Page 1 of 13 | FAR Handouts No.

02

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR

FINANCIAL REPORTING
KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL

REPORTING
KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

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Basic Concepts
Definition and Background mother standard
The Conceptual Framework is a summary of the terms and concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation

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of financial statements. general terms and concepts

The Conceptual Framework is concerned with general purpose financial statements, including consolidated financial
statements. Special purpose reports are outside the scope of the framework.

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Underlying Theme
The underlying theme of the framework is decision usefulness or Usefulness of information in making economic
decision.
Purposes
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Basic Purpose: To serve as a guide in developing future PFRSs and as a guide in resolving accounting issues not
directly addressed by existing PFRS.
Specific Purposes:
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1. To assist
in developing IFRS based on consistent concepts resulting
in financial information that is useful to investors, lenders
IASB /FRSC and other creditors.
to develop consistent accounting policy for transactions
and other events when no standard applies or a standard
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Preparers of FS allows a choice of accounting policy

All Parties to understand and interpret standards
Auditors in forming an opinion as to whether the FS conforms with PFRS
Authoritative Status of the Conceptual Framework
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(a) The Conceptual Framework is not a Philippine Financial Reporting Standard (PFRS) and hence does not define
standard for any particular measurement or disclosure issue. Thus, nothing in the Conceptual Framework overrides
any specific Philippine Financial Reporting Standard.
(b) In case where there is a conflict, the requirements of the Philippine Financial Reporting Standards shall prevail over
the Conceptual Framework.
(c) In the absence of a standard or an interpretation that specifically applies to a transaction, management shall consider
the applicability of the Conceptual Framework in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in
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information that is relevant and reliable.

Underlying Assumptions
Accounting assumptions or accounting postulates are the basic notions or fundamental premises on which the
accounting process is based.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

Stated Underlying Assumption?

List of Underlying Assumptions
Under the Old CF Under the New CF
Going Concern Principle ✔ ✔
Accrual Principle ✔ x
Accounting / Economic Entity Concept x x
Time Period Principle x x
Monetary Unit Principle x x
a) Going Concern (Continuity Assumption)

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Going concern assumption means that the accounting entity is viewed as continuing in operation indefinitely in the
absence of evidence to the contrary. Going concern is the foundation of cost principle.
Examples of application of going concern principle:

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• The current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities
• The accrual of income and expenses and prepayments and unearned income.
• Depreciation of PPE, amortization of intangible assets and etc.

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b) Accrual Principle
Accrual principle addresses the recognition of income and expenses as against the cash basis principle. Under this
principle, income is recognized when earned rather than when received and expense is recognized when incurred
rather than when paid.
c)

d)
Accounting Entity Concept
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Under this concept, the entity is viewed separately from its owners. Accordingly, the personal transactions of the
owners among themselves or with other entities are not recorded in the entity’s accounting records.
Time Period Principle
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According to the going concern principle, the operation of the business is viewed indefinitely. That was the foundation
of the time period principle. Under this principle, the life of the entity is divided into series of reporting periods. An
accounting period is usually 12 months and may either be a calendar year or a fiscal year.
e) Monetary Unit Principle
Under this principle, accounting information should be stated in a common measurement basis to be useful, which is
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in the Philippines it is peso. Also, this concept assumes that the purchasing power of the peso is regarded as constant.
Scope of the Conceptual Framework
Chapter 1: Objective of Financial Reporting (The Foundation of the CF)
Users of financial information
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Users of financial information is classified into primary and other users. Primary users include potential and existing
investors, lenders and other creditors. They are considered as primary users since they are the primary providers of
resources to the entity. Other users include employees, customers, government and their agencies and public.
Summary of users and their needs or concerns on the financial statements
User Concern(s)
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(a) Risk and return of investment

Investors
(b) Ability to pay dividends
Lenders and other creditors Liquidity and solvency
Employees Stability and profitability
Customers Continuity
Government Regulatory
Public Various

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

Objectives of Financial Reporting

Overall objective: To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential
investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity".
Specific objectives
A. To provide information useful in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.
B. To provide information useful in assessing the prospects of future net cash flows to the entity and
management stewardship of the entity’s economic resources.
C. To provide information about entity resources, claims and changes in resources and claims.

