aa 106
III-B.4.bb 107
III-B.4.cc 108
III-B.5 CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOOTING,
SHAFT AND COPING

5. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOOTING

III-B.5.a 109
CONCRETE POURING OF BRIDGE FOOTING

III-B.5.b 110
 Installation Reinforcing Steel
Bars for Footing.
• Types of Rebars
• Handling and Storage

III-B.5.c 111
Installation of Forms for Footing

III-B.5.d 112
Concreting of Footing

III-B.5.e 113
Installation of Rebars For Column/
Shaft

III-B.5.f 114
Installation of Rebars for Coping
Beam

III-B.5.g 115
Installation of Forms For Coping
Beam

III-B.5.h 116
Constructed Substructure

III-B.5.i 117
Exercise Number 2

Select the best answer.

118
III C. BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE
III-C.1 R.C. Deck Girder

o Girder
o Diaphragm
o Deck Slab
o Bridge Railing and
Sidewalk

Bridge Cross Section

Bridge Framing Plan

III-C.1a 119
III-C BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES
a. Falsework for the
Construction of
RCDG Bridge

III-C.1b 120
Installation of Bottom Forms for
Girders

III-C.1d 121
Installation of Side Forms

III-C.1e 122
b. Concrete Pouring of Girders

III-C.1c 123
Installation of RSB Deck Slab

III-C.1.f 124
 III-C.2 PSC GIRDERS
• Preparation of Casting Bed

III-C.2.a 125
 Cleaning/Aligning of Moulds

Base moulds/forms shall be free from dirt, rust and

concrete waste from previous pouring. Application
of form oil should be done after cleaning the
moulds/forms.

III-C.2.b 126
Cutting/Bending and
Assembly of Rebars

III-C.2.c 127
Securing a Duct Tube

III-C.2.d 128
Typical Duct Joint Detail

III-C.2.e 129
III-C.2.f 130
Mixing/placing of Concrete

III-C.2.g 131
Introduction to Pre-stressed Concrete

III-C.2.h 132
Placing of Anchorage
Assembly

III-C.2.i 133
Plain Neoprene Bearing
Pads

PLAIN ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD

A Sharp Corner Shall Be

Avoided
External Load Plates
Bond
PLAIN ELASTOMERIC SANDWICH BEARINGS

III-C.2.j 134
Laminated Elastomeric Bearing Pad

Dowel Hole Top Cover (Elastomer)

Side Cover (Elastomer)

Inner Steel Laminates

Outer Steel Laminates Elastomer Layer

STEEL-LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARING Bottom Cover
(No External Load Plates)

External Load Plate

Elastomer Layers

Outer Steel Laminate

STEEL-LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARING

(With One External Load Plates)

III-C.2.k 135
Erection

III-C.2.l 136
Installation of Forms and
Bracings for Deck Slab

III-C.2.m 137
Why Use T-girder Instead of I-
girder?

