MAGTAJAS v. PRYCE PROPERTIES permissible to modify P.D.

1869, there is no sufficient indication of an implied repeal by the

former. LGUs may prevent and suppress all kinds of gambling within their territories except only
G.R. No. 111097 July 20, 1994 those allowed by statutes like P.D. 1869. This decree has the statutes of a statute that cannot be
amended or nullified by a mere ordinance.
FACTS:
TATEL v. MUNICIPALITY OF VIRAC
Mayor Pablo Magtajas and the city legislators denounced the establishment of
PAGCOR within their city through an ordinance prohibiting the issuance of business permit G.R. No. 40243 March 11, 1992
and cancelling existing business permit to any establishment for using and allowing to be
used in its premises or portion thereof for the operation of casinos. Also, an ordinance was FACTS:
passed prohibiting the operation of casinos and providing penalty for its violation. PAGCOR
is a corporation created directly by P.D. 1869 to help centralize and regulate all games of Based from the complaints received from the residents of Barrio Sta. Elena against the
chance, including casinos on land and sea within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines disturbance caused by the operation of the abaca boiling machine inside the warehouse of the
and is the third highest revenue-earner in the government. petitioner, the Municipal Council of Virac passed Resolution No.29 declaring the warehouse a
public nuisance within the purview of Article 694 of the New Civil Code. The said machine
ISSUE: affects the peace and tranquility of the neighborhood due to the smoke, obnoxious odor and dust
emitted by the machine. Respondent municipal officials contended that the petitioner’s
Whether or not the ordinances are valid as enacted by the Sangguniang Panlungsod of warehouse was constructed in violation of Ordinance No. 13 which prohibits the construction of
Cagayan de Oro City. warehouses near a block of houses either in the poblacion or barrios without maintaining the
necessary distance of 200 meters from said block of houses to avoid loss of lives and properties
HELD:
by accidental fire.
NO. Petition is denied and the decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
ISSUE:
TEST OF A VALID ORDINANCE:
Whether or not Ordinance No. 13 is a legitimate and valid exercise of police power of the
•Must not contravene the Constitution or any statute municipal council

•Must not be unfair or oppressive HELD:

•Must not be partial or discriminatory YES.

•Must not prohibit but may regulate trade Ordinance No. 13 passed by the Municipal Council of Virac in the exercise of its police
power. It is a settled principle of law that municipal corporations are agencies of the State for the
•Must not be unreasonable promotion and maintenance of local self-government and as such are endowed with police
powers in order to effectively accomplish and carry out the declared objects of their creation. Its
•Must be general and consistent with public policy. authority emanates from the general welfare clause under the Administrative Code. Also, the
ordinance passed according to the procedure prescribed by law and in consonance with certain
The apparent flaw in the ordinances in question is that they contravene P.D.1869
well-established and basic principles of a substantive nature.
and the public policy embodied therein insofar as they prevent PAGCOR from exercising
the power conferred on it to operate a casino in Cagayan de Oro City. Although LGC is
1
TAN v. COMELEC altered. The other affected entity would be composed of those in the area subtracted from the
mother province to constitute the proposed province of Negros del Norte.” The Supreme Court
G.R. No. 73155 July 11, 1986 further held that the case of Governor Zosimo Paredes v.Hon. Executive Secretary to the
President, et. al. (128 SCRA 6), which respondents used to support their case, should not be
FACTS:
taken as a doctrinal or compelling precedent. Rather, it held that the dissenting view of Justice
This case was prompted by the enactment of Batas Pambansa Blg. 885, An Act Abad Santos in the aforementioned case is the forerunner of the applicable ruling, quoting that:
Creating a New Province in the Island of Negros to be known as the Province of Negros del “…when the Constitution speaks of “the unit or units affected”, it means all of the people of the
Norte. Pursuant to and in implementation of this law, the COMELEC scheduled a plebiscite municipality if the municipality is to be divided such as in the case at bar or of the people of two
in January 3, 1986. Petitioners opposed, filing a case for Prohibition and contending that the or more municipalities if there be a merger. I see no ambiguity in the Constitutional provision.”It
B.P. Blg. 885 is unconstitutional and not in complete accord with the Local Government appeared that when Parliamentary Bill No. 3644 which proposed the creation of the new
Code because: province of Negros del Norte was passed for approval, it recited therein that “the plebiscite shall
be conducted in the areas affected within a period of one hundred and twenty days from the
1.The voters of the parent province of Negros Occidental, other than those living approval of this Act.” However, when the bill was enacted into B.P. 885, there was an
within the territory of the new province of Negros del Norte, were not included in the unexplained change from “areas affected” to “the proposed new province, which are the areas
plebiscite. affected.” The Supreme Court held that it was a self-serving phrase to state that the new province
constitutes the area affected.
2.The area which would comprise the new province of Negros del Norte would
only be about 2,856.56 sq. km., which is lesser than the minimum area prescribed by the “Such additional statement serves no useful purpose for the same is misleading,
governing statute. The Supreme Court was in recess at the time so the petition was not erroneous, and far from truth. The remaining portion of the parent province is as much an area
timely considered. Consequently, petitioners filed a supplemental pleading on January affected. The substantial alteration of the boundaries of the parent province, not to mention the
4,1986, after the plebiscite sought to be restrained was held the previous day, January 3. adverse economic effects it might suffer, eloquently argue the points raised by the
petitioners.”Consequently, the Supreme Court pronounced that the plebiscite held on January 3,
ISSUE: 1986 has no legal effect for being a patent nullity.

Whether or not the plebiscite was legal and complied with theconstitutional requisites under “Wherefore, Batas Pambansa Blg. 885 is hereby declared unconstitutional. The
Article XI, Sec. 3 of the Constitution. proclamation of the new province of Negros del Norte, as well as the appointment of the officials
thereof are also declared null and void. SO ORDERED.”
HELD:
QUEZON CITY v. ERICTA
NO
GRL-34915 JUNE 24, 1983
In interpreting the above provision, the Supreme Court held that whether a province
is created, divided, or merged and there is substantial alteration of the boundaries, “the FACTS:
approval of a majority of votes in the plebiscite in the unit or units affected” must first be
obtained. The creation of the proposed new province of Negros del Norte will necessarily Quezon City Council passed Ordinance No. 6118 where under Section 9 of which
result in the division and alteration of the existing boundaries of Negros Occidental.“Plain provides for regulation of private memorial type cemetery and providing penalties for non-
and simple logic will demonstrate that two political units would be affected. The first would compliance thereof. The said section ordered private cemeteries to allot at least six (6) percent of
be the parent province of Negros Occidental because its boundaries would be substantially the total area for charity burial of deceased persons who are paupers and who have been resident

2
of Quezon City for at least 5 years prior to their death. But respondent Himlayang Pilipino NO.
reacted and alleged the ordinance to be contrary to the Constitution, the Quezon City
Charter, the Local Autonomy Act and the Revised Administrative Code. Petitioners argue A municipal corporation cannot prohibit the operation of nightclubs. Nightclubs may be
that the taking of the respondent’s property is a valid and reasonable exercise of police lower regulated but not prevented from carrying on their business. R.A. 938, as originally enacted,
and that land taken for a public use as itis intended for the burial ground of paupers. granted municipalities the power to regulate the establishment, maintenance and operation of
nightclubs and the like. While it is true that on May, 21,1954, the law was amended by R.A. 979
ISSUE: which purported to give municipalities the power not only to regulate but likewise to prohibit the
operation of nightclubs, the fact is that the title of the law remained the same so that the power
Whether or not Section 9 of Ordinance No. 6118 is a valid exercise of police power. granted to municipalities remains that of regulation, not prohibition. To construe the amendatory
act as granting municipal corporations the power to prohibit the operation of nightclubs would be
HELD:
to construe it in a way that it violates the constitutional provision that “every bill shall embrace
NO. only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.” Moreover, the recently-enacted
LGC (B.P. 337) speaks simply of the power to regulate the establishment and operation of
Section 9 of Ordinance No. 6118 is not a mere police regulation but an outright billiard pools, theatrical performances, circuses and other forms of entertainment.
confiscation. It deprives a person of his private property without due process by law and
even without just compensation. Police power usually exercised in the form of mere VILLACORTA v. BERNARDO
regulation or restriction in the use of liberty or property for the promotion of the general
GR L-31249 AUGUST 19, 1986
welfare. It does not involve the taking or confiscation of property with the exception of a
few cases where there is a necessity to confiscate private property in order to destroy it for FACTS:
the purpose of protecting the peace and order and of promoting the general welfare as for
instance, the confiscation of an illegally-possessed article such as opium and firearms. A petition for certiorari was raised against a decision of the Court of First Instance of
Pangasinan annulling an ordinance adopted by the municipal board of Dagupan City. Ordinance
CRUZ v. PARAS 22, that sought to regulate subdivision plans in Dagupan City, ordained that every proposed
subdivision plan over any lot in the City of Dagupan, shall before the same is submitted for
GR L-42571-72 JULY 25, 1983
approval and/or verification by the Bureau of Lands and/or the Land Registration Commission,
FACTS: be previously submitted to the City Engineer of the City who shall see to it that no encroachment
is made on any portion of the public domain, that the zoning ordinance and all other pertinent
The petitioners are operators of nightclubs in Bocaue, Bulacan. They filed prohibition suits rules and regulations are observed, and that subsequent fees be imposed thereafter.
to stop the municipality of Bocaue from enforcing an ordinance prohibiting the operation of
nightclubs, cabarets, and dance halls in that municipality or renewal of licenses to operate ISSUE:
them. The CFI upheld the validity of the ordinance and dismissed the petition. Hence, this
WON Ordinance 22 is a valid exercise of police power.
petition for certiorari.
HELD :
ISSUE:
NO.
Whether or not a municipal corporation can prohibit the operation of nightclubs.
In declaring the said ordinance null and void, the court a quo, and affirmed by the
HELD:
3
Supreme Court, declared: From the above-recited requirements, there is no showing that
would justify the enactment of the questioned ordinance. Section 1 of said ordinance clearly
conflicts with Section 44 of Act 496, because the latter law does not require subdivision
plans to be submitted to the City Engineer before the same is submitted for approval to and
verification by the General Land Registration Office or by the Director of Lands as provided
for in Section 58 of said Act. Section 2 of the same ordinance also contravenes the
provisions of Section 44 of Act496, the latter being silent on a service fee of PO.03 per
square meter of every lot subject of such subdivision application; Section 3 of the ordinance
in question also conflicts with Section 44 of Act 496, because the latter law does not
mention of a certification to be made by the City Engineer before the Register of Deeds
allows registration of the subdivision plan; and the last section of said ordinance imposes a
penalty for its violation, which Section 44 of Act 496 does not impose. In other words,
Ordinance 22 of the City of Dagupan imposes upon a subdivision owner additional
conditions. The Court takes note of the laudable purpose of the ordinance in bringing to a
halt the surreptitious registration of lands belonging to the government. But as already
intimidated above, the powers of the board in enacting such a laudable ordinance cannot be
held valid when it shall impede the exercise of rights granted in a general law and/or make a
general law subordinated to a local ordinance. To sustain the ordinance would be to open the
floodgates to other ordinances amending and so violating national laws in the guise of
implementing them. Thus, ordinances could be passed imposing additional requirements for
the issuance of marriage licenses, to prevent bigamy; the registration of vehicles, to
minimize carnaping; the execution of contracts, to forestall fraud; the validation of
passports, to deter imposture; the exercise of freedom of speech, to reduce disorder; and so
on. The list is endless, but the means, even if the end be valid, would be ultra vires.