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Limitations of financial reporting
(a) General purpose financial reports do not and cannot provide all of the information that existing and potential
investors, lenders and other creditors need.
(b) General purpose financial reports are not designed to show the value of an entity but they provide information

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to help the primary users estimate the value of the entity.
(c) General purpose financial reports are intended to provide common information to users and cannot
accommodate every request for information.

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(d) To a large extent, general purpose financial reports are based on estimate and judgment rather than exact
depiction.

Chapter 2: Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Information

Definition
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Qualitative characteristics are the qualities or attributes that make financial accounting information useful to the users.
Under the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, qualitative characteristics are classified into fundamental
qualitative characteristics and enhancing qualitative characteristics.
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Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics
- are the qualities that make the information useful to the users in making economic decisions. These characteristics
address the content or substance of information. The fundamental qualitative characteristics are relevance and faithful
representation
Relevance means the capacity of information to make a difference in a decision made by users. Relevant information
has the following ingredients:
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a) Predictive Value – the information can help users increase the likelihood of correctly predicting or
forecasting outcome of events.
b) Confirmatory Value – the information enables users confirm or correct earlier expectations.
TAKE NOTE:
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1) Predictive and confirmatory values are interrelated, meaning, often, information has both predictive and
confirmatory values.
2) Materiality is NOT an ingredient of relevance but rather an specific aspect of relevance. Meaning, all
material items are relevant but not all relevant items are material.
3) What is materiality?
Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence the
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economic decisions that primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those
statements which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. Accordingly, the framework and
PFRSs do not specify a uniform quantitative threshold for materiality, thus, materiality is purely based on
judgment. In the exercise of judgment in determining materiality, the following factors may be considered: (a)
Relative size of the item in relation to the total of the group to which the item belongs; (b) Nature of the item.
Faithful representation means that the information provides a true, correct and complete depiction of the economic
phenomena that it purports to represent. Simply stated, faithful representation means that the descriptions and figures
match what really existed or happened. Also, faithful representation means that the actual effects of the transactions

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
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shall be properly accounted for and reported in the financial statements. To be a perfectly faithful representation, a
depiction should have three ingredients, namely:
a) Completeness – all information necessary for users to understand the phenomena depicted is
provided, whether in words or in numbers.
b) Neutrality - means that the financial statements should not be prepared so as to favour one party to the
detriment of another party. A neutral depiction is "without bias" in the selection or presentation of financial
information. Neutrality is supported by the exercise of prudence. Prudence is the exercise of care and caution
when dealing with uncertainties in the measurement process.
c) Free from error - in this context, free from error does not mean perfectly accurate in all respects. Free

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from error means there are no errors or omissions in the description of the phenomenon, and the process used to
produce the reported information has been selected and applied with no errors in the process.
TAKE NOTE:
1) Substance over form and conservatism are not ingredients of faithful representation and are specific aspect

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only.
2) If there is a conflict between substance and form, the economic substance of the transaction shall prevail
over the legal form. Examples of situation where substance over form is applied: (a) accounting for non-interest

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bearing notes receivable/payable; (b) finance lease accounting.
3) Measurement uncertainty does not prevent information from being useful. However, in some cases, the most
relevant information may have such a high level of measurement uncertainty that the most useful information
is information that is slightly less relevant but is subject to lower measurement uncertainty
Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics
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- are the qualities of information that enhances its usefulness. These characteristics address the form or presentation
of information. The enhancing qualitative characteristics are verifiability, comparability, understandability and
timeliness.
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Verifiability means that different knowledgeable and independent observers could reach consensus, although not
necessarily complete agreement, that a particular depiction is a faithful representation.
Information is comparable if it helps users identify similarities and differences between different sets of information
that are provided by:
a) a single entity but different periods (intra-comparability); or
b) different entities in a single period (inter-comparability).
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Although related, consistency and comparability are not the same. Comparability is the goal while consistency is the
means of achieving the goal.
Understandability requires that financial information must be comprehensible or intelligible if it is to be useful but
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complex matters cannot be eliminated. Because of this, the framework requires the users to have a reasonable
knowledge of business and economic activities and must review and analyze the information diligently.
Timeliness means having information available to decision makers in time to influence their decisions. In other words,
timeliness requires that financial information must be available or communicated early enough when a decision is to
be made. Relevant information may lose its relevance if there is undue delay in its reporting.
The cost constraint
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Cost is a pervasive constraint on the information that can be provided by financial reporting. In other words, the cost
constraint is a consideration of the cost incurred in generating financial information against the benefit to be obtained
from having the information. The benefit derived from the information should exceed the cost incurred in obtaining
the information.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