III-C.2.n 138
Preparation for Deck Slab Pour

III-C.2.o 139
Concrete Pouring of Deck Slab

III-C.2.p 140
Slump and Cylinder Tests

III-C.2.q 141
 Concrete Finishing

Broom finished-not more than 3mm depth

corrugation

III-C.2.r 142
Pouring Sequence

III-C.2.s 143
 Pouring Sequence

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

STEP 1

ERECTION OF GIRDERS

STEP 2

POURING OF INTERMEDIATE
AND END DIAPHRAMS
STEP 3

POURING OF DECK SLAB

EXCEPT OVER INTERIOR SUPPORTS
STEP 4

POURING OF CONNECTION
DIAPHRAMS
STEP 5

POURING OF SIDEWALK AND

RAILING FOR THE ENTIRE
LENGTH OF THE BRIDGE

III-C.2.t 144
Pre-cast Bridge Railings

III-C.2.u 145
Types of Concrete Finishing

Class 1- Ordinary Finish

Class 2- Rubbed Finish
Class 3- Floated Finish

III-C.2.v 146
III-C.3 Steel Bridges

III-C.3.a 147
Shear Studs for Composite Action

III-C.3.b 148
III-C.3.c 149
Transport

III-C.3.d 150
Splice Plate Used to Splice the
Joints in Steel Girders

III-C.3.e 151
Sample Steel Truss Bridge

III-C.3.f 152
Sample Steel Truss Bridge

III-C.3.g 153
Its Reinforced Concrete Deck

III-C.3.h 154
Concrete Sidewalk

III-C.3.i 155
 Bridge Drain
for Steel Girder Bridge

III-C.3.j 156
 Expansion Dam
• Strip seal
• Sliding Plate
• Finger Type

III-C.3.k 157
Finger Type

III-C.3.l 158
Strip seal

III-C.3.m 159
Pre Molded Joint Filler

III-C.3.n 160
 Bridge Bearings
It provides an allowance in the bridge for all
anticipated movements which will usually be
in the longitudinal direction

III-C.3.o 161
 Classification of Bearings
• Fixed
• Expansion

III-C.3.p 162
 Types of Bearing

• Neoprene bearing pads

• Pot bearings
• Spherical bearings
• Sliding plates
• Up-lift bearings
• Rocker bearings

III-C.3.q 163
Neoprene Bearing Pad

III-C.3.q 164
Setting of Anchor Bolts

III-C.3.r 165
Pot Bearings

III-C.3.s 166
Spherical Bearings

III-C.5.t 167
Sliding Plates

III-C.3.u 168
 III - C.4 SUSPENSION
BRIDGE/CABLE-
STAYED BRIDGE
• The cable-stayed bridge is optimal
for spans longer than cantilever
bridges, and shorter
than suspension bridges. This is
the range where cantilever bridges
would rapidly grow heavier if the
span were lengthened, and
suspension bridge cabling would
not be more economical if the
span were shortened.

III-C.4.c 169
 III-C.4 CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGE
• A cable-stayed bridge has one or
more towers (or pylons), from
which cables support the bridge
deck.
• There are two major classes of
cable-stayed
bridges: harp and fan.
• In the harp design, the cables are
nearly parallel so that the height
of their attachment to the tower
is proportional to the distance
from the tower to their mounting
on the deck.
III-C.4.a 170
 III-C.4 CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGE
• In the fan design, the cables all
connect to or pass over the top of the
towers. The fan design is structurally
superior with minimum moment
applied to the towers but for practical
reasons the modified fan is preferred
especially where many cables are
necessary. In the modified fan
arrangement the cables terminate
near to the top of the tower but are
spaced from each other sufficiently to
allow better termination, improved
environmental protection, and good
access to individual cables for
maintenance.
III-C.4.b 171
SUSPENSION BRIDGE

III-C.4.b 172
CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE,
FAN DESIGN

III-C.4.c 173
CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
HARP DESIGN

III-C.4.d 174
III - C.5 Arch Bridge

An arch bridge is a bridge

with abutments at each end
shaped as a curved acrh. Arch
bridges work by transferring the
weight of the bridge and its
loads partially into a horizontal
thrust restrained by the
abutments at either side.
A viatduct (a long bridge) may
be made from a series of
arches, although other more
economical structures are
typically used today.
III-C.5.a 175
SAMPLE OF ARCH BRIDGE

III-C.5.b 176
 IV. COMMON PROBLEMS IN
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND

TOLERANCE

YN1
CAUSES
1. INADEQUATE LATERAL SUPPORT
2. SQUARE HOLES NOT ALIGNED VERTICALLY
3. PILE TIP STRIKE A BOULDER

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVE AND REPLACE OR CONSULT THE
DESIGNER