We therefore urge that proper care attend the exercise of the police power lest it
deteriorate into an unreasonable intrusion into the purely private affairs of the individual.
The so-called "general welfare" is too amorphous and convenient an excuse for official
arbitrariness. Let it always be remembered that in the truly democratic state, protecting the
rights of the individual is as important as, if not more so than, protecting the rights of the
public. This advice is especially addressed to the local governments which exercise the
police power only by virtue of a valid delegation from the national legislature under the
general welfare clause. In the instant case, Ordinance No. 22 suffers from the additional
defect of violating this authority for legislation in contravention of the national law by
adding to its requirements.

4
 21, 1987 Congressman Datu Guimid Matalam, Chairman of the Committee on Muslim Affairs of
the House of Representatives, invited petitioner in his capacity as Speaker of the Assembly of
LIM v. PACQUING Region XII in a consultation/dialogue with local government officials. Petitioner accepted the
invitation and informed the Assembly members through the Assembly Secretary that there shall
G.R. No. 115044 January 27, 1995
be no session in November as his presence was needed in the house committee hearing of
FACTS: Congress. However, on November 2, 1987, the Assembly held a session in defiance of the
Limbona's advice, where he was unseated from his position. Petitioner prays that the session's
The issuance of the permit/license to operate the jai-alai in favor of Associated proceedings be declared null and void and be it declared that he was still the Speaker of the
Development Corporation (ADC) within the territorial boundaries of the City of Manila was Assembly. Pending further proceedings of the case, the SC received a resolution from the
the focus of this full blown litigation that question, among others, P.D. 771 which revoked Assembly expressly expelling petitioner's membership therefrom. Respondents argue that
all existing Jai-Alai franchisers issued by local governments as of 20 August1975. petitioner had "filed a case before the Supreme Court against some members of the Assembly on
a question which should have been resolved within the confines of the Assembly," for which the
ISSUE: respondents now submit that the petition had become "moot and academic" because its
resolution.
WON P.D. 771 is unconstitutional.
ISSUE:
HELD:
WON the courts of law have jurisdiction over the autonomous governments or regions.
NO. Presidential Decree No. 771 is valid and constitutional.
HELD:
The time-honored doctrine is that all laws (PD No. 771 included) are presumed
valid and constitutional until or unless otherwise ruled by this Court. Not only this; Article YES.
XVIII Section 3 of the Constitution states:
Autonomy is either decentralization of administration or decentralization of power.
Sec. 3. All existing laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, letters There is decentralization of administration when the central government delegates administrative
of instructions and other executive issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution powers to political subdivisions in order to broaden the base of government power and in the
shall remain operative until amended, repealed or revoked. process to make local governments "more responsive and accountable". At the same time, it
relieves the central government of the burden of managing local affairs and enables it to
There is nothing on record to show or even suggest that PD No. 771 has been
concentrate on national concerns. The President exercises "general supervision" over them, but
repealed, altered or amended by any subsequent law or presidential issuance (when the
only to "ensure that local affairs are administered according to law." He has no control over their
executive still exercised legislative powers).
acts in the sense that he can substitute their judgments with his own. Decentralization of power,
LIMBONA v. MANGELIN on the other hand, involves an abdication of political power in the favor of local governments
units declared to be autonomous. In that case, the autonomous government is free to chart its own
GR 80391 FEBRUARY 28, 1989 destiny and shape its future with minimum intervention from central authorities.

FACTS: An autonomous government that enjoys autonomy of the latter category [CONST.
(1987), Art. X, Sec. 15.] is subject alone to the decree of the organic act creating it and accepted
Petitioner, Sultan Alimbusar Limbona, was elected Speaker of the Regional principles on the effects and limits of "autonomy." On the other hand, an autonomous
Legislative Assembly or Batasang Pampook of Central Mindanao (Assembly). On October
5
government of the former class is, as we noted, under the supervision of the national No. 60. Thereafter, the municipal secretary certified a disbursement fired of P400,000 for the
government acting through the President (and the Department of Local Government). If the implementation of the program. However, COA disapproved Resolution 60 and disallowed in
Sangguniang Pampook (of Region XII), then, is autonomous in the latter sense, its acts are, audit the disbursement of funds. COA denied the petitioners’ reconsideration as Resolution 60
debatably beyond the domain of this Court in perhaps the same way that the internal acts,
has no connection or relation between the objective sought to be attained and the alleged public
say, of the Congress of the Philippines are beyond our jurisdiction. But if it is autonomous in
safety, general welfare, etc of the inhabitant of Makati. Also, the Resolution will only benefit a
the former category only, it comes unarguably under our jurisdiction. An examination of the
few individuals. Public funds should only be used for public purposes.
very Presidential Decree creating the autonomous governments of Mindanao persuades us
that they were never meant to exercise autonomy in the second sense (decentralization of Issue:
power).
WON Resolution No. 60, re-enacted under Resolution No. 243, of the Municipality of Makati is
PD No. 1618, in the first place, mandates that "[t]he President shall have the power a valid exercise of police power under the general welfare clause.
of general supervision and control over Autonomous Regions." Hence, we assume
Held:
jurisdiction. And if we can make an inquiry in the validity of the expulsion in question, with
more reason can we review the petitioner's removal as Speaker. This case involves the Yes.
application of a most important constitutional policy and principle, that of local autonomy.
The police power is a governmental function, an inherent attribute of sovereignty, which
We have to obey the clear mandate on local autonomy. Upon the facts presented, we hold
that the November 2 and 5, 1987 sessions were invalid. It is true that under Section 31 of the was born with civilized government. It is founded largely on the maxims, "Sic utere tuo et
Region XII Sanggunian Rules, "[s]essions shall not be suspended or adjourned except by ahenum non laedas and "Salus populi est suprema lex Its fundamental purpose is securing the
direction of the Sangguniang Pampook". But while this opinion is in accord with the general welfare, comfort and convenience of the people.
respondents' own, we still invalidate the twin sessions in question, since at the time the Police power is inherent in the state but not in municipal corporations). Before a
petitioner called the "recess," it was not a settled matter whether or not he could do so. In the
municipal corporation may exercise such power, there must be a valid delegation of such power
second place, the invitation tendered by the Committee on Muslim Affairs of the House of
by the legislature which is the repository of the inherent powers of the State. A valid delegation
Representatives provided a plausible reason for the intermission sought. Also, assuming that
of police power may arise from express delegation, or be inferred from the mere fact of the
a valid recess could not be called, it does not appear that the respondents called his attention
to this mistake. What appears is that instead, they opened the sessions themselves behind his creation of the municipal corporation; and as a general rule, municipal corporations may exercise
back in an apparent act of mutiny. Under the circumstances, we find equity on his side. For police powers within the fair intent and purpose of their creation which are reasonably proper to
this reason, we uphold the "recess" called on the ground of good faith. give effect to the powers expressly granted, and statutes conferring powers on public
corporations have been construed as empowering them to do the things essential to the
Binay vs Domingo enjoyment of life and desirable for the safety of the people. Municipal governments exercise this
power under the general welfare clause: pursuant thereto they are clothed with authority to "enact
G.R. No. 92389 September 11, 1991
such ordinances and issue such regulations as may be necessary to carry out and discharge the
Facts: responsibilities conferred upon it by law, and such as shall be necessary and proper to provide for
the health, safety, comfort and convenience, maintain peace and order, improve public morals,
On September 27, 1988, petitioner Municipality, through its Council, approved Resolution
promote the prosperity and general welfare of the municipality and the inhabitants thereof, and
No. 60 (A resolution to confirm and/or ratify the ongoing burial assistance program
insure the protection of property therein." And under Section 7 of BP 337, "every local
extending P500 to a bereaved family, funds to be taken out of unappropriated available
government unit shall exercise the powers expressly granted, those necessarily implied
funds existing in the municipal treasury.) Metro Manila Commission approved Resolution
therefrom, as well as powers necessary and proper for governance such as to promote health and
6
safety, enhance prosperity, improve morals, and maintain peace and order in the local Facts:
government unit, and preserve the comfort and convenience of the inhabitants therein."
The Philippine Amusements and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) was created by virtue
Police power is the power to prescribe regulations to promote the health, morals, of P.D. 1067-A dated January 1, 1977 and was granted a franchise under P.D. 1067-B also dated
peace, education, good order or safety and general welfare of the people. It is the most January 1, 1977 "to establish, operate and maintain gambling casinos on land or water within the
essential, insistent, and illimitable of powers. In a sense it is the greatest and most powerful territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines."
attribute of the government.
Petitioners filed an instant petition seeking to annul the Philippine Amusement and
COA is not attuned to the changing of the times. Public purpose is not Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) Charter — PD 1869, because it is allegedly contrary to morals,
unconstitutional merely because it incidentally benefits a limited number of persons. As public policy and order.
correctly pointed out by the Office of the Solicitor General, "the drift is towards social
Petitioners claim that P.D. 1869 constitutes a waiver of the right of the City of Manila to
welfare legislation geared towards state policies to provide adequate social services, the
impose taxesand legal fees; that the exemption clause in P.D. 1869 is in violation of the principle
promotion of the general welfare social justice (Section 10, Ibid) as well as human dignity
of localautonomy.
and respect for human rights. The care for the poor is generally recognized as a public duty.
The support for the poor has long been an accepted exercise of police power in the Section 13 par. (2) of P.D. 1869 exempts PAGCOR, as the franchise holder from paying
promotion of the common good. any"tax of any kind or form, income or otherwise, as well as fees, charges or levies of whatever
nature, whether National or Local."
There is no violation of the equal protection clause in classifying paupers as subject
of legislation. Paupers may be reasonably classified. Different groups may receive varying Issue:
treatment. Precious to the hearts of our legislators, down to our local councilors, is the WON the local Government of Manila have the power to impose taxes on PAGCOR.
welfare of the paupers. Thus, statutes have been passed giving rights and benefits to the
disabled, emancipating the tenant-farmer from the bondage of the soil, housing the urban Held:
poor, etc. No, the court rules that The City government of Manila has no power to impose taxes
Resolution No. 60, re-enacted under Resolution No. 243, of the Municipality of on PAGCOR.
Makati is a paragon of the continuing program of our government towards social justice. The principle of Local autonomy does not make local governments sovereign within the
The Burial Assistance Program is a relief of pauperism, though not complete. The loss of a state; the principle of local autonomy within the constitution simply means decentralization. It
member of a family is a painful experience, and it is more painful for the poor to be cannot be an“Imperium in imperio” it can only act intra sovereign, or as an arm of the National
financially burdened by such death. Resolution No. 60 vivifies the very words of the late Government.
President Ramon Magsaysay 'those who have less in life, should have more in law." This
PAGCOR has a dual role, to operate and to regulate gambling casinos. The latter role is
decision however must not be taken as a precedent, or as an official go-signal for municipal
governmental, which places it in the category of an agency or instrumentality of the Government.
governments to embark on a philanthropic orgy of inordinate dole-outs for motives political
Being an instrumentality of the Government, PAGCOR should be and actually is exempt from
or otherwise.
local taxes.
Basco vs. PAGCOR
The power of local government to "impose taxes and fees" is always subject to
G.R. No. 91649 May 14, 1991 "limitations" which Congress may provide by law. Since PD 1869 remains an "operative" law

7
until "amended, repealed or revoked" (Sec. 3, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution), its "exemption Resolution No. 1 would, in net effect, allow a wholesale exemption from the income requirement
clause" remains as an exception to the exercise of the power of local governments to impose imposed under RA 9009 on the municipalities. For this reason, he suggested the filing by the
taxes and fees. It cannot therefore be violative but rather is consistent with the principle of House of Representatives of individual bills to pave the way for the municipalities to become
cities and then forwarding them to the Senate for proper action.
local autonomy.
League of Cities of the Philippines vs COMELEC Heeding the advice, sixteen (16) municipalities filed, through their respective sponsors,
individual cityhood bills. Common to all 16 measures was a provision exempting the
G.R. No. 176951. December 21, 2009 municipality covered from the PhP 100 million income requirement.