Chapter 3: The Financial Statements and The Reporting Entity

Objective and Scope of Financial Statements
The objective of general purpose financial statements is to provide financial information about the reporting entity’s
assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses that is useful in assessing:
a) The entity’s prospects for future net cash inflows and
b) Management’s stewardship over economic resources.
That information is provided in the:
1) Statement of Financial Position (for recognized assets, liabilities and equity)
2) Statement(s) of Financial Performance (for income and expenses)

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3) Other Statements and Notes
Reporting Period of Financial Statements
Financial statements are prepared for a specified period of time or the reporting period. Financial statements also

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provide comparative information for at least ONE PRECEDING REPORTING PERIOD.
Reporting Entity
Reporting entity is an entity who must or chooses to prepare the financial statements and is NOT necessarily a legal

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entity.
As a result, we have a few types of financial statements:
a) Consolidated – a parent and subsidiaries report as a single reporting entity.
b) Unconsolidated or Individual – a parent alone provides reports.
c)

Chapter 4: Elements of Financial Statements

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Combined – reporting entity comprises two or more entities not linked by parent-subsidiary relationship

The elements of financial statements refer to the quantitative information shown in the statement of financial position
and statement of comprehensive income, namely: Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Income and Expense. These elements
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are classified into:
Elements directly related to Entity's
Financial Position Financial Performance
Asset Income
Liability Expense
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Equity
Assets – a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of a past event. An economic resource is a
right that has the potential to produce economic benefits.
The essential characteristics of an asset are:
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a) The asset is controlled by the entity. power to govern economic benefits and restricting others to enjoy benefits
b) The asset is the result of a past transaction or event. cannot arise from future events
c) The asset has potential to produce economic benefits.
d) The economic resource is a right.
NOTE: Tangibility and ownership are not essential characteristics of assets. Also, the presence or absence of
expenditure is not necessary in determining the existence of assets.
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Liability – is a present obligation of an entity to transfer an economic resource as a result of past event.
a) The entity has an obligation present obligation
b) The obligation is to transfer an economic resource
c) The present obligation is a result of a past event.
NOTE: Identification of payee and certainty of timing of settlement and amount of liability are not essential
characteristics of liabilities.
Equity - is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all of its liabilities.
also called net assets

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING
increase in benefit = increase in equity (cause may be increase in asset or decrease in liab)
Income – is the increase in economic benefit during the accounting period in the form of an inflow or increase of asset
or decrease of liability that results in increase in equity, other than contribution from equity participants. Simply stated,
income is an inflow of future economic benefit that increases equity, other than contribution by owners.
NOTE: Income encompasses both revenue and gains
REVENUE VS. GAIN
Revenue Gain
(a) Arises from Ordinary course of business Incidental or peripheral operations
(b) Presentation in the FS At gross amount At net amount (net of direct cost)
Comprehensive income is classified into two: Profit or Loss (P/L) or Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

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General rule is, an income is part of profit or loss unless it will be classified as OCI which are as follows:
1. Unrealized gain or loss on financial asset measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
2. Gain or loss from translating the financial statements of a foreign operation

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3. Revaluation surplus during the year
4. Unrealized gain or loss from derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedge
5. Remeasurements of defined benefit plan including actuarial gain or loss on defined benefit obligation

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Expense – is the decrease in economic benefit during the accounting period in the form of outflow or decrease in
asset and increase in liability that results in decrease in equity, other than distribution to equity participants.
Chapter 5: Recognition and Derecognition
Recognition is a term which means the process of reporting an asset, liability, income or expense on the face of the
financial statements of an entity
Recognition criteria:
a)
b)
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It meets the definition of an asset, liability, equity, income or expense and
Recognizing it would provide useful information
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The recognition of an item may not provide useful information if:
a) It is uncertain whether an asset or liability exists
b) An asset or liability exists but the probability of an inflow or outflow of economic benefits is low.
NOTE:
a) The recognition criteria above apply to assets, liabilities, income and expense. There is no Equity
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Recognition Principle / Criteria because it is a residual interest.

