Untitled
Untitled
Untitled
BY
AUGUST, 2012.
1
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the project has been examined, approved and
_____________________ ___________________
Mr. Ugwuonu N.C. Mr. Ugwu C.U.
Project Supervisor Head of Department
______________________
External Examiner
Prof Onah Fab
2
DEDICATION
To him are all Glory, Honour and Adoration, now and forever, Amen.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
to the Giver and the owner of soul, for creating me in His own image
and likeness and for seeing me through in this course, to Him be the
N.C., Mr. Ugwu, C.U. my Head of department, Mr. Obidi Oguagha Mr.
4
ABSTRACT
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - i
Approval page - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents - - - - - - - vi
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 1
2.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 14
6
2.3 Prerequisites for Participation - - - - 23
3.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 49
4.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 56
7
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 82
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - 84
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - 85
5.5 Limitations - - - - - - - 89
Bibliography - - - - - - - 91
Appendix - - - - - - - 93
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
people have an impact on decision and actions that affect their jobs.
public welfare.
the management for taking serious decisions about the public sector.
9
structure and their effects on a variety of social-psychological,
financial health.
programmes.
10
of all management of multifarious organization to multi-national
corporations.
their job in that they must always choose what is done, who will do
it, when, where and most of the time how it will be done.
relations.
making.
11
sector” using Power Holdings Company of Nigeria (PHCN) Enugu as a
case study.
that such participation will serve as training and testing ground for
are not available at these lower organizational levels. But the big
question is, are skilled individuals really available? All these underlay
12
1) To asses the impact of employee participation in
It will also help develop and maintain a quality work life, which will
future.
making.
13
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
follows:
Time: There was time constraint for the research project and within
the research work with her personal affairs and running from one
lecture to another. The effect of this work was that the period the
14
and reports must be consulted but are not always available within,
there was the need to travel to gather some of the materials which
provided by both the senior and junior staff of the company. The
findings.
15
2) Does management change decision when rejected by
employees?
making?
organizational levels.
organizational levels.
16
Ho: Availability of skilled individuals in public sectors decision
course of action.
of result.
managed by Government.
17
1.10 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
decision making.
18
individual should be recognized as interacting with social
a) Individual
19
c) Patterns of behaviour emerging from role demands of the
organizations.
20
engross themselves in the organization process, that
21
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 INTRODUCTION
22
2.1 THE CONCEPT OF EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION
23
Participation of employees in managerial decision making is not
24
had a voice in decision-making, the idea is to
handle them skillfully that they came up with the
answer which the manager had in the first place,
but believing it was their own”.
depending on the people under him and the situation at hand must
participation. The authors referred as Pata man who used the term
25
might therefore be a little more than the sophisticated schemes of
management manipulation.
position, but the terms are still at variance with each other.
reserves the right to make the main decision and responsibility for
for the decision made still belongs to the manager. This distinction
26
According to Salamon, M. (1992), points straight away to this
control.
27
There are four different perspectives or models of participation
which includes:
performance.
conducive for participation. This means first, that it must initiate and
28
only one way down, there is no meaningful exchange between
effectively. They must be made to feel that their opinions and ideas
conceal the fact that he has already made a decision which he hope
the group will accept as its own. They added that the attempt to
make them think it was their idea in the first place is indeed a risky
29
freedom managers can allow employees in making decision
making decisions. Also, the manager must realize that he has a dual
to the problem, his opinions and suggestions will have little values.
30
prove beneficial in making decision. Therefore, by allowing the
follows:
31
5) Neither party should feel that its position is threatened by
independence.
32
iii) They have a relatively high tolerance for ambiguity
important and
organization.
participation.
Indirect participation
33
INDIRECT PARTICIPATION
a – collective bargaining
b – joint consultation
to reaching an agreement.
34
or association of employers and workers or organizations. In recent
iii) To meet the workers‟ demand for better insight (and voice)
35
work. In this way, a moral right would be satisfied and
DIRECT PARTICIPATION
manpower skills and abilities, many of which are latent unless they
to expose those skills and abilities, can take place in diverse ways.
