Iso 16526-3-2011

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16526-3
First edition
2011-12-15
Non-destructive testing — Measurement

and evaluation of the X-ray tube
voltage —
Part 3:
Spectrometric method
Essais non destructifs — Mesurage et évaluation de la tension des
tubes radiogènes —
Partie 3: Méthode spectrométrique
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Reference number
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011

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ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
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© ISO 2011
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ii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i v
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Test method ................................................................... 1
4 Test report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Annex A (informative) Selection of filters ................................................. 6
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© ISO for
Copyright International Organization 2011 – All rights reserved
Standardization iii
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16526-3 was prepared by CEN (as EN 12544-3:1999) and is submitted for approval under a special “fast-
track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 5,
Radiation methods, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies (see the ISO/IEC Directives,
Part 1, “Fast-track procedure”).
ISO 16526 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing — Measurement and
evaluation of the X-ray tube voltage:
— Part 1: Voltage divider method
— Part 2: Constancy check by the thick filter method
— Part 3: Spectrometric method
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iv
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Introduction
In order to cover the different requirements for the measurement of the X-ray tube voltage, three different methods
are described in ISO 16526-1 to ISO 16526-3.
The voltage divider method (ISO 16526-1) enables a direct and absolute measurement of the average high voltage
of constant potential X-ray systems on the secondary side of the high voltage generator.
The thick filter method (ISO 16526-2) describes a constancy check. This method is recommended for the regular
stability check of an X-ray system.
The spectrometric method (ISO 16526-3) is a procedure for non-invasive measurement of the X-ray tube voltage
using the energy spectrum of the X-rays. This method can be applied for all X-ray systems and is the recommended
method whenever the voltage divider method is not applicable, e. g. in case of tank units where it is not possible to
connect the voltage divider device.
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© ISO for
Standardization v
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Non-destructive testing — Measurement and evaluation of

