Archivum Mathematicum: Mihail Megan Adina Luminiţa Sasu Bogdan Sasu
Archivum Mathematicum: Mihail Megan Adina Luminiţa Sasu Bogdan Sasu
Archivum Mathematicum: Mihail Megan Adina Luminiţa Sasu Bogdan Sasu
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ARCHIVUM MATHEMATICUM (BRNO)
Tomus 39 (2003), 277 – 286
Abstract. In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for uni-
form exponential instability of evolution families in Banach spaces, in terms
of Banach function spaces. Versions of some well-known theorems due to
Datko, Neerven, Rolewicz and Zabczyk, are obtained for the case of uniform
exponential instability of evolution families.
1. Introduction
In the last few years, a significant progress has been made in the theory of evo-
lution equations with unbounded coefficients, in Banach spaces. A new and inte-
resting idea has been presented by Neerven in [17], where he introduced the theory
of Banach function spaces in the study of asymptotic behavior of C0 -semigroups.
In fact, he proved that a C0 -semigroup is uniformly exponentially stable if and
only if all its orbits lie in a certain Banach function space over R+ . This ap-
proach is a natural reformulation of a very well-known result in the theory of
differential equations, due to Datko (see [4]), which says that an evolution family
Φ = {Φ(t, s)}t≥s≥0 , on a Banach space X, is uniformly exponentially stable if and
only if there is p ∈ [1, ∞) such that for every x ∈ X and every s ≥ 0 the mapping
t 7→ Φ(t + s, s)x belongs to Lp (R+ , X) and all these orbits are uniformly bounded
in Lp (R+ , X).
In this spirit, characterizations for uniform exponential stability of evolution
families, have been presented in [6], where it is proved that an evolution family
Φ = {Φ(t, s)}t≥s≥0 is uniformly exponentially stable if and only if the orbits
t 7→ Φ(t + s, s)x belong to a certain Banach function space in a uniform way, for
every x ∈ X and every s ≥ 0. These results have been generalized in [9], for the
more general case of linear skew-product semiflows, over locally compact spaces.
Recently, new concepts of exponential expansiveness and in particular, of ex-
ponential instability, have been introduced and characterized (see [7], [12], [13],
we define
|χ[0,t) |B , if χ[0,t) ∈ B ,
FB : (0, ∞) → R̄+ , FB (t) :=
∞, if χ[0,t) ∈
/ B.
where χ[0,t) denotes the characteristic function of [0, t). The function FB is called
the fundamental function of the Banach function space B.
In what follows, we shall denote by B(R+ ) the set of all Banach function
spaces, with the property that lim FB (t) = ∞ and there exists c > 0 such that
t→∞
|χ[n,n+1) |B ≥ c, for all n ∈ N.
A trivial example of Banach function space over R+ which belongs to B(R+ )
is Lp (R+ , C), with 1 ≤ p < ∞.
Similarly, let (Ω, Σ, µ) = (N, P(N), µc ), where N is the set of all natural num-
bers, µc is the countable measure and let B be a Banach function space over N (in
this case B is called Banach sequence space). We define FB : N∗ = N \ {0} → R̄+
by
|χ{0,...,n−1} |B , if χ{0,...,n−1} ∈ B ,
FB (n) :=
∞, if χ{0,...,n−1} ∈
/ B.
FB is called the fundamental function of the Banach sequence space B.
We shall denote by B(N) the set of all Banach sequence spaces B with the
properties lim FB (n) = ∞ and there exists c > 0 such that |χ{n} |B ≥ c, for all
n→∞
n ∈ N.
Remark 2.3. If B is a Banach function space over R+ , which belongs to B(R+ ),
then
∞
X
SB := {(αn )n : αn χ[n,n+1) ∈ B} ,
n=0
with respect to the norm
X∞
|(αn )n |SB := αn χ[n,n+1)
B
n=0
function:
Z t
Yg (t) = g(s) ds ,
0
which is called the Young function associated to g.
For every s : N → C we consider
∞
X
Mg (s) := Yg (|s(n)|) .
n=0
The set Og of all sequences with the property that there exists k > 0 such that
Mg (ks) < ∞, is easily checked to be a linear space. With respect to the norm
1
|s|g := inf {k > 0 : Mg ( s) ≤ 1} ,
k
it is a Banach sequence space called Orlicz sequence space. Trivial examples of
Orlicz sequence spaces are lp (N, C), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, which are obtained for
p−1 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
g(t) = p t , for 1 ≤ p < ∞ and g(t) = , for p = ∞ .
∞, t>1
2.2. Evolution families. Let X be a real or complex Banach space. The norm
on X and on the space L(X) of all bounded linear operators on X will be denoted
by k · k.