Issue:

Facts: Whether or not the cityhood laws violate the equal protection clause.

During the 11th Congress, fifty-seven cityhood bills were filed before the House of Held:
Representatives. Of the fifty-seven (57), thirty-three (33) eventually became laws. The
twenty-four (24) other bills were not acted upon. Later developments saw the introduction in A law need not operate with equal force on all persons or things to be conformable with
the Senate of Senate Bill (S. Bill) No. 215723 to amend Sec. 450 of Republic Act No. (RA) Sec. 1, Art. III of the Constitution.—To the petitioners, the cityhood laws, by granting special
7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991. The proposed treatment to respondent municipalities/LGUs by way of exemption from the standard PhP 100
amendment sought to increase the income requirement to qualify for conversion into a city million minimum income requirement, violate Sec. 1, Art. III of the Constitution, which in part
from PhP 20 million average annual income to PhP 100 million locally generated income. provides that no person shall “be denied the equal protection of the laws.” Petitioners’ challenge
is not well taken. At its most basic, the equal protection clause proscribes undue favor as well as
In March 2001, S. Bill No. 2157 was signed into law as RA 9009 to take effect on hostile discrimination. Hence, a law need not operate with equal force on all persons or things to
June 30, 2001. As thus amended by RA 9009, Sec. 450 of the LGC of 1991 now provides be conformable with Sec. 1, Art. III of the Constitution.
that “[a] municipality x x x may be converted into a component city if it has a [certified]
locally generated average annual income x x x of at least [PhP 100 million] for the last two The equal protection clause does not preclude the state from recognizing and acting
(2) consecutive years based on 2000 constant prices.” upon factual differences between individuals and classes; Criteria for Classification to be
Reasonable.—As a matter of settled legal principle, the fundamental right of equal protection
After the effectivity of RA 9009, the Lower House of the 12th Congress adopted in does not require absolute equality. It is enough that all persons or things similarly situated should
July 2001 House (H.) Joint Resolution No. 2924 which, as its title indicated, sought to be treated alike, both as to rights or privileges conferred and responsibilities or obligations
exempt from the income requirement prescribed in RA 9009 the 24 municipalities whose imposed. The equal protection clause does not preclude the state from recognizing and acting
conversions into cities were not acted upon during the previous Congress. The 12th upon factual differences between individuals and classes. It recognizes that inherent in the right
Congress ended without the Senate approving H. Joint Resolution No. 29. to legislate is the right to classify, necessarily implying that the equality guaranteed is not
violated by a legislation based on reasonable classification. Classification, to be reasonable, must
Then came the 13th Congress (July 2004 to June 2007), which saw the House of
(1) rest on substantial distinctions; (2) be germane to the purpose of the law; (3) not be limited to
Representatives re-adopting H. Joint Resolution No. 29 as H. Joint Resolution No. 1 and
existing conditions only; and (4) apply equally to all members of the same class.
forwarding it to the Senate for approval.
BALACUIT v. CFI OF AGUSAN DEL NORTE & BUTUAN CITY
The Senate, however, again failed to approve the joint resolution. During the Senate
session held on November 6, 2006, Senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. asserted that passing H. G.R. No. L-38429 June 30, 1988
8
FACTS: after the decision of the City Mayor to withdraw Padre Rada Market as a public market.

The municipal board of the City of Butuan passed Ordinance No. 640 which ISSUE:
penalized any person, entity, or corporation engaged in the business of selling tickets to any
movie or other public exhibitions, who shall require to pay full payment of tickets intended WON the Mayor of Manila can withdraw Padre Rada Market from government supervision.
for adults but should charge only one-half of said ticket. The ordinance also provides for a
HELD:
penalty by fine and imprisonment. Petitioners are the aggrieved party by the effect of the
ordinance as they were the managers of the different theaters in the city. NO.
ISSUE: By the very nature of a market, its location, opening, operations, and closure must be
regulated by government. It is not a question of the petitioner's right to run his market as he
Whether or not the police power to regulate include the authority to interfere in the fixing of
pleases but what agency or office should supervise its operations. We agree with the Court of
prices of admission to these places of exhibition and amusement
Appeals that the Mayor had no legal authority to, by himself, allow the petitioner to withdraw the
HELD: major portion of Padre Rada Market from its use as a public market, thereby also withdrawing it
from the city's constant supervision. The establishment and maintenance of public markets is by
NO. law among the legislative powers of the City of Manila. Since the operation of Padre Rada
Market was authorized by a municipal board resolution and approved by the City Mayor, as
While it is true that a business may be regulated, it is equally true that such provided by law, it follows that a withdrawal of the whole or any portion from use as a public
regulation must be within the bounds of reason, that is, the regulatory ordinance must be market must be subject to the same joint action of the Board and the Mayor. The Mayor of
reasonable and its provisions cannot be oppressive amounting to an arbitrary interference Manila, by himself, cannot provide for the opening, operations, and closure of a public market.
with the business or calling subject of regulation. A lawful business or calling may not, There is no question that the Padre Rada Market is a public market as it was authorized to
under the guise of regulation, be unreasonably interfered with even by the exercise of police operate and it operates as such. The Padre Rada Market is, therefore, a public market which
power. A police measure for the regulation of the conduct, control and operation of a happens to be privately-owned and privately operated. The Padre Rada Market is a public market
business should not encroach upon the legitimate and lawful exercise by the citizens of their and as such should be subject to the local government's supervision and control. It’s conversion
property rights. Hence, the proprietors of a theater have a right to manage their property in into a private market or its closure must follow the procedures laid down by law.
their own way, to fix what prices of admission they think most for their own advantage, and
that any person who did not approve could stay away. ARDONA v. REYES

CRUZ v. CA GR L-60549 OCTOBER 26, 1983

GR L-44178 AUGUST 21, 1987 FACTS:

FACTS: The Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) filed 4 complaints with the CFI of Cebu City
for the expropriation of some 282 hectares of rolling land situated in Barangays Malubog and
The private respondents instituted a class suit before the then Court of First Babag, Cebu City, under PTA’s express authority, as mandated in its Charter, “to acquire by
Instance of Manila, Branch VIII in behalf of the vendors and regular stall holders in Padre purchase, by negotiation or by condemnation proceedings any private land within and without
Rada Market for annulment with preliminary injunction against the then Manila Mayor the tourist zones“ for the development into integrated resort and sport complexes of selected and
Antonio J. Villegas, petitioner Cruz, and other persons whose names were unknown to them well- defined geographic areas with potential tourism value. The defendants, numbering 40, filed

9
motions to dismiss on the ground that the taking was not for public use, specifically that the the resort and sports complex proper but is part of the 32 hectare
there is no constitutional provision authorizing the taking of private property for tourism resettlement are for all persons affected by the expropriation. Certainly, the
purposes. Moreover, the defendants claimed that the land they own subject of the human settlement needs of the many beneficiaries of the 32 hectare
expropriation is actually covered by certificate of land transfer (CLT) and emancipation resettlement area should prevail over the property rights of two of their
patents thereby making the lands expropriated within the coverage of the land reform area compatriots.
under P.D No.2. The
MACASIANO v. DIOKNO

GR 97764 AUGUST 10, 1992

Defendants argue that the agrarian reform program occupies a higher level in the
FACTS:
order of priorities than other state policies like those relating to the health and physical well-
being of the people. Respondent municipality Parañaque passed Ordinance No. 86, series of 1990 which
authorized the closure of some streets located at Baclaran, Parañaque, Metro Manila and the
ISSUE :
establishment of a flea market thereon. The said ordinance was approved by the municipal
WON the position of the so-called Ardona Forty is tenable council pursuant to MMC Ordinance No. 2, authorizing and regulating the use of certain city and
/or municipal streets, roads, and open spaces within Metropolitan Manila as sites for flea markets
HELD : and/or vending areas under certain terms and conditions. On June 20, 19990, the municipal
council of Parañaque issued a resolution authorizing Parañaque Mayor Walfrido N. Ferrer to
NO. enter into contract with any service cooperative for the establishment, operation, maintenance
and management of flea markets and/or vending areas. On July 20, 1990, the Metropolitan
The petition should be dismissed. Reasons:
Manila Authority approved Ordinance No. 86 of the municipal council of respondent
1. The concept of public use is not limited to traditional purposes like the municipality subject to conditions. On August 8, 1990, respondent municipality and respondent
construction of roads, bridges, parks and the like. Public use is not use Palanyag, a service cooperative, entered into an agreement whereby the latter shall operate,
by the public.” It also mean, public well-fare and such a concept are maintain and manage the flea market in the aforementioned streets. Consequently, market stalls
broad, and inclusive. The values it represents are spiritual, as well as were put up by respondent Palanyag on the said streets. On September 13, 1990, petitioner Brig.
physical, aesthetic as well as monetary. It is within the power of the Gen. Macasiano, PNP Superintendent of the Metropolitan Traffic Command, ordered the
legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful as well destruction and confiscation of stalls. On December 17, 1990, the trial court issued an order
as healthy, spacious, as well as clean, well balanced as well as carefully upholding the validity of Ordinance No. 86 of the Municipality of Parañaque and enjoining
patrolled. petitioner Macasiano from enforcing his letter order against respondent Palanyag.
2. Once the object is within the authority of Congress, the right to realize
ISSUE:
it through the exercise of Eminent Domain is clear. As a general rule
then, as long as the taking is public, the power of eminent domain Whether or not an ordinance or resolution issued by the municipal council of Parañaque
comes into pay. authorizing the lease and use of public streets or thoroughfares as sites for flea markets is valid.
3. The records show that the only 2 of the 40 defendants have CLT’s or
emancipation patents. And those CLT’s in their possession covers only HELD:
less than1 hectare of the 282 hectares intended for expropriation.
Moreover, the less-than 10-hectare portion of land is not even part of NO.
10
 Properties of the local government which are devoted to public service are deemed the Highway Hills subdivision along EDSA in Mandaluyong entered into a contract of sale on
public and are under the absolute control of Congress. Hence, local governments have no installment over two parcels of land with Augusto and Natividad Angeles who later transferred
authority whatsoever to control or regulate the use of public property unless specific their rights and interests to a certain Emma Chavez. Under the agreement, it was stipulated
authority is vested upon them by Congress (e.g. Section 10,Chapter II, Local Government among others that: “xxx this shall be used exclusively for residential purposes xxx”. Eventually,
Code – Closure of Roads) However, the afore-stated legal provision should be read and defendant FEATI Bank and Trust Company acquired the lots and started the construction of a
interpreted in accordance with basic principles already established by law. building on the said lot devoted to banking purposes. Ortigas then filed for a writ of preliminary
injunction to restrain and enjoin the defendant from continuing with the construction of the
Article 424 of the Civil Code provides that property of public dominion devoted to commercial bank in violation of the restrictions set in the contract of sale that was imposed by
public use and made available to the public in general are outside the commerce of man and the plaintiff as part of its general building scheme designed for the beautification and
cannot be disposed of or used by the local government unit to private persons. development of the Highway Hills Subdivision.