b) The expense recognition principle is the application of the matching principle. Accordingly, the
matching principle requires that those costs and expenses incurred in earning a revenue should be reported
in the same period.
c) Expenses are incurred in conformity with the three applications of the matching principle, namely:
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c.1) Cause and effect association - the cause and effect association principle means that "the
expense is recognized when the revenue is already recognized" on the basis of a presumed direct
association of the expense with specific revenue. This is actually the "strict matching concept". Examples:
Cost of sales, warranty expense, sales commissions.
c.2) Systematic and rational allocation - Under the systematic and rational allocation principle, some costs
are expensed by simply allocating them over the periods benefited. Example: Depreciation of PPE,
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amortization of intangible assets and depletion of wasting assets.

c.3) Immediate recognition - Under immediate recognition principle, the cost incurred is expensed outright
because of uncertainty of future economic benefits or difficulty of reliably associating certain costs with
future revenue. Examples: officers' salaries and most administrative expenses, casualty losses.
Derecognition is the OPPOSITE of recognition. It is the removal of a previously recognized asset or liability from the
entity’s statement of financial position.

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Derecognition occurs when the item no longer meet the definition of an asset or liability, such as when the entity
control of all or part of the asset or no longer has a present obligation for all or part of the liability.

On derecognition, the entity:

(a) derecognizes the assets or liabilities that have expired or have been consumed, collected, fulfilled or
transferred and recognized any resulting income and expenses.
(b) continues to recognize any assets or liabilities retained after the derecognition.
NOTE: Derecognition is NOT appropriate if the entity retains substantial control of a transferred asset.

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Chapter 6: Measurement
Measurement is the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of the financial statements
are to be recognized and carried in the statement of financial position and income statement.

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The Framework acknowledges that a variety of measurement bases are used today to different degrees and in varying
combinations in financial statements including:
Historical cost – This measurement is based on the transaction price at the time of recognition of the element. The

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historical cost of an asset is the consideration paid to acquire the asset plus transaction costs. The historical cost of
a liability is the consideration received to incur the liability minus transaction costs.
Current value – It measures the element updated to reflect the conditions at the measurement date. Current value
measurement bases include the following:
(1)

(2)
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Fair Value – is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants. Fair value is not an entity specific measurement. basis: market
Value in use is the present value of the cash flows or other economic benefits, that an entity expects to derive
from the use of an asset and from its ultimate disposal. Fulfilment value is the present value of the cash or
other economic resources that an entity expects to be obliged to transfer as it fulfils a liability.
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NOTE: Value in use and fulfilment value DO NOT include transaction costs in acquiring an asset or incurring the
liability but include transactions costs expected to be incurred on the ultimate disposal of the asset or fulfilment of the
liability.
(3) Current cost of an asset is the cost of an equivalent asset at the measurement date, comprising the
consideration that would be paid at the measurement date plus transaction costs that would be incurred on
that date. Current cost of liability is the consideration that would be received for an equivalent liability at the
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measurement date minus transaction costs that would be incurred on that date.
NOTE: Current cost and historical cost are ENTRY VALUES while value in use, fulfilment value and fair value are
EXIT VALUES.
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The framework points out that it can be appropriate to measure some components of equity directly but it is not
possible to measure total equity directly.
Chapter 7: Presentation and Disclosure new chapter
Information about assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses is communicated through presentation and
disclosure in the financial statements.
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Effective communication makes information more useful. Effective communication requires:

(1) Focusing on presentation and disclosure objectives and principles rather than on rules.
(2) Classifying information by grouping similar items and separating dissimilar items.
(3) Aggregating information in a manner that it is not obscured either by excessive detail or by excessive
summarization.
NOTE: Classification refers to the sorting of assets liabilities, equity, income or expenses with similar nature, function
and measurement basis for presentation and disclosure purposes. Aggregation is the adding together of assets,
liabilities, equity, income or expenses that have shared characteristics and are included in the same classification.