36
manager can consult with any number of employees ranging from
the employee group so that the group‟s idea and influence can be
made use of. At times, especially in it‟s extreme form, managers can
involved.
37
information is communicated through formal management channels;
information.
38
5) SUGGESTION PROGRAMES: These are formal plans designed
participation is found all over the world, it has some drawbacks. For
ideas will not cause more work or cause other employees to loose
their jobs.
the manger and his employees on an individual basis. There are not
39
mangers are reluctant to encourage employees to express
control of their groups and the work situation. Also, some managers
executives.
and train them for top management. It encourages their growth and
40
experience. The result is a programme that helps meet their desire
to the values, the skills and the expectations of the people involved if
they lack it. He added that the difference between one‟s desire and
41
those who participate to a degree that matches their needs.
retain final authority. All they do is share the use of authority so that
organization.
(1986) stated that the extent you have to rely on authority of your
position to get people to accept ideas because they are sound, then
42
decision require. He defined creative decision as decision that
all the time for the quality of the decision, the quality will suffer.
and fixtures, but rarely are they given any say in such major
43
Yet it is these higher level decision that are the determinant of
that skill is one of the most important reason for using participation
participate are not left out. Some writers have suggested that unions
participation, and from which the unions draw part of their strength.
In other words, it blurs the conflict that exists between the union and
44
management, linked to this, the gains to be derived from direct
then to the unions as such. Also some union leaders fear that if
and influence.
and the manager may discover that to deviate radically from them is
45
insists that their managers must be dynamic, decisive and
persuasive.
of who the desirable executive should be, will push the manager
determine the extent to which the manager can initiate his own idea
manager feels the urge for immediate discussion, the more difficult it
46
the case. Although the pressure of time is the mostly felt presence
failure.
PARTICIPATION
47
shareholdings through involvement in day-to-day operations to the
offer employees the chance to own share in their company and thus
total pay.
48
2) Consultation: This can be seen as “participation” only in the
working lives. This does not imply that employers need take any
job interest. However, it does not usually offer any real opportunity
organization.
49
decisions affecting their work. In practice, this may be no more than
affairs.
50
minority of employees even in situations where union membership
was high.
51
Many leading companies see employee participation as a way
considerably enhanced.
with participation. McGregor (1960) stated that the usual fear is that
52
acutely tend to have a very narrow conception with the growth of
back to the end of the 19th century when the first generating power
plant was installed in the city of Lagos in 1898. from then until 1950,
(ECN).
and make it effective, the then colonial Government passed the ECN
53
In the early 1960s, the Niger Dam Authorities (NDA) and
The ECN and the Niger Dam Authority (NDA) were merged to
become the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) with effect from
the 1st of April 1972. The actual merger did not take place until the
16th of January, 1973 when the first General Manager was appointed.
54
however, does not produce individuals who wish to buy and run
country.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
55
maintenance and servicing of power grids; dams operations and
56
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
instrument.
The research design appropriate and which was chosen for this
57
assessment and comments of respondents as representing the
and Marketing/Sales.
staff responsible for the daily execution of key tasks within the
58
organization and are therefore capable of providing the required
information.
a sample size of fifty staff working at the Head office was chosen for
the conduct of this study. The sample size was chosen using a non-
the researcher. The organization was divided into four strata based
of the research. We can apply Yaro Yamane‟s model for finding the
sample.
59
The formula is as thus;
n = N
1+Ne2
Where,
n = Sample size
N = Total population
I = Constant
e = Margin of error
57
1+57(0.05)2
= 50
QUESTIONNAIRE
for this research study, therefore the research instrument which was
60
followed by acceptable rule in order to serve as a guide in the
ORAL INTERVIEW
study. A pilot study was conducted on staff of the company from the
61
3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
several researchers who have come out with reliable solution to the
problems.
disagreement.