The closure of a road, street or park should be for the sole purpose of withdrawing Defendant maintains that the area in question has been declared as a commercial and
the road or other public property from public use when circumstances show that such industrial zone by the Zoning Regulation of Resolution No. 27 on February 4, 1980 of the
property is no longer intended or necessary for public use or public service. When it is Municipal Council of Mandaluyong, Rizal. The trial court ruled in favor of defendant bank
already withdrawn from public use, the property then becomes patrimonial property of the FEATI holding that there strictions set by plaintiff Ortigas were subordinate to Municipal
local government unit concerned. It is only then that the respondent municipality can “use or Resolution No. 27 because of the Municipal’s valid exercise of police power. It stressed that the
convey them for any purpose for which other real property belonging to the local unit private interest should “bow down to the general interest and welfare.” Plaintiff appealed until it
concerned might be lawfully used or conveyed” in accordance with the last sentence of reached the Supreme Court.
Section 10, Chapter II of B.P. Blg. 337, known as the Local Government Code.
ISSUES:
Those roads and streets which are available to the public in general and ordinarily
used for vehicular traffic are still considered public property devoted to public use. In such 1. Whether or not Resolution No. 27 is a valid exercise of police power.
case, the local government has no power tom use it for another purpose or to dispose of or
lease it to private persons. 2.Whether or not the said resolution can nullify or supersede the contractual obligations assumed
by defendants
Even assuming, in gratia argument, that respondent municipality has the authority
to pass the disputed ordinance, the same cannot be validly implemented because it cannot be HELD:
considered approved by the MMA due to non-compliance by respondent municipality of the
1. YES
conditions imposed by the former for the approval of the ordinance. Respondent
municipality has not shown any iota of proof that it has complied with the foregoing Although the validity of the resolution was never questioned in the past proceedings, its
conditions precedent to the approval of the ordinance. validity was at least impliedly admitted from the facts. Section 3 of R.A.2264 (Local Autonomy
Act) empowers a municipal council “to adopt zoning and subdivision ordinances or regulations
ORTIGAS & CO. LTD. PARTNERSHIP v. FEATI BANK & TRUST CO.
for the municipality. It gives more power to local governments in promoting the economic
GR L-24670 DECEMBER 14, 1979 conditions, social welfare and material progress of the community. The only exceptions are a
contract between “a province, city or municipality on one hand and a third party on the other
FACTS: hand,” in which case the original terms and provisions of the contract should govern. The
exceptions, clearly, do not apply in the case.
On March 4, 1952, Ortigas & Co., a partnership involved in real estate particularly
11
 2. YES decision was not enforced for the petitioners were not evicted. In fact, the petitioners paid daily
fees to the municipal government. On January 12, 1982, the Association of Concerned Citizens
The resolution as an exercise of police power can supersede contractual obligations and Consumers of San Fernando filed a petition for the immediate implementation of Resolution
assumed by defendants. While non-impairment of contracts is constitutionally guaranteed, No. 29, to restore the subject property "to its original and customary use as a public plaza.
the rule is not absolute, since it has to be reconciled with the legitimate exercise of police Vicente Macalino (officer in charge in the office of the mayor) required the municipal treasurer
power. and engineer to demolish the stalls. Petitioners filed a prohibition with the CFI claiming that the
disputed area was leased to them by the municipal government. The CFI denied the petition.
Police power is the most essential, insistent, and illimitable power, the greatest and
most illimitable of powers. It is the power to prescribe regulations to promote the health, ISSUE:
morals, peace, education, good order or safety, and general welfare of the people. Its
exercise may be judicially inquired into and corrected only if it is capricious, whimsical, Whether or not the petitioners have a right to the said land.
unjust or unreasonable, there having been a denial of due process or a violation of any other
applicable constitutional guarantee. HELD:

Resolution No. 27, in declaring that the western part of EDSA is an industrial and NO.
commercial zone, was obviously passed by the Municipal Council of Mandaluyong, Rizal in
There is no question that the place occupied by the petitioners and from which they are
the exercise of police power to safeguard or promote the health, safety, peace, good order
sought to be evicted is a public plaza pursuant to the previous case. It does not appear that the
and general welfare of the people in the locality.
decision in this case was appealed or has been reversed.
Judicial notice may be taken of the conditions prevailing in the area. Industrial and
A public plaza is beyond the commerce of man and so cannot be the subject of lease or
commercial complexes have flourished about the place. EDSA, a main traffic artery which
any other contractual undertaking. This is elementary. Indeed, this point was settled as early as in
runs through several cities and municipalities in the Metro Manila area, supports an endless
Municipality of Cavite vs. Rojas, where the Court declared as null and void the lease of a public
stream of traffic and the resulting activity, noise and pollution are hardly conducive to the
plaza of the said municipality in favor of a private person. In Muyot vs. de la Fuente, it was held
health, safety or welfare of the residents in its route. Having been expressly granted the
that the City of Manila could not lease a portion of a public sidewalk on Plaza Sta. Cruz, being
power to adopt zoning and subdivision ordinances and regulations, the municipality of
likewise beyond the commerce of man. We rule that the petitioners had no right in the first place
Mandaluyong, through its Municipal Council, was reasonably justified under the
to occupy the disputed premises and cannot insist in remaining there now on the strength of their
circumstances, in passing the subject resolution.
alleged lease contracts. They should have realized and accepted this earlier, considering that even
VILLANUEVA v. CASTAÑEDA before case was decided, the municipal council already adopted Resolution No.29, declaring the
area as the parking place and public plaza of the municipality.
G.R. No. L-61311 September 21, 1987
It is the decision in Civil Case No. 2040 and the said resolution of the municipal council
FACTS: of San Fernando that respondent Macalino was seeking to enforce when he ordered the
demolition of the stags constructed in the disputed area. As officer-in-charge of the office of the
On November 7, 1961, the municipal council of San Fernando adopted Resolution mayor, he had the duty to clear the area and restore it to its intended use as a parking place and
No. 218 authorizing some 24 members of the Fernandino United Merchants and Traders public plaza of the municipality of San Fernando, conformably to the orders from the court and
Association to construct permanent stags and sell in the said place. A protest was filed and the council. It is, therefore, not correct to say that he had acted without authority or taken the law
the CFI decided that the land occupied by the petitioners, being public in nature, was beyond into his hands in issuing his order.
the commerce of man and therefore could not be the subject of private occupancy. This
12
 Since the occupation of the place in question, it has deteriorated increasingly to the G.R. No. 120295 June 28, 1996
great prejudice of the community in general. The proliferation of stags therein, most of them
makeshift and of flammable materials, has converted it into a veritable fire trap, which, FACTS:
added to the fact that it obstructs access to and from the public market itself, has seriously
Juan G. Frivaldo filed for candidacy for governorship. This was contested by Raul Lee
endangered public safety. The filthy condition of the talipapa, where fish and other wet
who filed a petition with the COMELEC praying that Frivaldo be disqualified because he was
items are sold, has aggravated health and sanitation problems, besides pervading the place
not a Filipino citizen. COMELEC granted the petition. Frivaldo filed for Motion for
with a foul odor that has spread into the surrounding areas. The entire place is unsightly, to
Reconsideration but was not acted upon until after the elections. His candidacy continued and he
the dismay and embarrassment of the inhabitants, who want it converted into a showcase of
was voted. Three days after election, the COMELEC affirmed the previous resolution. The Board
the town of which they can all be proud. The vendors in the talipapa have also spilled into
of Canvassers completed the canvass of the election and determined that Frivaldo garnered the
the street and obstruct the flow of traffic, thereby impairing the convenience of motorists
largest number of votes, followed by Lee. But Lee filed another petition praying for his
and pedestrians alike. The regular stallholders in the public market, who pay substantial
proclamation as Governor. Petition was granted. Lee was declared Governor. Frivaldo filed a
rentals to the municipality, are deprived of a sizable volume of business from prospective
new petition alleging that he already took his oath of allegiance or in the alternative; he averred
customers who are intercepted by the talipapa vendors before they can reach the market
that pursuant to the case of Labo v. COMELEC, the Vice-Governor should occupy said position
proper. On top of all these, the people are denied the proper use of the place as a public
of governor. On December 19, 1995, the COMELEC First Division annulled the proclamation of
plaza, where they may spend their leisure in a relaxed and even beautiful environment and
Lee and proclaimed Frivaldo as rightful governor. Lee filed a motion for reconsideration which
civic and other communal activities of the town can be held.
was denied by the COMELEC.
The problems caused by the usurpation of the place by the petitioners are covered
ISSUE:
by the police power as delegated to the municipality under the general welfare clause. This
authorizes the municipal council "to enact such ordinances and make such regulations, not Whether or not citizenship requirement must exist on the date of election or filing of candidacy.
repugnant to law, as may be necessary to carry into effect and discharge the powers and
duties conferred upon it by law and such as shall seem necessary and proper to provide for HELD:
the health and safety, promote the prosperity, improve the morals, peace, good order,
comfort, and convenience of the municipality and the inhabitants thereof, and for the NO.
protection of property therein." This authority was validly exercised in this case through the
Section 39 of the Local Government Code does not specify any particular date or time
adoption of Resolution No. 29, by the municipal council of San Fernando.
when the candidate must possess citizenship. Purpose of the citizenship qualification is so that no
Even assuming a valid lease of the property in dispute, the resolution could have person owing allegiance to another nation shall govern our people. Impediment no longer
effectively terminated the agreement for it is settled that the police power cannot be existed. It should be noted that Section 39 of the Local Government Code speaks of
surrendered or bargained away through the medium of a contract. In fact, every contract qualifications of officials, not of candidates. Citizenship is necessary at the time he is proclaimed
affecting the public interest suffers a congenital infirmity in that it contains an implied and at the start of his term.
reservation of the police power as a postulate of the existing legal order. This power can be
GUILATCO v. CITY OF DAGUPAN
activated at any time to change the provisions of the contract, or even abrogate it entirely,
for the promotion or protection of the general welfare. Such an act will not militate against G.R. No. 61516 March 21, 1989
the impairment clause, which is subject to and limited by the paramount police power.

