NCM115 Midrev
NCM115 Midrev
NCM115 Midrev
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NCM 115: NURSING RESEARCH MIDTERM REVIEWER (2ND SEM) 3. IDENTIFYING THE TARGET POPULATION OF THE RESEARCH
Course Module on NCM111 NURSING RESEARCH 1
NOTE:
The target population is the ideal or speculative group of human (or
I. MAJOR ELEMENTS OF NURSING RESEARCH animal) subjects with whom we intend to conduct research.
The presence/absence of the list will dictate the type of sampling
1. TITLE OF THE RESEARCH STUDY process that we can use in our research study.
NOTE: ideal research title should not be more than 15 words (more than 20
words in other books).
Explanatory - Commonly used in associative and correlational C. THE GENERAL TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS: Research can also be
investigation wherein the researcher aims to determine the extent of classified according to the type of data gathered and analyzed. Research
relationship between two or more phenomena. – investigations may generate numerical data, narrative statements, or
both.
Answers the question “Why does…?” or “How does…?”
Quantitative Data Analysis
Predictive- the main purpose of this type of research is to establish
how the exposure (or lack thereof) to an antecedent would predict research study conducted by measuring the variables under
the outcome or consequence. This type of research purpose is investigation.
commonly used in modeling future outcomes based on antecedent type of research is best hinted with clues such as “level of…”,
situations/probabilities. “rate of…”, “incidence of…”, “severity of…”, “degrees of…”,
and other words which provide the intent to measure the
Utilizes the conditional phrase “What happens to variable Y if variables under investigation.
variable X occurs…”
Qualitative Data Analysis
B. GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS: Method refers to the
process by which the variables are observed as they occur or manipulated investigation which focuses on non-measurable factors that lead
to see the causal relationships among them. to the occurrence of a phenomenon.
includes, but not limited to, indepth understanding of concepts,
themes, ideologies, patterns of behaviours, and other thematic
Experimental Method comprehension of an occurring phenomenon.
intends to manipulate, expose, utilize, and/or administer a
causal variable to determine the outcome(s). Mixed-Method Research
commonly done is the causal variable (also known as situations wherein a field of scientific investigation can be best
“independent variable”) is a tangible treatment, intervention, understood by measuring the data and documenting the
or medication. underlying narratives. Therefore, a mixed-method research is the
combination of both quantitative and qualitative data analyses.
Non-Experimental Method
does not manipulate the variables because they occur naturally
and cannot be utilized/administer intentionally.
Variables which are considered as behaviors, diseases, and/or
natural calamities are under this type of research method.
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c. Stating the Research Purpose and Research Questions Two (2) Types of Research Question
The research purpose and research questions are the overall MAJOR Question
guides of the research study because they dictate the methods coincides with the overall goal that contains the major
and type of data analyses. variables and target population.
formulated first (using deductive reasoning) and
FOUR (4) GENERAL TYPES OF PURPOSE IN RESEARCH answered last (using inductive reasoning).
MINOR Questions
the specific inquiries that the investigator attempts to
answer.
Maximum of 6-8 questions.
formulated after the major problem (deductive
reasoning) and answered first to summarize the answer
for the major problem (inductive reasoning).
a. Literature Review:
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Conceptual Literature – materials that contain factual information A citation is a method of acknowledging the individual for
without any research-related content (e.g. encyclopedia, textbook, their creative and/or work and that the product of their
newspaper, internet, etc.). intellectual endeavor supported your own research.
In citing our research literatures, we commonly include the
Research Literature – materials that contain research findings and author's name, date published, location of the publishing
data (e.g. theses, dissertations, journals, etc.). company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
Originally based on the Manual of Research Potentials of the Researcher – simply describes the
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations written by enthusiasm, motivation, or interest of the investigator on the
Kate L. Turabian, it is basically the same as topic of inquiry.
Chicago Style but slightly modified to cater the
needs of student writers. Significance of the Problem – consideration of the important
It is also presented in two basic documentation contribution of the investigation; a problem becomes
systems: significant if there is the need for investigating the
discrepancy between ideal and real scenario.
a. Notes/Bibliography style is used widely
in literature, history, and the arts. Researchable of the Problem – a problem is researchable if
b. Author-date style has long been used in it considers the empiricism or generalization of ideas based
the physical, natural, and social sciences. on factual evidences; not opinionated but scientific.
IEEE Style
Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers Feasibility of the Problem – doable; considers the potential
(IEEE) for success in investigation because of enough:
is a professional organization supporting
many branches of engineering, computer Financial funding (most important)
science, and information technology. In Research resources (i.e. literatures, materials, laboratory
addition to publishing journals, magazines, apparatus)
and conference proceedings, IEEE also Experience of researcher
makes many standards for a wide variety of Ethically upright to conduct and respects human dignity
industries. IEEE citation style includes in-text Available and accessible samples during data collection
citations, numbered in square brackets, Time is enough for investigation
which refer to the full citation listed in the Approval & support from authorities and administration
reference list at the end of the paper. The
reference list is organized numerically, not
alphabetically.
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Conceptual Framework
Non-Directional Hypothesis – simply predicts whether there is a 2. TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO DATA: QUANTITATIVE,
signicant relationship / effect between the variables investigated QUALITATIVE, MIXED-METHODS
or none at all. Usually utilized in descriptive or exploratory
investigations.
Directional Hypothesis – predicts the expected extent of
relationship between the variables being investigated, whether
directly related or inversely associated. Commonly used in
explanatory research studies.
3. SPECIFIC RESEARCH DESIGNS: EXPERIMENTAL VERSUS NON- 4. STUDY POPULATION, SETTINGS, AND SAMPLING DESIGNS
EXPERIMENTAL
a. The Sampling Process
Presentation of Data provide a way of organizing data in table format, allowing convenient
and comprehensive understanding of basic characteristics of the
An organized data is well-presented so that it would facilitate variable.
easy comprehension and analysis. Data are graphically presented shows possible values of the variable grouped into class intervals, raw
in three (3) most common methods: and relative frequencies, and cumulative frequency
5 general steps:
• Create an ordered array
• Determine class intervals
• Obtain raw frequencies of each class interval
• Compute relative frequencies of each class interval
• Compute cumulative relative frequency of each class interval
Charts quickly reveal facts about data that might be gleaned from
table only after careful study.
Often the most effective way to describe, explore, and summarize
sets of numbers
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Pie Chart - alternative to bar charts but for variables in nominal scales
1. Data Entry – encoding the data into the spreadsheet and will be followed
by the decision on the measurement level of the data collected.
2. Data Cleaning – ensuring that all data are usable and valid, this can be done
by manually and electronically checking for missing data.