62
existing research materials from learned scholars and
the problems stated, questions and hypothesis, the use of tables and
X2 = Ei(oi – ei)2
ei
Where,
X2 = Chi square
Ei = Summation of all item in 1 term
0i = Observed frequency
ei = Expected frequency
63
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 INTRODUCTION
and hypothesis.
percentage while the chi square test was used for the hypothesis. A
64
distributed while ten copies were not returned which represents 20%
QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
TABLE 1
Returned 40 80%
Total 50 100%
not returned.
65
TABLE 2 - ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS BY SEX
QUESTION 1
MALE 28 70%
FEMALE 12 30%
Total 40 100%
From the above analysis, there are more males than females in
the staff composition. The reason for this may be because of the
nature of the work which often require more human capital which is
66
TABLE 3 – ANALYSIS OF AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE
RESPONDENTS
20 – 30 Years 20 50%
31 – 40 Years 16 40%
Total 40 100%
years and 31 – 40 years represents 50% and 40% of staff that are
making.
67
TABLE 4 – ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SSCE/GCE 9 22.5%
OND 20 50%
HND/B.Sc 10 25%
Total 40 100%
an organization.
Commercial/Accounts 10 25%
Administration/Personnel 14 35%
Production/Operations 6 15%
Marketing/Sales 10 25%
Total 40 100%
68
Table 5 shows that all the departments responded well to the
organization.
Top management 2 5%
Total 40 100%
respondents are middle level management staffs and only two (2) or
69
TABLE 7 – QUESTION 6: HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN WITH
THE ORGANISATION?
Below 1 year 2 5%
1 – 5 years 14 35%
6 – 10 years 14 35%
Total 40 100%
company for eleven years and above, 35% have served the company
for between one and five years, while only 5% have served the
between one year and eleven years plus must understand what
70
TABLE 8 – QUESTION 7: DOES MANAGEMENT STAFF MAKE
Yes 22 55
No 12 30
Don‟t know 6 15
Total 40 100%
71
TABLE 9 – QUESTION 8: DOES MANAGEMENT CHANGE
Yes 8 20
No 28 70
Don‟t know 4 10
Total 40 100%
72
TABLE 10 – QUESTION 9: TO WHAT EXTENT DOES EMPLOYEE
ADEQUATE 13 32.5%
INADEQAUTE 20 50%
Total 40 100%
was to brief them about new decisions that have even taken by the
73
and suggestions but little use is made of such advice and
ALWAYS 15 37.5%
SOMETIMES 24 60%
NEVER 1 2.5%
Total 40 100%
74
Table 11 indicates that 15 or 37.5% of the respondents say
Experience 5 12.5%
Total 40 100%
75
in decision-making. A further examination of Table 12 indicated that
company.
decision-making 5 12.5%
Employees participate
in decision-making 21 52.5%
Total 40 100%
76
Table 13 reveals the description of level of employees‟
DECISION-MAKING
Total 40 100%
77
employees are not involved in decision making while 11(27.5%) of
ALWAYS 5 12.5%
SOMETIMES 14 35%
NEVER 21 52.5%
Total 40 100%
78
TABLE 16 – QUESTION 15: THE IMPACT OF UNSKILLED
PRODUCTIVITY
Total 40 100%
79
TABLE 17-QUESTION 16: THE IMPACT OF SKILLED EMPLOYEE
Total 40 100%
80
turnover and greater self-esteem. The opposite would be the case if
POSITIVE 30 75%
NEGATIVE 8 20%
NO EFFECT 2 5%
Total 40 100%
employee‟s participation.
81
TABLE 19 – QUESTION 18: DOES EMPLOYEE’S
FOR EMPLOYEES?
YES 23 57.5%
NO 11 27.5%
Total 40 100%
employees.
82
TABLE 20 – QUESTION 19: DOES INEFFICIENT AND
PARTICIPATION?