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FINANCIAL REPORTING

Chapter 8: Concepts of Capital and Capital Maintenance

Financial Capital Physical Capital
Concept of capital Invested money or invested purchasing power Productive capacity of the entity
Adopted by most entities? ✔ x
Measurement Historical cost Current cost

The "capital maintenance approach" or net assets approach means that net income occurs only after the capital used
from the beginning of the period is maintained.

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Under the financial capital concept, net income occurs "when the financial or nominal amount of the net assets at the
end of the year exceeds the financial or nominal amount of the net assets at the beginning of the period, after
excluding distributions to and contributions by owners during the period."

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Under the physical capital concept, net income occurs "when the physical productive capital of the entity at the end
of the year exceeds the physical productive capital at the beginning of the period, also after excluding distributions to

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and contributions from owners during the period."

Most of the problem solving questions regarding capital maintenance approach is based on financial capital. With
such, the template below might be of help in answering.

Net changes in equity

Less: Additional investment by owners
Add: Withdrawals and distributions to owners
Comprehensive income
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(xxx)
xxx
xxx
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Less: Other comprehensive income (xxx)
Add: Other comprehensive loss xxx
Profit or Loss / Net Income xxx
Reminders in using the template:
a) Please be mindful of the requirement of the problem. Profit or loss is different from comprehensive income.
b) The computation of net changes in equity depends on the given information. If the given information is
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already the beginning and ending balance of equity then it is easy to solve. But if the given information are the
changes on the assets and liabilities then you have to evaluate each line item’s impact on equity. In evaluating
the impact on the equity remember that: (1) Asset is directly related to equity while (2) liability is inversely
related to equity.
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Summary of Effects on Equity

Item Effect on Equity
Asset:
Increase +
Decrease -
Contra-asset:
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Increase -
Decrease +
Liability:
Increase -
Decrease +
Contra-liability:
Increase +
Decrease -

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DISCUSSION EXERCISES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the Conceptual Framework?
A. Conceptual framework applies in the preparation and presentation of general purpose financial statement of a
profit oriented entity.
B. The conceptual framework defines the basic objectives, terms and concepts of accounting. It provides the
foundation for standards that contribute to transparency by enhancing international comparability and quality
of financial information.
C. Conceptual framework is an integral part of Philippine Financial Reporting Standards (PFRS) and applies

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specifically to not-for-profit entities.
D. The conceptual framework provides a foundation for standards that strengthen accountability by reducing
information gap between the providers of capital and the people to whom they have entrusted their money.

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2. In relation to the conceptual framework, which of the following statements is true?
I. Nothing in the Conceptual Framework overrides any specific Philippine Financial Reporting Standard.
II. Special purpose financial reports, for example, prospectuses and computations prepared for taxation purposes,

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are within the scope of the Conceptual Framework.
A. I only C. Both I and II
B. II only D. Neither I nor II
3. Under the revised conceptual framework, which of the following is one of its explicit purposes?
I. To assist the IASB in developing future IFRS based on consistent concepts.
II.

III.
A.
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To assist local regulatory agencies such as PRC and SEC in developing and issuing rules and regulations for
a specific industry.
To assist all parties to understand and interpret the standards.
I and II C. I and III C
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B. II and III D. I, II and III
4. Under the New Conceptual Framework, are the following considered as the underlying assumption under the
Framework?
A. B. C. D. E.
Periodicity Assumption Yes No Yes No Yes
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Accrual Basis of Accounting No Yes No No Yes

Monetary Unit Assumption No No Yes No Yes
5. Which of the following is not an implication of the going concern assumption?
A. The historical cost principle is credible.
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B. Depreciation and amortization policies are justifiable and appropriate. amortization is an

C. The current and noncurrent classification of assets and liabilities is justifiable and significant. implication, but research
D. Amortizing research and development costs over several periods is justifiable and appropriate.and dev costs are
EXPENSED as incurred
6. The objective of financial reporting in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting:
A. Is the foundation for the Framework.
B. Includes the qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful.
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C. Is found on the third level of the Framework.