FRIVALDO v. COMELEC
FACTS:
13
 Florentina Guilatco, a court interpreter, was about to board a tricycle at a sidewalk G.R. No. 104732 June 22, 1993
located at Perez Boulevard when she accidentally fell into a manhole located in said side
walk, causing her right leg to be fractured. She was hospitalized and also as a result, suffered FACTS:
loss of income and moral damages. Guilatco sued the City of Dagupan. The City replied that
The constitutionality of Sec. 13, par. (d), of R.A. 7227, otherwise known as the "Bases
Perez Boulevard, where the deadly manhole was located, is a national road not under the
Conversion and Development Act of 1992," under which Mayor Richard J.Gordon of Olongapo
control and supervision of Dagupan. It is submitted that it is actually the Ministry of Public
City was appointed Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Subic Bay Metropolitan
Highways that has control and supervision thru the Highway Engineer, who by mere
Authority (SBMA). Under said provision, “for the first year of its operations from the effectivity
coincidence, is also the City Engineer of Dagupan.
of this Act, the mayor of the City of Olongapo shall be appointed as the chairman and chief
ISSUE: executive officer of the Subic Authority.”Petitioners, as taxpayers, contend that said provision is
unconstitutional asunder the following constitutional and statutory provisions: (a) Sec. 7, first
WON Control or supervision over a national road by the City of Dagupan exists which par.,Art. IX-B, of the Constitution, which states that "[n]o elective official shall be eligible for
makes City liable under Art 2189. appointment or designation in any capacity to any public officer or position during his tenure,"
because the City Mayor of Olongapo City is an elective official and the subject posts are public
HELD: offices; (b) Sec. 16, Art. VII, of the Constitution, which provides that "[t]he President shall
appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for
Yes.
by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint", since it was Congress through
Art 2189 states : Provinces, cities and municipalities shall be liable for damages for the questioned proviso and not the President who appointed the Mayor to the subject posts; and,
the death of, or injuries, suffered by, any person by reason of the defective conditions of (c) Sec. 261,par. (g), of the Omnibus Election Code.
roads, streets, bridges, public buildings, and other public works, under their control and
ISSUE:
supervision.
Whether or not the proviso in Sec. 13, par. (d), of R.A. 7227 violates the constitutional
Thus, it is not even necessary that such defective road or street belongs to the City.
proscription against appointment or designation of elective officials to other government posts.
In the case at bar, the control and supervision of the national road exists and is provided for
in the charter of Dagupan. It provided that the laying out, construction and improvement of HELD:
streets, avenues and alleys and sidewalks, and regulation of the use thereof, may be
legislated by the Municipal Board. Such control and supervision is exercised through the YES.
City Engineer Tangco, who aside from his official capacity as City Engineer, was also Ex
Officio Highway Engineer, Ex Officio City Engineer of Bureau of Public Works, and The rule expresses the policy against the concentration of several public positions in
Building Official and received compensation for these functions. The function of one person, so that a public officer or employee may serve full-time with dedication and thus be
supervision over streets, public buildings and public works, pertaining through the City efficient in the delivery of public services. It is an affirmation that a public office is a full-time
Engineer is coursed through a Maintenance Foreman and a Maintenance Engineer. Although job. Hence, a public officer or employee, like the head of an executive department described in
these two officials are employees of the Nat’l Gov’t, they are detailed with the City of Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, and Anti-Graft League of the Philippines, Inc. v.
Dagupan and hence receive instruction and supervision from the city through the City Philip Ella C. Juico, as Secretary of Agrarian Reform should be allowed to attend to his duties
Engineer. Hence the City is liable. and responsibilities without the distraction of other governmental duties or employment. He
should be precluded from dissipating his efforts, attention and energy among too many positions
FLORES v. DRILON of responsibility, which may result in haphazardness and inefficiency.

14
 In this case, the subject proviso directs the President to appoint an elective official, the City of Manila for his misfortune. The Sta. Ana Market at that time was under the
i.e., the Mayor of Olongapo City, to other government posts (as Chairman of the Board and administration of the AIC by virtue of a management and Operating Contract it had with the City
Chief Executive Officer of SBMA). of Manila. The trial court held the AIC responsible but absolved the City of Manila.

In any case, the view that an elective official may be appointed to another post if ISSUE:
allowed by law or by the primary functions of his office ignores the clear-cut difference in
the wording of the two (2) paragraphs of Sec. 7, Art. IX-B, of the Constitution. While the WON the City of Manila is indeed not liable.
second paragraph authorizes holding of multiple offices by an appointive official when
HELD:
allowed by law or by the primary functions of his position, the first paragraph appears to be
more stringent by not providing any exception to the rule against appointment or designation The City of Manila is liable.
of an elective official to the government post, except as are particularly recognized in the
Constitution itself, e.g., the President as head of the economic and planning agency; the Art. 2189 comes into play, since the injury took place in a public building. Also, Art.
Vice-President, who may be appointed Member of the Cabinet; and, a member of Congress 2189 requires that the LGU must retain supervision and control over the public work in question
who may be designated ex officio member of the Judicial and Bar Council. for it to be held liable. The evidence showed that the Management and Operating Contract
explicitly stated that the City of Manila retained supervision and control over the Sta. Ana
It is further argued that the SBMA posts are merely ex officio to the position of Market. Also, in a letter to Finance Secretary Cesar Virata, Mayor Raymond Bagatsing admitted
Mayor of Olongapo City, hence, an excepted circumstance. However, the court held that the this fact of supervision and control. Moreover, Sec. 30(g) of the Local Tax Code says that public
Congress did not contemplate making the subject SBMA posts as ex officio or automatically markets shall be under the immediate supervision, administration and control of the City
attached to the Office of the Mayor of Olongapo City without need of appointment. The Treasurer.3) Jimenez could not be held for negligence. A customer in a store has every right to
phrase "shall be appointed" unquestionably shows the intent to make the SBMA posts presume that the owner will comply with his duty to keep his premises safe for customers. The
appointive and not merely adjunct to the post of Mayor of Olongapo City. Had it been the owner of the market, on the other hand, was proven to have been negligent in not providing a
legislative intent to make the subject positions ex officio, Congress would have, at least, cover for the said opening. The negligence of the City of Manila is the proximate cause of the
avoided the word "appointed" and, instead, "ex officio" would have been used. Even in the injury suffered. It is not necessary for the LGU to have ownership over the public work in
Senate deliberations, the Senators were fully aware that subject proviso may contravene Sec. question; mere control and supervision is sufficient.
7, first par., Art. IX-B, but they nevertheless passed the bill and decided to have the
controversy resolved by the courts. G.R. No. 71159 November 15, 1989

JIMENEZ v. CITY OF MANILA CITY OF MANILA, and EVANGELINE SUVA, petitioners, 

vs.
G.R. No. 71049 May 29, 1987 HON. INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT, IRENE STO. DOMINGO and for and in
behalf of her minor children, VIVENCIO, JR., IRIS, VERGEL and IMELDA, all
FACTS: surnamed STO. DOMINGO, respondents.
Bernardino Jimenez fell in an uncovered opening on the ground located within the
Facts:
premises of the Sta. Ana public market. At that time, the market was flooded with ankle-
deep rainwater which prevented the opening form being seen. Jimenez, for his part, went to
Vivencio Sto. Domingo, Sr. deceased husband of plaintiff Irene Sto. Domingo and
that market to buy bagoong despite the rains. He sustained an injury due to a rusty 4-inch
father of the litigating minors, died on June 4,1971 and buried on June 6,1971 in Lot No. 159,
nail which pierced his left leg. Jimenez sued the Asiatic Integrated Corporation (AIC) and Block No. 194 of the North Cemetery which lot was leased by the city to Irene Sto. Domingo

15
from June 6, 1971 to June 6, 2021. Full payment of the rental therefor of P50.00 is Under the foregoing considerations and in the absence of a special law, the North
evidenced by the said receipt which appears to be regular on its face. Apart from the Cemetery is a patrimonial property of the City of Manila which was created by resolution of the
aforementioned receipt, no other document was executed to embody such lease over the Municipal Board. The City of Manila furthermore prescribes the procedure and guidelines for the
burial lot in question. use and dispositions of burial lots and plots within the North Cemetery through Administrative
Order No. 5. With the acts of dominion, there is, therefore no doubt that the North Cemetery is
In accordance with Administrative Order No. 5, the City Mayor of Manila within the class of property which the City of Manila owns in its proprietary or private character.
prescribing uniform procedure and guidelines in the processing of documents pertaining to Furthermore, there is no dispute that the burial lot was leased in favor of the private respondents.
and for the use and disposition of burial lots and plots within the North Cemetery, subject lot Hence, obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties.
was certified on January 25, 1978 as ready for exhumation. On the basis of such Thus a lease contract executed by the lessor and lessee remains as the law between them.
certification, the authorities of the North Cemetery then headed by defendant Joseph Therefore, a breach of contractual provision entitles the other party to damages even if no penalty
Helmuth authorized the exhumation and removal from subject burial lot the remains of the for such breach is prescribed in the contract.
late Vivencio Sto. Domingo, Sr., placed the bones and skull in a bag or sack and kept the
same in the depository or bodega of the cemetery. Subsequently, the same lot in question G.R. No. L-52179 April 8, 1991
was rented out to another lessee so that when the plaintiffs herein went to said lot on All
Souls Day in their shock, consternation and dismay, that the resting place of their dear MUNICIPALITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION, petitioner
departed did not anymore bear the stone marker which they lovingly placed on the tomb. vs.
Indignant and disgusted over such a sorrowful finding. HON. JUDGE ROMEO N. FIRME, JUANA RIMANDO-BANIÑA, IAUREANO BANIÑA,
JR., SOR MARIETA BANIÑA, MONTANO BANIÑA, ORJA BANIÑA, AND LYDIA R.
Issue: BANIÑA, respondents.

W/N the operations and functions of a public cemetery are a governmental, or a corporate or Facts:
proprietary function of the City of Manila.
A collision occurred involving a passenger jeepney driven by Bernardo Balagot and
Held: owned by the Estate of Macario Nieveras, a gravel and sand truck driven by Jose Manandeg and
owned by Tanquilino Velasquez and a dump truck of the Municipality of San Fernando, La
Under Philippine laws, the City of Manila is a political body corporate and as such Union and driven by Alfredo Bislig. Due to the impact, several passengers of the jeepney
endowed with the faculties of municipal corporations to be exercised by and through its city including Laureano Baniña Sr. died as a result of the injuries they sustained and four others
government in conformity with law, and in its proper corporate name. It may sue and be suffered varying degrees of physical injuries.
sued, and contract and be contracted with. Its powers are twofold in character-public,
governmental or political on the one hand, and corporate, private and proprietary on the The private respondents instituted a complaint for damages against the Estate of
other. Governmental powers are those exercised in administering the powers of the state and Macario Nieveras and Bernardo Balagot, owner and driver, respectively, of the passenger
promoting the public welfare and they include the legislative, judicial, public and political. jeepney, However, the aforesaid defendants filed a Third Party Complaint against the petitioner
Municipal powers on the one hand are exercised for the special benefit and advantage of the and the driver of a dump truck of petitioner. Thereafter, the case was subsequently transferred to
community and include those which are ministerial, private and corporate. In connection Branch IV, presided over by respondent judge. The private respondents amended the complaint
with the powers of a municipal corporation, it may acquire property in its public or wherein the petitioner and its regular employee, Alfredo Bislig were impleaded for the first time
governmental capacity, and private or proprietary capacity. The New Civil Code divides as defendants. Petitioner filed its answer and raised affirmative defenses such as lack of cause of
such properties into property for public use and patrimonial properties (Article 423), and action, non-suability of the State, prescription of cause of action and the negligence of the owner
further enumerates the properties for public use as provincial roads, city streets, municipal and driver of the passenger jeepney as the proximate cause of the collision.
streets, the squares, fountains, public waters, promenades, and public works for public
service paid for by said provisions, cities or municipalities, all other property is patrimonial
Issue:
without prejudice to the provisions of special laws.