YES 26 65%
NO 8 20%
Total 40 100%
83
4.2 TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
X2 = Σi(oi – ei)2
ei
ei = Expected frequency
X2 = Chi-square
HYPOTHESIS I
YES 23 57.5%
NO 11 27.5%
Total 40 100%
84
VARIABLES Oi Ei Oi – Ei (Oi – ei)2 (Oi – ei)2
Ei
YES 23 13.3 9.7 94.09 7.07
Total 40 11.47
X2 = 11.47
alternative hypothesis.
85
HYPOTHESIS 2
PARTICIPATION?
YES 26 65%
NO 8 20%
Total 40 100%
Total 40 18.25
86
X2 = Σ(oi – ei)2
ei
ei = Expected frequency
X2 = 18.25
Degree of freedom = n – 1
Decision Rule:
hypothesis.
87
where 65% of respondents agreed that inefficient and incompetent
HYPOTHESIS 3
Total 40 100%
88
X2 (oi – ei)2
ei
ei = Expected frequency
X2 = 28.62
alternative hypothesis.
89
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 INTRODUCTION
not only the benefit of both the manager and employees of Power
90
Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) Enugu, also, theoretical
reviewed.
carried out:
occasionally (sometimes).
91
5.2 CONCLUSION
study:
discuss issues about the organisation as this will help to widen the
92
Since the yardstick of employees‟ participation in decision
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
made;
THE ORGANIZATION
his opinions and ideas mean something and that he is valued both as
93
decision, it becomes meaningless and often does more harm than
decision. This will make both feel that they have some control over
their work.
THE MANAGER
making decisions. The last word rests with him. Also, the manager
94
must realize that he has a dual responsibility – the manager‟s
THE EMPLOYEE
95
competence with respect to the problems, then his opinion and
that they have some control of their work. it is hoped that the
have high level of performance from it‟s workers, also will lead to
96
5.5 LIMITATIONS
but was limited to just one public sector which is Power Holding
TIME: There are time constraints for the research project and within
both the research work and the lecture together. The implication of
this work was that the period the researcher was supposed to spend
or affected.
carryout a given project. Research work to this end was not left out
largely on the information that the researcher acquired from the staff
97
questionnaire it was expected that the information needed was
Enugu.
sectors.
method.
other than the ones tested here and use another method of
98
BIBLIOGRAPHY
99
Rensis, L. (1961), “New Patterns of Management”. New York:
McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.
100
APPENDIX I
Caritas University,
Amorji – Nike,
Department of Industrial
Relations and Personnel
Management,
Emene,
Enugu State.
Dear Respondents,
QUESTIONNAIRE ON PROJECT
I plead that you answer the following question with all sincerity. Your
responses will not be used for any other purpose than this research.
Yours faithfully,
OGBONNA MAUREEN O.
101
APPENDIX II
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A
1. Sex
Male [ ]
Female [ ]
20 – 30 years [ ]
31 – 40 years [ ]
3. Educational background
SSCE/GCE [ ]
OND [ ]
HND/B.Sc [ ]
4. Respondent‟s Department
Commercial/Accounts [ ]
Administration/personnel [ ]
Production/operations [ ]
5. Respondent‟s status
Top Management [ ]
Junior Staff [ ]
102
6. How long have you been with the Organization?
Below 1 year [ ]
1 – 5 years [ ]
6 – 10 years [ ]
SECTION B
Yes [ ]
No [ ]
Don‟t know [ ]
employee?
Yes [ ]
No [ ]
Don‟t know [ ]
Adequate [ ]
Inadequate [ ]
Don‟t know [ ]
Always [ ]
Sometimes [ ]
Never [ ]
103
11. Factors that are considered before an employee is involved in
decision making:
Education qualification [ ]
Experience [ ]
Productivity is high [ ]
Productivity is medium [ ]
104
16. The impact of adequate employee participation in decision
making on productivity.
Productivity is high [ ]
Productivity is medium [ ]
efficiency to work.
Positive [ ]
Negative [ ]
No effect [ ]
Yes [ ]
No [ ]
Don‟t know [ ]
organization?
Yes [ ]
No [ ]
Don‟t know [ ]
105