D. All of the choices are correct regarding the objective of financial reporting.
7. As accounting information users, EMPLOYEES are interested in information
A. That enables them to determine whether their loans and interests attaching to them will be paid.
B. About profitability and stability of an entity in order to assess the ability of the entity to provide remuneration,
retirement benefits and employment opportunities.
C. To regulate the activities of the entity, determine taxation policies and as a basis for national income and similar
statistics.

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D. About the continuance of an entity especially when they have a long-term involvement with or are dependent
on the entity.
8. Which of the following is not true about financial reporting under the revised conceptual framework?
S1: Financial reporting shall provide information useful in evaluating management stewardship.
S2: General purpose financial reports are not designed to show the value of an entity but they provide information
to help the primary users estimate the value of the entity.
A. S1 only C. Both statements
B. S2 only D. None from the statements

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9. What is the quality of information that enables users to better forecast future operations?
A. Comparability C. Materiality
B. Faithful representation D. Relevance

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10. Under the revised conceptual framework, which of the following statements is incorrect regarding qualitative
characteristics?
I. Although related, consistency and comparability are not the same. Comparability is the goal while consistency

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is the means of achieving the goal.
II. The ingredients of faithful representation are neutrality, free from error, completeness and prudence.
III. Under the revised conceptual framework, materiality is defined as the omission or misstatement of information
causing to influence the decision of the users. old definition

11.
A.
B.
C.
I and II
II and III
I only
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E.
III only
I and III

Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to the enhancing qualitative characteristics?
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A. Verifiable financial information implies consensus.
B. Financial information shall be made available to users in time to influence their decisions.
C. Financial information must exclude complex matters in order to achieve understandability.
D. To be most useful, the financial information shall be compared with similar information of previous periods, or
with information produced by other entities.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the reporting entity?
C

12.
S1: The reporting is always a legal entity.
S2: If the financial statements are prepared to include only two subsidiaries only without the parent, the financial
statements would be referred to as combined financial statements.
A. True, false C. False, false
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B. False, true D. True, true

13. The elements directly related to the measurement of financial performance are
I. Revenue income III. Expense
II. Assets
A. I and II D. I, II and III
B. II and III E. Answer not given
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C. I and III
14. Which of the following represents a liability?
A. The obligation to pay for goods that an entity expects to order from suppliers next year.
B. The obligation to provide goods that customers have ordered and paid for during the current' year.
C. The obligation to pay interest on a five-year note payable that was issued the last day of the current year.
D. The obligation to distribute an entity's own shares next year as a result of a stock dividend declared near the
end of the current year.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

15. Which is not within the new definition of an asset?

A. An asset is a present economic resource.
B. The economic resource is a right that has potential to produce economic benefit.
C. The economic resource is controlled by the entity as a result of a past event.
D. Future economic benefit is expected to flow to the entity.
16. Obligations to transfer an economic resource include all, except:
A. Obligation to pay cash
B. Obligation to deliver goods
C. Obligation to provide services

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D. Obligation to transfer an economic resource even if a specified future event does not occur.
contingent liab
17. An item is recognized when:
I. It meets the definition of an asset, liability, equity, income or expense and

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II. Recognizing it would provide useful information
A. I only C. Both I and II
B. II only D. Either I or II

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18. Which of the following correctly shows recognition of items under matching principle?
I. Depreciation expense - Direct matching systematic and rational
II. Freight in - Immediate recognition strict matching
III. Doubtful accounts expense - Systematic and rational allocation strict matching

19.
A.
B.
C.
I and II
II and III
I and III
Which of the following best describes fair value?
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E E.
D. I, II and III
Answer not given
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A. The cost of an equivalent asset at the measurement date, comprising the consideration that would be paid at
the measurement date plus transaction costs that would be incurred on that date.
B. The present value of the cash flows or other economic benefits, that an entity expects to derive from the use
of an asset and from its ultimate disposal.
C. The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between
market participants. Fair value is not an entity specific measurement.
C