16
Whether or not the municipality is liable for the torts committed by its employee. Facts:

Held: the Municipal Council of Malasiqui, Pangasinan, passed Resolution No. 159 whereby
"it resolved to manage the 1959 Malasiqui town fiesta celebration on January 21, 22, and 23,
Anent the issue of whether or not the municipality is liable for the torts committed by its 1959." Resolution No. 182 was also passed creating the "1959 Malasiqui 'Town Fiesta Executive
employee, the test of liability of the municipality depends on whether or not the driver, Committee" which in turn organized a sub-committee on entertainment and stage, with Jose
acting in behalf of the municipality, is performing governmental or proprietary functions. As Macaraeg as Chairman. the council appropriated the amount of P100.00 for the construction of 2
emphasized in the case of Torio vs. Fontanilla (G. R. No. L-29993, October 23, 1978. 85 stages, one for the "zarzuela" and another for the cancionan. The "zarzuela" entitled "Midas
SCRA 599, 606), the distinction of powers becomes important for purposes of determining Extravaganza" was donated by an association of Malasiqui employees of the Manila Railroad
the liability of the municipality for the acts of its agents which result in an injury to third Company in Caloocan, Rizal. The troupe arrived in the evening of January 22 for the
persons. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, the regularity of the performance of performance and one of the members of the group was Vicente Fontanilla. The program started
official duty is presumed pursuant to Section 3(m) of Rule 131 of the Revised Rules of at about 10:15 o'clock that evening with some speeches, and many persons went up the stage.
Court. Hence, We rule that the driver of the dump truck was performing duties or tasks The "zarzuela" then began but before the dramatic part of the play was reached, the stage
pertaining to his office. collapsed and Vicente Fontanilla who was at the rear of the stage was pinned underneath.
Fontanilia was taken to tile San Carlos General Hospital where he died in the afternoon of the
After a careful examination of existing laws and jurisprudence, We arrive at the following day.
conclusion that the municipality cannot be held liable for the torts committed by its regular
employee, who was then engaged in the discharge of governmental functions. Hence, the The heirs of Vicente Fontanilia filed a complaint with the Court of First Instance of
death of the passenger –– tragic and deplorable though it may be –– imposed on the Manila on September 11, 1959 to recover damages. Answering the complaint defendant
municipality no duty to pay monetary compensation. municipality invoked inter alia the principal defense that as a legally and duly organized public
corporation it performs sovereign functions and the holding of a town fiesta was an exercise of
G.R. No. L-29993 October 23, 1978 its governmental functions from which no liability can arise to answer for the negligence of any
of its agents.
LAUDENCIO TORIO, GUILLERMO EVANGELISTA, MANUEL DE GUZMAN,
ALFONSO R. MAGSANOC, JESUS MACARANAS, MAXIMO MANANGAN, Issue:
FIDEL MONTEMAYOR, MELCHOR VIRAY, RAMON TULAGAN, all Members of
the Municipal Council of Malasiqui in 1959, Malasiqui, Pangasinan, petitioners,  W/N the celebration of a town fiesta is an exercise of a municipality's governmental or public
vs. function or a private or proprietary character.
ROSALINA, ANGELINA, LEONARDO, EDUARDO, ARTEMIO, ANGELITA,
ANITA, ERNESTO, NORMA, VIRGINIA, REMEDIOS and ROBERTO, all Held:
surnamed FONTANILLA, and THE HONORABLE COURT OF
APPEALS,respondents. We hold that the town fiesta in 1959 by the municipality of Malsiqui Pangasinan was an
exercise of a private or proprietary function of the municipality.
G.R. No. L-30183 October 23, 1978
Section 2282 of the Chatter on Municipal Law of the Revised Administrative Code provides:
MUNICIPALITY OF MALASIQUI, petitioner, 
vs. Section 2282. Celebration of fiesta. — fiesta may be held in each municipality
ROSALINA, ANGELINA, LEONARDO, EDUARDO, ARTEMIO, ANGELITA, not oftener than once a year upon a date fixed by the municipal council A fiesta
ANITA, ERNESTO, NORMA, VIRGINIA, REMEDIOS and ROBERTO, all s not be held upon any other date than that lawfully fixed therefor, except
surnamed FONTANILLA, and the Honorable COURT OF APPEALS,respondents. when, for weighty reasons, such as typhoons, foundations, earthquakes,
epidemics, or other public ties, the fiesta cannot be hold in the date fixed in
17
 which case it may be held at a later date in the same year, by resolution of The public respondent municipality filed a Motion to Take or Enter Upon the Possession of
the council. Subject Matter of This Case stating that it had already deposited with the municipal treasurer the
necessary amount in accordance with Section 2, Rule 67 of the Revised Rules of Court and that it
This provision simply gives authority to the municipality to accelebrate a yearly fiesta but it would be in the government's best interest for public respondent to be allowed to take possession
does not impose upon it a duty to observe one. Holding a fiesta even if the purpose is to of the property.
commemorate a religious or historical event of the town is in essence an act for the special
benefit of the community and not for the general welfare of the public performed in Issue:
pursuance of a policy of the state. The mere fact that the celebration, as claimed was not to
secure profit or gain but merely to provide entertainment to the town inhabitants is not a Whether or not a municipality may expropriate private property by virtue of a municipal
conclusive test. For instance, the maintenance of parks is not a source of income for the resolution which was disapproved by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.
nonetheless it is private undertaking as distinguished from the maintenance of public
schools, jails, and the like which are for public service. Held:

Tthere can be no hard and fast rule for purposes of determining the true nature of an The Municipality of Bunawan's power to exercise the right of eminent domain is not
undertaking or function of a municipality; the surrounding circumstances of a particular case disputed as it is expressly provided for in Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, the local Government
are to be considered and will be decisive. The basic element, however beneficial to the Code 18 in force at the time expropriation proceedings were initiated. Section 9 of said law states:
public the undertaking may be, is that it is governmental in essence, otherwise. the function
becomes private or proprietary in character. Easily, no governmental or public policy of the
state is involved in the celebration of a town fiesta. Sec. 9. Eminent Domain. — A local government unit may, through its head
and acting pursuant to a resolution of its sanggunian, exercise the right of
eminent domain and institute condemnation proceedings for public use or
G.R. No. 107916 February 20, 1997 purpose.

PERCIVAL MODAY, ZOTICO MODAY (deceased) and LEONORA What petitioners question is the lack of authority of the municipality to exercise this
MODAY, petitioners,  right since the Sangguniang Panlalawigan disapproved Resolution No. 43-89.
vs.
COURT OF APPEALS, JUDGE EVANGELINE S. YUIPCO OF BRANCH 6,
Section 153 of B.P. Blg. 337 provides:
REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, AGUSAN DEL SUR AND MUNICIPALITY OF
BUNAWAN, respondents.
Sec. 153. Sangguniang Panlalawigan Review. — (1) Within thirty days after
receiving copies of approved ordinances, resolutions and executive orders
Facts:
promulgated by the municipal mayor, the sangguniang panlalawigan shall
examine the documents or transmit them to the provincial attorney, or if there
The Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Bunawan in Agusan del Sur passed be none, to the provincial fiscal, who shall examine them promptly and inform
Resolution No. 43-89, "Authorizing the Municipal Mayor to Initiate the Petition for the sangguniang panlalawigan in writing of any defect or impropriety which he
Expropriation of a One (1) Hectare Portion of Lot No. 6138-Pls-4 Along the National may discover therein and make such comments or recommendations as shall
Highway Owned by Percival Moday for the Site of Bunawan Farmers Center and Other appear to him proper.
Government Sports Facilities." In due time, Resolution No. 43-89 was approved by then
Municipal Mayor Anuncio C. Bustillo and transmitted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for
(2) If the sangguniang panlalawigan shall find that any municipal ordinance,
its approval. On September 11, 1989, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan disapproved said
resolution or executive order is beyond the power conferred upon the
Resolution and returned it with the comment that "expropriation is unnecessary considering
sangguniang bayan or the mayor, it shall declare such ordinance, resolution or
that there are still available lots in Bunawan for the establishment of the government
executive order invalid in whole or in part, entering its actions upon the
center." 
18
 minutes and advising the proper municipal authorities thereof. The effect To prevent the sale or disposition of the lots, the officers and members of the Cebu
of such an action shall be to annul the ordinance, resolution or executive Mayor's League along with some taxpayers, including Atty. Garcia, filed a case seeking to have
order in question in whole or in part. The action of the sangguniang the donation declared illegal, null and void. It was alleged in the complaint that the plaintiffs
panlalawigan shall be final. were filing it for and in behalf of the Province of Cebu in the nature of a derivative suit.

xxx xxx xxx (Emphasis supplied.) Meanwhile, Cebu City Mayor Sergio Osmeña, Jr. announced that he would borrow
funds from the Philippine National Bank (PNB) and would use the donated lots as collaterals. In
The Sangguniang Panlalawigan's disapproval of Municipal Resolution No. 43-89 is July, 1965, the City of Cebu advertised the sale of an the lots remaining unsold. Thereupon,
an infirm action which does not render said resolution null and void. The law, as expressed Governor Espina, apprehensive that the lots would be irretrievably lost by the Province of Cebu,
in Section 153 of B.P. Blg. 337, grants the Sangguniang Panlalawigan the power to declare a decided to go to court. He engaged the services of respondent Garcia in filing and prosecuting
municipal resolution invalid on the sole ground that it is beyond the power of the the case in his behalf and in behalf of the Province of Cebu.
Sangguniang Bayan or the Mayor to issue.
Issue:
The Sangguniang Panlalawigan was without the authority to disapprove Municipal
Resolution No. 43-89 for the Municipality of Bunawan clearly has the power to exercise the W/N the matter of representation of a municipality by a private attorney is valid.
right of eminent domain and its Sangguniang Bayan the capacity to promulgate said
resolution, pursuant to the earlier-quoted Section 9 of B.P. Blg. 337. Perforce, it follows that Held:
Resolution No. 43-89 is valid and binding and could be used as lawful authority to petition
for the condemnation of petitioners' property. The matter of representation of a municipality by a private attorney has been settled
in Ramos v. Court of Appeals(108 SCRA 728). Collaboration of a private law firm with the fiscal
G.R. No. 72841 January 29, 1987 and the municipal attorney is not allowed. Section 1683 of the Revised Administrative Code
provides:
PROVINCE OF CEBU, petitioner, 
vs. .Section 1683. Duty of fiscal to represent provinces and provincial subdivisions
HONORABLE INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT and ATTY. PABLO P. in litigation. — The provincial fiscal shall represent the province and any
GARCIA, respondents. municipality, or municipal district thereof in any court, except in cases whereof
original jurisdiction is vested in the Supreme Court or in cases where the
Facts: municipality, or municipal district in question is a party adverse to the
provincial government or to some other municipality, or municipal district in
While then incumbent Governor Rene Espina was on official business in Manila, the same province. When the interests of a provincial government and of any
the Vice-Governor, Priscillano Almendras and three (3) members of the Provincial Board political division thereof are opposed, the provincial fiscal shall act on behalf
enacted Resolution No. 188, donating to the City of Cebu 210 province owned lots all of the province.
located in the City of Cebu, with an aggregate area of over 380 hectares, and authorizing the
Vice-Governor to sign the deed of donation on behalf of the province. According to the When the provincial fiscal is disqualified to serve any municipality or other
questioned deed of donation the lots donated were to be sold by the City of Cebu to raise political subdivision of a province, a special attorney may be employed by its
funds that would be used to finance its public improvement projects. Upon his return from council
Manila, Governor Espina denounced as Legal and immoral the action of his colleagues in
donating practically all the patrimonial property of the province of Cebu, considering that The above provision, complemented by Section 3 of the Local Autonomy Law, is clear
the latter's income was less than one-fourth (1/4) of that of the City of Cebu. in providing that only the provincial fiscal and the municipal attorney can represent a province or
municipality in its lawsuits. The provision is mandatory. The municipality's authority to employ
a private lawyer is expressly limited only to situations where the provincial fiscal is disqualified
19
to represent it, as when he represents the province against a municipality. W/N donation made can be revoked.

