LAW OF HEAT EXCHANGE AND CHANGE OF PHASE

Objectives

At the end of the topic, the students can able to perform the following :

a.) Characterize comprehensively how heat affects a body through methods of mixture
and change of phase;
b.) Compute accurately and independently the amount of heat in the different state.

Overview

The law of heat exchange is one way to transfer heat. The law states that whatever two bodies of unequal
temperature are in contact, the hotter body gives off heat and the colder body gains the heat until they are in thermal
equilibrium. We always experience this transfer of heat as we placed our arm on the cold arm chair.
The addition or removal of heat energy from a body will result to the change of its state. This change in state
is also called the change of phase. The heat energy added does the work in separating the molecules in solids, liquid
or gas. This solids, liquids and gases differ in the arrangement of their molecules. When heat energy is remove, we
call this as the reverse process. Commonly seen while cooking , perspiring or drying clothes.

LAW OF HEAT EXCHANGE

The heat given up by the hotter body is equal to the heat absorbed by the colder body. So that the heat lost
is equal to heat gained.

In equation:
QLOST = QGAINED

Example 1. A 400g of zinc at 100ᵒ C is put into 100g water at 20 ᵒ C. The water is in aluminium calorimeter of mass
50g with 25g aluminum stirrer. If the final temperature is 40.6 ᵒ C. What is the specific heat of the zinc?

Solution :

Heat lost by zinc = Heat gained by water and calorimeter

MzCz∆t = MwCw∆t + McCc∆t

400g( Cz ) ( 100 ᵒ C – 40.6 ᵒ C ) = 100g( 1 cal/g ᵒ C ) ( 40.6 ᵒ C – 20 ᵒ C ) + 75 g( 0.22 cal/g ᵒ C ) ( 40.6 ᵒ C – 20 ᵒ C )

Czinc = 0.1 cal/g ᵒ C

Example 2. In preparing tea, 600g of water at 90 ᵒ C is poured into a 200g chin pot ( C pot = 0.2 kcal/kg ᵒ C )
At 20 ᵒ C. What is the final temperature of the mixtrure ?

Solution :

Heat gained by pot = Heat lost by water

MpCp∆t = MwCw∆t

0.2 kg ( 0.2 kcal/kg ᵒ C ) ( Tm – 20 ᵒ C ) = 0.6 kg( 1 kcal/kg ᵒ C ) ( 90 ᵒ C – Tm )

Tm = 86 ᵒ C

CHANGE OF PHASE

Change of phase is the change in the physical appearance of a substance due to the addition or removal
of heat. The substance can change its appearance in the following state:

1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas

Note: a. The following are terminologies associated with change of phase.

 Melting or fusion – is the process of changing a solid to liquid state.

 Freezing or solidification – is the process of changing a liquid to solid state.
 Vaporization – is the process of changing a solid or liquid into vapour.
 Condensation – is the process of changing of a gas or vapour back to the liquid state.
 Sublimation – is the process of changing of a solid directly into vapour without going to the liquid
state.

b. Heat of Fusion ( hf ) of a substance is the amount of heat needed to change a unit mass of a solid into a
liquid at the same temperature.

Hf of ice = 80 calories/gram

c. Heat of Vaporization (Hv ) of a substance is the heat needed to change a unit mass of a liquid at boiling
point to the vapor state without the change in temperature.

Hv of water = 540 calories/gram

 d. Melting point and Heat of fusion of some common substance

Substance Melting point, ᵒ C Heat of fusion, Cal/g

Aluminum 658 76.8
Ammonia 75 108
Copper 1083 42
Ice 0 80
Lead 327 5.86
Mercury – 39 2.82

e. BOILING AND VAPORIZING POINTS OF SOME SUBSTANCE

Substance Boiling point Heat of vaporization,

cal /g ᵒ C
Alcohol 78 204
Mercury 357 65
Water 100 540
Oxygen – 183 51
Turpentine 156 68.6

Example 3. How many calories of heat are required by 100g of ice at – 5 ᵒ C to change to steam
At 120 ᵒ C ?

Solution.

a. Analysis : Heat needed to raise temperature of ice at – 5 ᵒ C to 0 ᵒ C, the melting point.