Definition 2.2. A family Φ = {Φ(t, s)}t≥s≥0 of bounded linear operators on X
is called evolution family if the following properties are satisfied:
(i) Φ(t, t) = I, the identity operator on X;
(ii) Φ(t, s)Φ(s, t0 ) = Φ(t, t0 ), for all t ≥ s ≥ t0 ≥ 0;
(iii) there exist M ≥ 1, ω > 0 such that
(2.1) kΦ(t, t0 )k ≤ M eω(t−t0 ) , ∀t ≥ t0 ≥ 0 .
so
1 K 1
≤ ,
kΦ(s + n0 , s)xk c kΦ(s + i, s)xk
for every i ∈ {0, . . . , n0 − 1} and every (s, x) ∈ R+ × C. It follows that
1 K
χ{0,... ,n0 −1} ≤ ϕs,x ,
kΦ(s + n0 , s)xk c
and hence
1 K K2
FB (n0 ) ≤ |ϕs,x |B ≤ .
kΦ(s + n0 , s)xk c c
Taking into account the way how n0 was chosen, we finally have
kΦ(s + n0 , s)xk ≥ 2 , ∀(s, x) ∈ R+ × C .
So, from Proposition 2.1. we conclude that Φ is uniformly exponentially unsta-
ble. 2
As a consequence of the theorem from above and Remark 2.5. we obtain:
Corollary 3.1. Let T = {T (t)}t≥0 be a C0 -semigroup on the Banach space X.
Then T is uniformly exponentially unstable if and only if it is injective and there
are a Banach sequence space B ∈ B(N) and a constant K > 0 such that for every
x ∈ C the sequence
1
sx : N → R+ , sx (n) =
kT (n)xk
belongs to B and |sx |B ≤ K, for all x ∈ C.
A characterization for uniform exponential instability, in terms of Banach func-
tion spaces, is given by
Theorem 3.2. Let Φ = {Φ(t, s)}t≥s≥0 be a strongly measurable evolution family
on the Banach space X. Then Φ is uniformly exponentially unstable if and only if
it is injective and there are a Banach function space B ∈ B(R+ ) and a constant
K > 0 such that for every (s, x) ∈ R+ × C the function
1
ψs,x : R+ → R+ , ψs,x (t) =
kΦ(s + t, s)xk
belongs to B and |ψs,x |B ≤ K, for all (s, x) ∈ R+ × C.
Proof. Necessity. It follows for B = L1 (R+ , C).
Sufficiency. Let SB be the Banach sequence space associated to B according to
Remark 2.3. Let (s, x) ∈ R+ × C and
1
ϕs,x : N → R+ , ϕs,x (n) = .
kΦ(s + n, s)xk
If M, ω are given by (2.1), then for every n ∈ N and every t ∈ [n, n + 1), we have
kΦ(s + t, s)xk ≤ M eω kΦ(s + n, s)xk ,
so,
ϕs,x (n)χ[n,n+1) (t) ≤ M eω ψs,x (t) , ∀n ∈ N , ∀t ∈ [n, n + 1) .
INSTABILITY OF EVOLUTION FAMILIES 283
so,
n0
1 1 X 1
n0 N · ≤ N <K.
M eωn0 kΦ(s + n, s)xk i=1
kΦ(s + n + i, s)xk
Taking into account the way how n0 was chosen and the fact that N is non-
decreasing, we obtain that
1
≤ M eωn0 , ∀(s, x, n) ∈ R+ × C × N .
kΦ(s + n, s)xk
Without loss of generality, we may assume that N is left continuous - if not we
can consider Ñ (t) := lim N (s) and the proof is unchanged.
sրt
Let (ON , | · |N ) be the Orlicz sequence space associated to N and YN , the
corresponding Young function. For (s, x) ∈ R+ × C we consider the sequence
1
ϕs,x : N → R+ , ϕs,x (n) = .
kΦ(s + n, s)xk
Let L = M (K + 1)eωn0 . Thus, we have
1 1 1 1
YN ϕs,x (n) ≤ ϕs,x (n)N ϕs,x (n) ≤ N (ϕs,x (n)) , ∀n ∈ N .
L L L K +1
It follows that MN ( L1 ϕs,x ) < 1, so, ϕs,x ∈ ON and |ϕs,x |N ≤ L, for all
(s, x) ∈ R+ ×C. From Theorem 3.1. we conclude that Φ is uniformly exponentially
unstable. 2
Remark 3.1. Theorem 3.3. is the version of a theorem of Zabczyk (see [20]), for
uniform exponential instability of evolution families.
Theorem 3.4. Let Φ = {Φ(t, s)}t≥s≥0 be a strongly measurable evolution family
on the Banach space X. Then Φ is uniformly exponentially unstable if and only
if it is injective and there are a non-decreasing function N : R+ → R+ with
N (0) = 0 and N (t) > 0, for all t > 0, and a constant K > 0 such that
Z ∞
1
N dt ≤ K , ∀(s, x) ∈ R+ × C .
0 kΦ(s + t, s)xk
Proof. Necessity. It follows for N (t) = t, for all t ≥ 0.
Sufficiency. Let (s, x) ∈ R+ × C. If M, ω are given by (2.1), then we have that
kΦ(s + t, s)xk ≤ M eω kΦ(s + n, s)xk ,
for all t ∈ [n, n + 1) and n ∈ N. It follows that
∞ Z ∞
X 1 1 1
N · ≤ N dt ≤ K .
n=0
M eω kΦ(s + n, s)xk 0 kΦ(s + t, s)xk
Considering the function
1
Ñ : R+ → R+ , Ñ (t) = N t ,
M eω
INSTABILITY OF EVOLUTION FAMILIES 285
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