The lawmaker, in requiring that the local government should be represented in its Held:
court cases by a government lawyer, like its municipal attorney and the provincial fiscal
intended that the local government should not be burdened with the expenses of hiring a The private respondent contends that the building of said drug rehabilitation center is
private lawyer. The lawmaker also assumed that the interests of the municipal corporation violative of the Amended Deed of Donation. Therefore, under Article 764 of the New Civil Code
would be best protected if a government lawyer handles its litigations. It is to be expected and stipulation no. 8 of the amended deed, private respondent is empowered to revoke the
that the municipal attorney and the fiscal would be faithful and dedicated to the corporation's donation when the donee has failed to comply with any of the conditions imposed in the deed.
interests, and that, as civil service employees, they could be held accountable for any
misconduct or dereliction of duty. We disagree. Article 1412 of the Civil Code which provides that:

G.R. No. 97882 August 28, 1996 If the act in which the unlawful or forbidden cause consists does not constitute
a criminal offense, the following rules shall be observed:
THE CITY OF ANGELES, Hon. ANTONIO ABAD SANTOS, in his capacity as
MAYOR of Angeles City, and the SANGGUNIANG PANLUNGSOD OF THE CITY (1) When the fault is on the part of both contracting parties, neither may
OF ANGELES, petitioners,  recover what he has given by virtue of the contract, or demand the performance
vs. of the other's undertaking;
COURT OF APPEALS and TIMOG SILANGAN DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION, respondents.
comes into play here. Both petitioners and private respondents are in violation of P.D.
957 as amended, for donating and accepting a donation of open space less than that
Facts: required by law, and for agreeing to build and operate a sports complex on the non-
buildable open space so donated; and petitioners, for constructing a drug rehabilitation
Private respondent donated to the City of Angeles, 51 parcels of land situated in center on the same non-buildable area.
Barrio Pampang, City of Angeles. The properties donated shall be devoted and utilized
solely for the site of the Angeles City Sports Center. However, petitioners started the Moreover, since the condition to construct a sport complex on the donated land has
construction of a drug rehabilitation center on a portion of the donated land. Upon learning previously been shown to be contrary to law, therefore, stipulation no. 8 of the amended deed
thereof, private respondent protested such action for being violative of the terms and cannot be implemented because (1) no validstipulation of the amended deed had been breached,
conditions of the amended deed and prejudicial to its interest and to those of its clients and and (2) it is highly improbable that the decree would have allowed the return of the donated land
residents. Private respondent also offered another site for the rehabilitation center. However, for open space under any circumstance, considering the non-alienable character of such open
petitioners ignored the protest, maintaining that the construction was not violative of the space, in the light of the second Whereas clause of P.D. 1216 which declares that . . . such open
terms of the donation. The alternative site was rejected because, according to petitioners, the spaces, roads, alleys and sidewalks in residential subdivisions are for public use and
site was too isolated and had no electric and water facilities. are, therefore, beyond the commerce of men.

Private respondent filed a complaint with the Regional Trial Court in Angeles City Further, as a matter of public policy, private respondent cannot be allowed to evade its
against the petitioners, alleging breach of the conditions imposed in the amended deed of statutory obligation to donate the required open space through the expediency of invoking
donation and seeking the revocation of the donation and damages, with preliminary petitioners breach of the aforesaid condition. It is a familiar principle that the courts will not aid
injunction and/or temporary restraining order to halt the construction of the said center. either party to enforce an illegal contract, but will leave them both where they find them. Neither
party can recover damages from the other arising from the act contrary to law, or plead the same
Issues: as a cause of action or as a defense. Each must bear the consequences of his own acts. 19

20
 There is therefore no legal basis whatsoever to revoke the donation of the subject
open space and to return the donated land to private respondent. The donated land should
remain with the donee as the law clearly intended such open spaces to be perpetually part of
the public domain, non-alienable and permanently devoted to public use as such parks,
playgrounds or recreation areas.

21
G.R. No. L-61311 September 2l, 1987

FELICIDAD VILLANUEVA, FERNANDO CAISIP, ANTONIO LIANG, FELINA

MIRANDA, RICARDO PUNO, FLORENCIO LAXA, and RENE
OCAMPO, petitioners, 
vs.
HON. MARIANO CASTAÑEDA, JR., Presiding Judge of the Court of First Instance G.R. Nos. 120865-71 December 7, 1995
of Pampanga, Branch III, VICENTE A. MACALINO, Officer-in-Charge, Office of the
Mayor, San Fernando, Pampanga,respondents. LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, petitioner, 
vs.
Facts: COURT OF APPEALS

 In the vicinity of the public market of San Fernando, Pampanga, there stands on a Facts:
strip of land, a conglomeration of vendors stalls together. The petitioners claim they have a
right to remain in and conduct business in this area by virtue of a previous authorization Republic Act No. 4850 created the “Laguna Lake Development Authority” – a
(Resolution no. 28) granted to them by the municipal government. The respondents deny Government Agency that works toward environmental protection and ecology, navigational
this and justify the demolition of their stalls as illegal constructions on public property per safety, and sustainable development. This agency is responsible for the development of the
municipal council Resolution G.R. No. 29, which declared the subject area as "the parking
place and as the public plaza of the municipality, thereby impliedly revoking Resolution No. Laguna Lake area and the surrounding provinces, cities and towns in view of the national and
218.  regional plans.

Sec. 1 of P.D. 813 established a policy of development with environmental management

Issue:
and control, among others for the Laguna Lake Development Authority. Special powers,
Whether or not petitioners have the right to occupy the subject land. pertinent to this case, were also granted under Sec.3 which include the exclusive jurisdiction of
the Authority to issue new permit for the use of the lake waters for any projects or activities in or
Held: affecting the said lake including navigation, construction, and operation of fish pens, fish
enclosures, fish corrals and the like. The Authority also has the power to collect fees for these
Petition Dismissed. activities and projects which may be shared with other governmental agencies and political sub-
divisions.
It is a well-settled doctrine that the town plaza cannot be used for the construction
of market stalls, and that such structures constitute a nuisance subject to abatement Then, Republic Act No. 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991 was enforced.
according to law. The petitioners had no right in the first place to occupy the disputed Municipalities around the Laguna Lake Region interpreted this law as delegating the exclusive
premises and cannot insist in remaining there now on the strength of their alleged lease jurisdiction to issue fishing privileges within their municipal waters. Municipal governments
contracts. Even assuming a valid lease of the property in dispute, the resolution could have started issuing fishing privileges and fishing permits to big fish pen operators. These unregulated
effectively terminated the agreement for it is settled that the police power cannot be issuances of Mayor’s permits to construct fish pens were clear violations of the policies
surrendered or bargained away through the medium of a contract. Hence, the loss or damage
implemented by the Authority.
caused to petitioners, in the case at bar, does not constitute a violation of a legal right or
amount to a legal wrong - damnum absque injuria.
Issue:

22
WON the Laguna Lake Development Authority should exercise jurisdiction over the Laguna lobster being shipped out from Puerto Princesa and,
Lake insofar as the issuance of permits for fisheries privileges is concerned.
(3) Resolution No. 33, Ordinance No. 2 entitled: "A RESOLUTION PROHIBITING
Held: THECATCHING, GATHERING, POSSESSING, BUYING, SELLING AND SHIPMENT OF
LIVE MARINECORAL DWELLING AQUATIC ORGANISMS”
Yes.
The petitioners contend that the said Ordinances deprived them of due process of law, their
Provisions of the Local Government Code of 1991 (RA No. 7160) do not repeal the livelihood, and unduly restricted them from the practice of their trade, in violation of Section 2,
laws creating the LLDA. Therefore, LLDA maintains its exclusive authority over issuances Article XII and Sections 2 and 7 of Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution and that the Mayor had
of permits. the absolute authority to determine whether or not to issue the permit.

The charter of the LLDA is a SPECIAL LAW while the Local Government Code They also claim that it took away their right to earn their livelihood in lawful ways; and insofar
of 1991 is a GENERAL LAW. A basic rule of statutory construction is that the enactment of as the Airline Shippers Association are concerned, they were unduly prevented from pursuing
a later legislation which is a general law cannot be construed to have repealed a special law. their vocation and entering "into contracts which are proper, necessary, and essential to carry out
their business endeavors to a successful conclusion.
When there is conflict between a general law and a special law, the special law will
prevail since it evinces the legislative intent more clearly than the general statute. Public respondents Governor Socrates and Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of
Palawan defended the validity of Ordinance No. 2, Series of 1993, as a valid exercise of the
A special law cannot be repealed, amended or altered by a subsequent law by mere
Provincial Government's power under the general welfare clause; they likewise maintained that
implications.
there was no violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution.
TANO v. SOCRATES
Issue:

G.R. No. 110249 August 21, 1997 Whether or not the Ordinances in question are unconstitutional

Facts: Held:

The petitioners filed a petition for certiorari and prohibition assailing the NO
constitutionality of:
Ratio:
(1) Ordinance No. 15-92 entitled: " AN ORDINANCE BANNING THE SHIPMENT OF
ALL LIVEFISH AND LOBSTER OUTSIDE PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FROM In light then of the principles of decentralization and devolution enshrined in the LGC
JANUARY 1, 1993 TO JANUARY 1,1998 AND PROVIDING EXEMPTIONS, and the powers granted therein to local government units under Section 16 (the General Welfare
PENALTIES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES THEREOF" Clause), and under Sections 149, 447(a) (1) (vi), 458 (a) (1) (vi) and 468 (a) (1) (vi), which
unquestionably involve the exercise of police power, the validity of the questioned Ordinances
(2) Office Order No. 23, requiring any person engaged or intending to engage in any cannot be doubted.***Sec. 16.
business, trade, occupation, calling or profession or having in his possession any of the
articles for which a permit is required to be had, to obtain first a Mayor’s and authorizing General Welfare
and directing to check or conduct necessary inspections on cargoes containing live fish and
. — Every local government unit shall exercise the powers expressly granted, those necessarily
23
implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary, appropriate, or incidental for its efficient authorized by the latter, for a 5-year period.
and effective governance, and those which are essential to the promotion of the general
welfare. Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, local government units shall ensure Meanwhile, a second negotiated contract was entered into by respondent Lexber with
and support, among other things, the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health petitioner, again represented by Mayor Simon, whereby it was agreed that respondent Lexber
and safety, enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology , encourage and support the shall provide maintenance services in the form of manpower, equipment and engineering
development of appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, improve operations for the dumpsite for the contract price of P1,536,796.00 monthly. It was further
agreed that petitioner shall pay respondent Lexber a reduced fee of fifty percent (50%) of the
public morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice, promote full employment
monthly contract price, or P768,493.00, in the event petitioner fails to dump the agreed volume
among their residents, maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of garbage for any given month.
of their inhabitants.
The petitioner immediately commenced dumping garbage on the landfill site
It is clear to the Court that both Ordinances have two principal objectives or continuously from December 1991 until May 1992. Thereafter, petitioner ceased to dump
purposes: (1) to establish a "closed season" for the species of fish or aquatic animals covered garbage on the said site for reasons not made known to respondent Lexber. Consequently, even
therein for a period of five years; and (2) to protect the coral in the marine waters of the City while the dumpsite remained unused, respondent Lexber claimed it was entitled to payment for
of Puerto Princesa and the Province of Palawan from further destruction due to illegal its services as stipulated in the second negotiated contract.
fishing activities.
On December 12, 1992, respondent's counsel sent a demand letter to petitioner
demanding the payment of at least 50% of its service fee under the said contract, in the total
amount of P9,989,174.00. In view of the idle state of the dumpsite for more than a year,
It imposes upon the sangguniang bayan, the sangguniang panlungsod, and the respondent also sought a clarification from petitioner regarding its intention on the dumpsite
sangguniang panlalawigan the duty to enact ordinances to "[p]rotect the environment and project, considering the waste of equipment and manpower in the meantime, as well as its loss of
opportunity for the property.
impose appropriate penalties for acts which endanger the environment such as dynamite
fishing and other forms of destructive fishing . . . and such other activities which result in
Petitioner, this time acting through Mayor Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. who succeeded Mayor
pollution, acceleration of eutrophication of rivers and lakes or of ecological imbalance." Simon in the interim, denied any liability under the contract on the ground that the same was
invalid and unenforceable. According to Mayor Mathay, the subject contract was signed only by
The petition is dismissed. Mayor Simon and had neither the approval nor ratification of the City Council, and it lacked the
required budget appropriation.
G.R. No. 141616       March 15, 2001
Thus, a complaint for Breach of Contract, Specific Performance or Rescission of
CITY OF QUEZON, petitioner,  Contract and Damages was filed by respondent Lexber against petitioner before the RTC of
vs. Quezon City. Respondent Lexber averred that because petitioner stopped dumping garbage on
LEXBER INCORPORATED, respondent. the dumpsite after May 1992, Lexber's equipment and personnel were idle to its damage and
prejudice..
Facts:
The lower court rendered judgment in favor of respondent. On appeal to the Court of
Tri-Partite Memorandum of Agreement was drawn between petitioner City of Appeals, the said Judgment was affirmed in toto.
Quezon, represented by its then Mayor Brigido R. Simon, Jr., respondent Lexber, Inc. and
the then Municipality of Antipolo, whereby a parcel of land located in Antipolo was to be Issue:
used as a garbage dumping site by petitioner and other Metro Manila cities or municipalities
W/N a contract entered into by the city mayor involving the expenditure of public funds by the
24
local government without prior appropriation by the city council valid and binding. We must differentiate the provisions of the old Local Government Code of 1983, B.P.
Blg. 337, which was then in force, from that of the Local Government Code of 1991, R.A.
Held: No.7160, which now requires that the mayor's representation of the city in its business
transactions must be "upon authority of the sangguniang panlungsod or pursuant to law or
ordinance" (Section 455 [vi]). No such prior authority was required under B.P. Blg. 337. This
There is no denying that Sections 85 and 86 of P.D. 1445 (Auditing Code of the restriction, therefore, cannot be imposed on the city mayor then since the two contracts were
Philippines) provide that contracts involving expenditure of public funds: entered into before R.A. No.7160 was even enacted.