IV-1 177
Slide 177

YN1 Yanibee Noynay, 29/05/2022

A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND
TOLERANCE

GROUND LINE

A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND TOLERANCE

IV-2 178
 B. BREAKING OF PILE BUTT
DURING DRIVING

CAUSES

1. FINISH PILE BUTT NOT PERPENDICULAR TO

VERTICAL AXIS
2. INSUFFICIENTJ PILE CAP CUSHION
3. WEAK CONCRETE OR INSUFFICIENT
REINFORCEMENT

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REPAIR THE PILE BUTT

IV-3 179
 B. BREAKING OF PILE BUTT
DURING DRIVING

CAUSES

1. FINISH PILE BUTT NOT PERPENDICULAR TO

VERTICAL AXIS
2. INSUFFICIENTJ PILE CAP CUSHION
3. WEAK CONCRETE OR INSUFFICIENT
REINFORCEMENT

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REPAIR THE PILE BUTT

IV-4 180
B. BREAKING OF PILE BUTT
DURING DRIVING

GROUND LINE

B. BREAKING OF PILE BUT DURING DRIVING

IV-5 181
 C.BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

CAUSES
1. LACK OF LATERAL SUPPORT
2. EXCESSIVE DRIVING
3. OVERWEIGHT HAMMER
4. WEAK CONCRETE
5. IMPROPER LIFTING OF PILES

REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. REMOVE AND REPLACE

IV-6 182
C.BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

GROUND LINE

C. BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

IV-7 183
 D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE
REQUIRED PENETRATION

CAUSES
1. PRESENCE OF HARD STRATA
2. HAMMER USED IS VERY LIGHT
3. USED OF INAPPROPRIATE TYPE OF PILES
4. USED OF INAPPROPRIATE TYPE DRIVING
EQUIPMENT
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. CHANGE THE FOUNDATION DESIGN
2. USED APPROPRIATE TYPE OF PILES AND
EQUIPMENT

IV-8 184
D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE
REQUIRED PENETRATION

GROUND LINE

HARD STRATA

D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE REQUIRED PENATRATION

IV-9 185
E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

CAUSE
1. UNDERLYING STRATA IS SOFT
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. SPLICE THE PILES

IV-10 186
E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

GROUND LINE

SOFT STRATA

E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

IV-11 187
 BORED PILE CONSTRUCTION

DRILLING WORKS

PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT

PENETRATE

CAUSE

1. PRESENCE OF OBSTRUCTION

POSSIBLE REMIDIAL MEASURE

1. PROPER USED OF DRILLING TOOLS (CHISSEL, AUGE, GRAB &

BUCKET)

IV-12 188
PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT
PENETRATE

VIBRO HAMMER
CRANE

STEEL CASING

GROUND LINE

OBSTRUCTION

1. PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT PENETRATE

IV-13 189
 CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

CAUSES
1. PRESENCE OF COLLAPSIBLE MATERIALS
SUCH AS LOOSE SOIL AND COHESSIONLESS
MATERIALS
2. APPROPRIATE PROPERTIES OF STABILIZING
MUD WAS NOT USED
3. HEAD PRESSURE OF STABILIZING MUD
WAS NOT MAINTAINED DURING DRILLING
4. EARTH MOVEMENT DUE TO TREMOR OR
VIBRATION BY HEAVY EQUIPENTS.

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. EXTEND THE DEPTH OF PERMANENT STEEL
CASING

IV-14 190
CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

2. CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

IV-15 191
 DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF THE TIP OF THE PERMANENT STEEL CASING
2. LARGE VOLUME OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS OVER THE DRILLING
BUCKET

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. UNDERWATER CUTING OF STEEL CASING
2. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS
3. ADJUST THE POSITION OF PILE

IV-16 192
 DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF THE TIP OF THE PERMANENT STEEL CASING
2. LARGE VOLUME OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS OVER THE DRILLING
BUCKET

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. UNDERWATER CUTING OF STEEL CASING
2. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS
3. ADJUST THE POSITION OF PILE

IV-17 193
DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

3. DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED UP/REMOVED

IV-18 194
DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

3. DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED UP/REMOVED

IV-19 195
 DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT PENETRATE
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF STEEL CASING
2. PRESENCE OF HARD STRATA OR EXISTING
STRUCTURES
REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. REMOVAL & REINSTALLATION OF STEEL
CASING
2. USE APPROPRIATE DRILLING TOOLS