the X-ray tube voltage —
Part 3:
Spectrometric method
1 Scope
This part of ISO 16526 specifies the test method for a non-invasive measurement of X-ray tube voltages using the
energy spectrum of X-rays (spectrometric method). It covers the voltage range from 10 kV to 500 kV.
The intention is to check the correspondence of the actual voltage with the indicated value on the control panel of
the X-ray unit. It is intended to measure the maximum energy only and not the complete X-ray spectrum.
The procedure is applicable for tank type and constant potential X-ray units.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 16526, the following definitions apply:
2.1 Energy dispersive photon detector
A photon detector, e. g. Ge based detector, which responds to incident photons with electric pulses, whose
amplitude are a measure for the energy of the photons.
2.2 Multi channel analyser
An electronic device which is capable of sorting incoming electric pulses according to their amplitude.
NOTE The pulses are sorted into storage registers or channels in such a way that the contents of a register or
channel is increased by one if a pulse occurs with the corresponding amplitude.
2.3 Energy spectrum
The graphical representation of the contents of the channels versus the energy.
2.4 Pile-up
Effect of two or more pulses which are too close to each other and which causes their amplitude to be added in the
spectrum.
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3 Test method
3.1 Principle
An energy dispersive photon detector is located in the collimated direct beam of the X-ray tube under test (figure 1).
The output pulses of the detector are counted and analysed by a multichannel analyzer.
© ISO for
Standardization 1
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Key
1 Collimator and additional lead shielding
2 Filter
3 X-ray tube
4 tube housing
5 lead shielding
6 pulse output to amplifier and multichannel analyser
Figure 1: Configuration for energy measurements
3.2 Equipment
The following equipment is required for the measurements:
3.2.1 Detector
Its energy range shall be at least 20% higher than the highest expected maximum energy. The energy resolution
shall be about 1 keV Full Width at Half Maximum.
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For ease of filtering and shielding a detector with low efficiency but with sufficient resolution shall be chosen, as X-
ray tubes usually produce sufficiently high dose rate.
In order to allow as far as possible only direct radiation to hit the detector, the detector shall be carefully shielded
with highly absorbing materials against leakage and scattered radiation.
3.2.2 Filters
In order to attenuate the soft radiation, filters of Al, Fe, Cu, Pb or W shall be used (see Annex A).
The measurement of the maximum energy may be disturbed by the K-edge and the characteristic lines of a filter.
Therefore, filter materials above the given value Umin according to table 1 shall be used:
2
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Table 1 – Minimum voltages for some filter materials
Filter Umin
kV
Al 10
Fe 15
Cu 20
Pb 180
W 140
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The thickness of the filters, the diameter of the collimated beam, and the distance between tube and detector have
to be chosen to give a sufficiently low count rate of photons which can be properly processed by detector and
electronics. A count rate which is too high would generate pile-up and thus may cause misinterpretations of the
energy spectrum.
When using lead filters, a layer of 1 mm of tin in front of the detector window shall be used to reduce secondary
radiation significantly.
3.2.3 Electronics
Pulse shaping generator and amplifier shall be thoroughly checked and adjusted in respect to optimum decay of the
pulses and to a linear amplitude behaviour.
The cable between amplifier and multichannel analyzer shall be impedance matched to both devices, so that it is
properly terminated on both ends.
3.2.4 Multichannel analyzer
The multichannel analyzer shall be calibrated so that one channel is from 0,23 keV to 0,27 keV wide. The total
energy range shall be at least 20% higher than the highest expected energy.
The calibration can be done using the characteristic lines of radioisotopes such as Ir 192, Am 241or Ba 133. This
is done by placing a weak radioisotope in front of the detector. Then the line spectrum is recorded and the abscissa
is calibrated for the energy according to the location of the peak maxima.
3.3 Measurement
After setup and calibration the X-ray tube is switched on, and after the voltmeter of the unit has reached the preset
value of the voltage, the measurement may be started. If there is no indication of the actual voltage at the control
unit of the X-ray tube, the measurement may be started at least 30 seconds after switching on the tube.
During one measurement, a minimum number of 1000 pulses per keV, shall be counted.
© ISO for
Standardization 3
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Figure 2 – Schematic shape of an X-ray spectrum after attenuation by a filter
The shape of the measured spectrum shall be similar to that in figure 2. The maximum shall be clearly discernible,
and not distrubed by characteristic lines presented by real spectrum (see figure 3).
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Figure 3 – A real spectrum for a 140 kV X-ray system with 4,5 mm Cu prefiltering
The decay of the curve towards the maximum energy shall be linear or slightly bent. A subsequent slower decay
indicates pile-up which shall be avoided.
4
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
3.4 Evaluation and measurement

The result of the measurement, i. e. the maximum energy of the X-ray system is equivalent to that point where the
decaying slope of the energy spectrum meets with the abscissa.
The maximum energy in keV corresponds to the tube voltage in kV.
4 Test report
The test report of the measurements shall contain at least the following information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 16526, i.e. ISO 16526-3:2011;
b) the X-ray system under inspection (identification number and type);
c) X-ray parameters: voltage (kV), current (mA) and the selected focal spot size, also the nominal voltage and the
maximum current;
d) type and size of the collimator;
e) thickness and material of filter;
f) type and identification of detector and spectrometer;
g) distances between tube, filters and detector;
h) the date of the measurement;
i) the measured value of the maximum energy;
j) the difference between the measured and the nominal value of the maximum energy;
k) name and signature of operator.
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© ISO for
Standardization 5
ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Selection of filters
In order to provide a help concerning the selection of filters, this annex shows proposed filters, thicknesses
dfilter, for different voltages U. These values ensure a sufficient absorption of the soft radiation, thus enabling a good
measurement of the limiting energy according to figure 3.
U dfilter
20 kV 1 mm Al
40 kV 1 mm Fe
80 kV 3 mm Fe
120 kV 6 mm Fe
160 kV 10 mm Fe
200 kV 13 mm Fe
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300 kV 22 mm Fe
400 kV 38 mm Fe
6
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization

ISO 16526-3:2011(E)
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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Non-destructive testing — Measurement

Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

— Part 1: Voltage divider method

— Part 2: Constancy check by the thick filter method

— Part 3: Spectrometric method

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Non-destructive testing — Measurement and evaluation of

Figure 1: Configuration for energy measurements

Table 1 – Minimum voltages for some filter materials

Figure 2 – Schematic shape of an X-ray spectrum after attenuation by a filter

3.4 Evaluation and measurement

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

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