1) can be entered into only when there is an appropriation therefor; and Under B.P. Blg. 337, while the city mayor has no power to appropriate funds to support
the contracts, neither does said law prohibit him from entering into contracts unless and until
2) must be certified by the proper accounting official/agency that funds have been funds are appropriated therefor. In fact, it is his bounden duty to so represent the city in all its
duly appropriated for the purpose, which certification shall be attached to and business transactions. On the other hand, the city council must provide for the "depositing,
become an integral part of the proposed contact. leaving or throwing of garbage"  and to appropriate funds for such expenses.{Section 177 [b]). It
cannot refuse to so provide and appropriate public funds for such services which are very vital to
However, the very same Presidential Decree No. 1445, which is the cornerstone of the maintenance of cleanliness of the city and the good health of its inhabitants.
petitioner's arguments, does not provide that the absence of an appropriation law ipso
facto makes a contract entered into by a local government unit null and void. Section 84 of By entering into the two contracts, Mayor Simon did not usurp the city council's power
the statute specifically provides: to provide for the proper disposal of garbage and to appropriate funds therefor. The execution of
contracts to address such a need is his statutory duty, just as it is the city council's duty to provide
Revenue funds shall not be paid out of any public treasury or depository except in for said services. There is no provision in B.P. Blg. 337, however, that prohibits the city mayor
pursuance of an appropriation law or other specific statutory authority. from entering into contracts for the public welfare, unless and until there is prior authority from
the city council. This requirement was imposed much later by R.A. No. 7160, long after the
Consequently, public funds may be disbursed not only pursuant to an appropriation contracts had already been executed and implemented.
law, but also in pursuance of other specific statutory authority, i.e., Section 84 of PD 1445.
Thus, when a contract is entered into by a city mayor pursuant to specific statutory authority, Even the very Charter of Quezon City, more particularly Section 9(f), Section 12(a) and
the law, i.e., PD 1445 allows the disbursement of funds from any public treasury or Section 12(m) thereof, simply provide that the mayor shall exercise general powers and duties,
depository therefor. It can thus be plainly seen that the law invoked by petitioner Quezon such as signing "all warrants drawn on the city treasurer and all bonds, contracts, and obligations
City itself provides that an appropriation law is not the only authority upon which public of the city," even as it grants the City Council the power, by ordinance or resolution, "to make all
funds shall be disbursed. appropriations for the expenses of the government of the city," as well as "to prohibit the
throwing or depositing of offal, garbage, refuse, or other offensive matter in the same, and to
Furthermore, then Mayor Brigido Simon, Jr. did not enter into the subject contract provide for its collection and disposition x x x."
without legal authority. The Local Government Code of 1983, or B.P. Blg. 337, which was
then in force, specifically and exclusively empowered the city mayor to "represent the city in While the powers and duties of the Mayor and the City Council are clearly delineated,
its business transactions, and sign all warrants drawn on the city treasury and all bonds, there is nothing in the cited provisions, nor even in the statute itself, that requires "prior
contracts and obligations of the city." Such power granted to the city mayor by B.P. Blg. 337 authorization by the city council by proper enactment of an ordinance" before the City Mayor
was not qualified nor restricted by any prior action or authority of the city council. We note can enter into contracts.
that while the subsequent Local Government Code of 1991, which took effect after the
execution of the subject contracts, provides that the mayor's representation must be "upon Petition is denied for lack of merit and decision of RTC and CA are affirmed.
authority of the sangguniang panlungsod or pursuant to law or ordinance," there was no such
qualification under the old code. G.R. No. 141307 March 28, 2001

25
PURTO J. NAVARRO and DANNY B. TAMAYO, petitioners,  court, the vacancy which resulted from the death of the mayor created a series of vacancies and
vs. successions by operation of law. By this interpretation, petitioner Tamayo’s former position as
COURT OF APPEALS and ADOLFO AQUINO, ROLANDO LALAS, ABRAHAM the highest-ranking member of the Sanggunian Bayan was filled up by second highest-ranking
MORALES, BLANDO QUINTO, ROMEO VISPERAS, ANTONIO PENULIAR, member and that vacated by the second highest-ranking member was succeeded by the third
EDUARDO ABULENCIA, EMILIO PENULIAR, JR., ERNESTO SERAPION, highest-ranking member, and so forth. And the last vacancy created was the position of the
VICTORIO LALANGAN, ANTONIO BURGUILLOS, MIGUEL JIMENEZ, and lowest ranking-member of the Sanggunian, that is, the eighth position occupied by Rolando
ELPIDIO VILLANUEVA,respondents. Lalas. The Court of Appeals then concluded that it was the appointment of the eighth councilor,
who was Rolando Lalas to the number seven position which created the "last vacancy;"
Facts: therefore, the person to be appointed to the vacant position should come from the same political
party to which Rolando Lalas belonged, which was the Lakas-NUCD-Kampi.
On March 25, 1999, Mayor Cesar Calimlim of Municipality of Mapandan,
Pangasinan died. A vacancy was thus created in the Office of the Mayor so by operation of Aggrieved by the decision of the Court of Appeals, petitioners brought the instant
law, Section 44 of Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of petition.
1991, then Vice-Mayor Baltazar Aquino succeeded him. Accordingly, the highest-ranking
member of the Sangguniang Bayan,i.e. the one who garnered the highest number of votes, Held:
was elevated to the position of the Vice-Mayor, pursuant to the same law. This was
petitioner Danny B. Tamayo who belonged to the REFORMA-LM political party. We give due course to the petition.

Since a vacancy occurred in the Sangguniang Bayan by the elevation of petitioner Under Section 44, a permanent vacancy arises when an elective official fills a higher
Tamayo to the office of the Vice-Mayor, Governor Victor Agbayani of Pangasinan vacant office, refuses to assume office, fails to qualify, dies, is removed from office, voluntarily
appointed herein petitioner Purto J. Navarro as Member of the Sangguniang Bayan. Navarro resigns, or is otherwise permanently incapacitated to discharge the functions of his office.
belonged to the same political party as that of petitioner Tamayo.
What is crucial is the interpretation of Section 45(b) providing that "xxx only the
Private respondents filed Civil Case to nullify the appointment of petitioner nominee of the political party under which the Sanggunian member concerned has been elected
Navarro before the Regional Trial Court of Dagupan City but the Court referred the case to and whose elevation to the position next higher in rank created the last vacancy in the
the Court of Appeals due to the hierarchy of courts. Private respondents argued before the Sanggunian shall be appointed in the manner hereinabove provided. The appointee shall come
Court of Appeals that it was the former vice-mayor, succeeding to the position of the mayor, from the political party as that of the Sanggunian member who caused the vacancy xxx."
who created the permanent vacancy in the Sanggunian Bayan because under the law he was
also a member of the Sanggunian. Thus, the appointee must come from said former vice- The reason behind the right given to a political party to nominate a replacement where a
mayor’s political party, in this case, the Lakas-NUCD-Kampi. permanent vacancy occurs in the Sanggunian is to maintain the party representation as willed by
the people in the election.
Petitioners, on the other hand, contended that it was the elevation of petitioner
Tamayo, who was the highest-ranking member of the Sanggunian Bayan, to the office of the With the elevation of petitioner Tamayo, who belonged to REFORMA-LM, to the
Vice-Mayor which resulted in a permanent vacancy in the Sanggunian Bayan. Pursuant to position of Vice-Mayor, a vacancy occurred in the Sanggunian that should be filled up with
Section 45 (b) of RA 7160, the person to be appointed to the position vacated by him should someone who should belong to the political party of petitioner Tamayo. Otherwise, REFORMA-
come from the same political party affiliation as that of petitioner Tamayo. Hence, the LM’s representation in the Sanggunian would be diminished. To argue that the vacancy created
appointment extended by Governor Agbayani to petitioner Navarro, who was a member of was that formerly held by Rolando Lalas, a LAKAS-NUCD-Kampi member, would result in the
and recommended by the REFORMA-LM, is valid. increase of that party’s representation in the Sanggunian at the expense of the REFORMA-LM.
This interpretation is contrary to the letter and spirit of the law and thus violative of a
The Court of Appeals resolved the petition in favor of private respondents but for fundamental rule in statutory construction which is to ascertain and give effect to the intent and
the reason different from that posited by private respondents. According to the appellate purpose of the law.3 As earlier pointed out, the reason behind par. (b), section 44 of the Local
26
Government Code is the maintenance party representation in the Sanggunian in accordance
with the will of the electorate.

The "last vacancy" in the Sanggunian refers to that created by the elevation of the
member formerly occupying the next higher in rank which in turn also had become vacant
by any of the causes already enumerated. The term "last vacancy" is thus used in Sec. 45 (b)
to differentiate it from the other vacancy previously created. The term by no means refers to
the vacancy in the No. 8 position which occurred with the election of Rolando Lalas to the
seventh position in the Sanggunian. Such construction will result in absurdity.

WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby GRANTED. The decision of the Court of

Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 54675 dated October 7, 1999 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE.
The appointment of petitioner Purto J. Navarro to the Sanggunian Bayan of Mapandan,
Pangasinan is hereby AFFIRMED as valid and legal.

27