Formula : Q = mc ∆t

= 100g ( 0.5 cal/g ᵒ C ) [ 0 ᵒ C – ( – 5 ᵒ C ) ]

Q = 250 cal.

b. Analysis : Heat needed to melt ice at 0ᵒ C to 0 ᵒ C water.

Formula : Q = mHf

= 100g ( 80 cal/g )

Q = 8,000 cal.
 c. Analysis : Heat needed to raise temperature of water at 0 ᵒ C to 100 ᵒ C water.

Formula : Q = mc ∆t

= 100g ( 1 cal/g ᵒ C ) ( 10 0 ᵒ C – 0 ᵒ C ]

Q = 10,000 cal.

d. Analysis : Heat needed to convert water at 100ᵒ C to steam at 100 ᵒ C .

Formula : Q = mHv

= 100g ( 5400 cal/g )

Q = 54,00 cal.

e. Analysis : Heat needed to raise temperature of steam at 100 ᵒ C to 120 ᵒ C

Formula : Q = mc ∆t

= 100g ( 0.48 cal/g ᵒ C ) ( 120 ᵒ C – 100 ᵒ C ) )

Q = 960 cal.

To get the total heat needed from – 5 ᵒ C to 120 ᵒ C , add all the computed heat .

Total Q = 250 cal + 8000 cal + 10,000 cal + 54,000 cal + 960 cal.

Total Q = 73,210 cal.

Example 4. A 30 mg ice cube at 0 ᵒ C is dropped into 200g of water at 30 ᵒ C. What is the final temperature ?

Solution.

If T is the final temperature, then ∆Tice = T2 – 0 ᵒ C and

∆Twater = 30 ᵒ C – T2

Therefore,
Heat gained by ice = Heat lost by water

MiceHf + MCwater ∆tice = MwaterCwater ∆twater

0.03 kg ( 80 kcal/kg ᵒ C ) + 0.03 kg( 1kCal/Kg ᵒ C ) = 0.2 kg( 1 kcal/kg ᵒ C ) ( 30 ᵒ C – T2 )

T2 = 15.7 ᵒ C
HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfer is a common and necessary process in the daily life. It is the transfer of heat from one body to
another. The three methods by which heat is transferred from one place to another are :

1. Conduction is the transfer of heat by the transmission of energy from molecules to molecules. Liquid and
gases are poor conductor of heat. Metals like silver and copper are among the best conductors of heat and electricity.
Poor conductors used to prevent or minimize the escape of heat are called insulators. Air in between the fibers in
woolen clothes acts as insulator.

2. Convection is the transfer of heat by means of the moving molecules of liquids and gasses. When the
molecules of liquid and gas are heated, the density decreases and it rises and move away from the source of heat.
One application of convection is the boiling of water and the effect in climate condition.

3. Radiation is the transmission of heat energy by electromagnetic waves. Heat travels through space in the
form of radiant energy, even without the help from the sun. The land surfaces is a good absorber of radiant energy
and at the same time a good radiators while the water surface is a poor absorber and poor radiators. This explains
why it is colder over the water surface at night. It’s the reverse by day.
Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 12
Law of Heat Exchange and Change of Phase
Solve the following problems;

1. How many calories of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 75g of water from 20 ᵒ C
to 80 ᵒ C.

2. How much heat is liberated when 50g of water is cooled from 100 ᵒ C to 20 ᵒ C

3. One hundred grams of aluminum at 100ᵒ C is mixed with 100 g of water at 10 ᵒ C. What is
the final temperature of the mixture ?

4. A block of metal of mass 100og is heated to 100 ᵒ C .It is then immersed in 100g of water at
0 ᵒ C in a calorimeter of mass 50 g and specific heat is 0.2. If the final temperature of the
Mixture is 70 ᵒ C , What is the specific heat of the metal.?

5. Four hundred grams of aluminum at 100 ᵒ C is dropped into 100 g of water at 20 ᵒ C

contained in a copper calorimeter of mass 80 g. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

6. If 5 kg of water freezes at 0ᵒ C, how many kilocalories of heat are liberated ?

7. How many calories of heat are needed to vaporize 500g of water at 100 ᵒ C ?

8. How many calories of heat are liberated when 50 g of steam is converted to ice at 0 ᵒ C ?