D. The present value of the cash or other economic resources that an entity expects to be obliged to transfer as
it fulfils a liability.
20. Recognizing a financial statement element requires measuring it in monetary terms. Which of the following statements
is incorrect regarding measurement?
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A. The Conceptual Framework only describes measurement bases used in financial reporting but does not specify
how a particular financial statement element should be measured – this is addressed by the standards.
B. The Conceptual Framework broadly classifies the measurement bases used in financial reporting into two,
namely, historical cost and current value.
C. Measurement uncertainty will always cause the non-recognition of a financial statement element.
D. Measuring a financial statement element often requires estimation.
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21. Effective communication makes information more useful. Effective communication requires all of the following except:
A. Focusing on presentation and disclosure objectives and principles rather than focusing on rules.
B. Classifying information in a manner that groups similar items and separates dissimilar items.
C. Aggregating information in such a way that it is not obscured either by unnecessary detail or by excessive
aggregation.
D. Using standardized descriptions, a.k.a. “boilerplate’, rather than entity-specific information.
22. Under this concept, a profit is earned only if the financial (or money amount of the net assets at the end of the period
exceeds the financial or money) amount of net assets at the beginning of the period, after excluding any distributions

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KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

to, and contributions from, owners during the period. It can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of
constant purchasing power.
A. Concept of capital C. Financial capital maintenance concept
B. Concept of capital maintenance D. Physical capital maintenance concept
23. Statement 1: In an attempt to clarify current reporting standards, the Conceptual Framework established specific
guidelines for materiality.
Statement 2: Profit is earned if the net asset at the end of the period exceeds the net assets at the beginning of the
period after excluding transactions with owners.
Statement 3: Conservatism means that when accountants have genuine' doubt concerning which of two or more

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reporting alternatives to select, the alternative with the most favorable impact on owners' equity should be chosen.
A. B. C. D.
Statement 1 False True False True

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Statement 2 True False True True
Statement 3 True False False False
24. Evaluate whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the New Conceptual Framework for Financial

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Reporting:
I. According to the Conceptual Framework, comparability is uniformity.
II. General purpose reports, which are the scope of the Conceptual Framework, provide all the information that
every user finds relevant.
III. According to the Conceptual Framework, the qualitative characteristics that enhance the usefulness of

Statement I
Statement II
A.
True
False
B.
True
False
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information should always be present before information is included in the financial reports.
C.
False
True
D.
True
True
E.
False
False
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Statement III True False True False False
25. Determine the false statement regarding the Conceptual Framework?
A. The Conceptual Framework is not a reporting standard and does not define standard for any particular
measurement or disclosure issue.
B. Under the Conceptual Framework, the concept of income encompasses both revenue and gains.
C

C. Users under the Framework that are interested in information about the continuance of an entity when they
have a long-term involvement with or are dependent on the entity pertain to employees.
D. The Conceptual Framework sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial
statements for external users only.
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STRAIGHT PROBLEMS
1. ABRA COMPANY reported that the following changes in account balances during the current year:
Increase
Assets 8,900,000
Liabilities 2,700,000
Share capital 6,000,000
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Share premium 600,000

Except for a P1,300,000 dividend payment and the year's earnings, there were no changes in retained earnings for
the year. What is the net income for the current year?
8.9M
DECLARATION OF DIVIDEND: affects RE (2.7M)
but in this problem, it still affects since assumed that it was declared and paid in the current year. (6.6M)
1.3M
= 900K

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
FINANCIAL REPORTING

2. The following information shows the changes in the account balances of VISAYAS INC. during 20x1.
Increase (Decrease)
Cash 260,000 260k
(2.28M)
Accounts receivable (2,288,000) 312k
Allowance for bad debts (312,000) 2.08M
Inventory 2,080,000 1.82M
2.86M
Investment in associate 1,820,000 (1.04M)
property, plant and equipment 2,860,000 (2.34M)
1.82M
Accumulated depreciation 1,040,000 (390k)

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Accounts payable 2,340,000 net changes: 3.094M
Bonds payable (1,820,000) (2.34M)
(260k)
Discount on bonds payable (390,000) 260k

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Share capital 2,340,000 208k
Share premium 260,000 comprehensive income: 962k
(2.34M)
Revaluation surplus 2,340,000 profit/loss = (1.378M)
Treasury shares 208,000

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Cash dividends declared during 20x1 amounted to P260,000, share dividends declared amounted to P520,000, and
appropriations of retained earnings for the retirement of bonds amounted to P130,000. How much is the profit (loss)
for the year?
--- END OF HANDOUTS ---

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