IV-20 196
DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT PENETRATE

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

HARD STRATA

4. DRILLING BUCKET CAN NOT PENETRATE

IV-21 197
 BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF KELLY
BAR

CAUSE
1. DEFECTIVE OR OVERSTRESSED

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. OFFSETTING THE POSITION OF PILES
2. RETRIEVE THE CUT PORTION USING DIVERS

IV-22 198
BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF
KELLY BAR

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

5. BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF KELLY BAR

IV-23 199
REBAR CAGE INSTALLATION
1. REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE LOWERED
AT GRADE ELEVATION CAUSES
2. BOREHOLE IS NOT STRAIGHT
3. REBAR CAGE ARE NOT STRAIGHT &
SPLICING OF REBAR CAGE NOT
VERTICALLY STRAIGHT
4. OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. REMOVAL & REINSTALLATION OR
REPLACEMENT OF REBARS
2. RESHAPING OF BOREHOLE
3. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS

IV-24 200
 REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE
LOWERED AT GRADE ELEVATION

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

CAGE BAR

1. REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE LOWERED AT GRADE ELEVATION

IV-25 201
FALLING-OFF REBAR CAGE

CAUSES
1. WEAK/ABSENCE OF STIFINING RING
SUPPORT
2. INSUFFICIENT WELDING AND TIE WIRE AT
SPLICE SECTION
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT

IV-26 202
FALLING-OFF REBAR CAGE

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

CAGE BAR

2. FALLING OFF REBAR CAGE

IV-27 203
 CONCRETE POURING
1. OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN

CAUSES
1. HEAD PRESSURE OF STABILIZING MUD NOT MAINTAINED
DURING POURING
2. STRONG EARTH VIBRATION CAUSE BY EARTH TREMOR
AND MOVEMENTS OF HEAVY EQUIPMENTS.

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURE

• REPLACEMENT OR ADDITIONAL PILES
• REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS & DIRTY CONCRETE,
PROVIDE ANCHORAGE TO THE GOOD CONCRETE

IV-28 204
OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

TREMIE PIPES

CAGE BAR

1. OCCURENCE OF CAVE-IN

IV-29 205
 DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE
CAUSE
1. BREAKDOWN OF BATCHING PLANT

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURE

1. REMOVAL OF DIRTY CONCRETE & PROVIDE ANCHORAGE BEFORE
CONTINUING WITH THE POURING

IV-23 206
DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

TREMIE PIPES

CAGE BAR

2. DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE

IV-24 207
 CLOGGING OF TREMIE PIPES

CAUSES
1. CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE NOT PROPERLY MONITORED
2. RATE OF DISCHARGE OF CONCRETE IS VERY FAST
3. PRESENCE OF WATER INSIDE THE TREMIE PIPES
4. OVERSIZED AGGREGATES

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVAL AND REINSTALLATION OF TREMIE PIPES

IV-25 208
PILE INTEGRITY SHOWS
DISCONTINUITY OR DIRTY CONCRETE

CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS DUE TO
ABSENCE OR INSUFFICIENT
CLEANING OF BOREHOLE
2. CAVING OCCURS DURING CONCRETE
POURING
3. POURING INTERUPTIONS

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. ADDITIONAL PILES
2. REINFORCE THE EXISTING PILES

IV-26 209
PILE BEARING CAPACITY SHOWS
BELOW THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENT

CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS AT THE
BASE OF PILE DUE TO ABSENCE OR
INSUFFICIENT CLEANING OF
BOREHOLE
2. LOW SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
(FAILURE TO CONDUCT SPT TEST
PRIOR TO POURING OF CONCRETE)
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. ADDITIONAL PILES
2. REINFORCE THE EXISTING PILES

IV-27 210
Concluding Remarks

• Bridges serve as a primary

means of linking and bringing
people together from various
parts of the country. Hence,
Bridge means Friendship.

• The more bridges we build, the

more we become united in
sharing one common
aspiration.

211