School of Engineering Colegio de Dagupan

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Colegio de Dagupan
Arellano St. Dagupan City, Pangasinan 2400 Philippines
-INSTALLATION OF BREAKWATER IN COASTAL AREAS TO HELP

REDUCE WAVE IMPACTS AND HELP MARINE SUSTAINABILITY
Research
Presented to
The Faculty of
Engineering Department
Universidad De Dagupan
Dagupan City, Pangasinan
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Methods of Research
Aquino, Ken Ar Jhae B.

Dalao, Carl Jerome S.
De Vera, Edjhie Carl Q.
Oropesa, Mark Daniel P.
Vinluan, Jericho P.
Researchers
March 2022
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter deals with the related literature and studies about the
“Installation and Redesigning of Breakwater in coastal areas to help reduce wave
impacts and help marine sustainability.
Segmented Breakwaters
Detached segmented breakwaters of various shapes and sizes are used as
shore protection structures because of their ability to reduce wave energy.. As
stated in the study entitled “Determining the Performance of Breakwaters During
High Energy Events: A Case Study of the Holy Beach Breakwater System”, show
that the type of shoreline response to a breakwater system may vary depending
on the crest height of the breakwater in relation to the mean water level. Though
emergent breakwaters typically induce sediment accretion along the shoreline,
studies using laboratory and numerical models indicate that overtopped or
submerged breakwaters may increase erosion of the shoreline.
Figure 1: Tombolos at Tolly Beach following a beach nourishment project

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(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 1.2: Three different Circulation patterns in the study show: (a) Emergent
Breakwater the primary factor driving nearshore circulation patterns is the
diffraction of wave energy. (b) Overtopped Breakwater occurs when the water
level rises such that a previously emergent breakwater is frequently overtopped
by waves. (c) Submerged Breakwater have two types: (i) Nearshore Submerged
Breakwaters, and (ii) Offshore Submerged Breakwaters.

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This variation of the hydrodynamic patterns and shoreline response is of
particular interest for breakwaters along shorelines that can be impacted by
hurricanes and other events that trigger large variances in water level, as the
breakwaters may periodically shift between emergent and submerged states.
This study attempts to determine the performance of breakwaters during high
energy events and determine their effectiveness during such events. In addition,
this study evaluates traditional methods for monitoring shorelines and evaluating
response to shoreline protection structures.
According to the study entitled “Coral reef structural complexity provides
important coastal protection from waves under rising sea levels” (2018). Coral
reefs are diverse ecosystems that supports not only underwater marine life but
also millions of people throughout the world by providing coastal protection
from waves. Climate change and human impacts are causing the degradation of
coral reefs and to rising sea levels, posing concerns for the protection of tropical
coastal region. It is stated that Coral reefs are an effective natural barrier from
waves and impacts which has allowed human settlement on tropical coasts and
reef islands. The high frictional dissipation on coral reefs, in conjunction with
wave breaking on the reef rim and the surrounding landscape, results in high
rates energy dissipation from waves over relatively short distances when
compared to other coastal systems. In this study, it shows how the physical
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characteristics of coral reefs helps in distributing and scattering the energy from
waves in which it helps in the reduction of wave forces.
Figure 2: Conceptual diagram showing the future scenarios of coral reef
structural complexity and vertical reef accretion. The Reef Health Index (RHI)
measures the capacity of a coral reef to accrete vertically and maintain
structurally complex coral communities, with red indicating a low Reef Health
Index (RHI) and blue indicating a high Reef Health Index (RHI).
Note: A Reef Health Index (RHI) was defined as the sum of RR and fw and
measures the capacity of coral reefs to accrete vertically and maintain
structural complexity
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Based on the study entitled “ Effect of flexural rigidity of piles on the
horizontal resistance of reinforced gravity type breakwater with steel pipes” They
proposed a method for reinforcing a caisson-type composite breakwater
designed to resist tsunami attacks by placing steel pipe piles behind the
breakwater and filling the area between the breakwater and the piles with
rubble, also It discusses the forces exerted on the piles from the caisson side.
Clarifying the distribution and intensity of the load acting on the piles can
facilitate effective design verification of the piles to be used in this reinforcement
(Kikuchi et al. , 2017).This article gives an important idea about materials that
can be used for the installation of breakwater.
Figure 3: Steel Pipes

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According to the study entitled “Conceptual Design For The Breakwater
System Of The South Of Doson Naval Base: Optimization Versus Deterministic
Design”, a deterministic approach to the conceptual design of the naval base's
breakwater system resulted in a cross-section with a large armor layer and a low
crest level. The ideal geometry for the breakwater system is determined using an
economic optimization approach in this paper. When overall expenses over the
lifetime of the breakwater system are considered, the results suggest that the
block size can be reduced and the crest height can be increased. Some armor
layer failure is acceptable, but wave transmission and overtopping should be
reduced in proportion to their associated costs.
Figure 4: Typical cross-section, low profile breakwater

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Figure 4.1: Typical cross-section, high profile breakwater
This research shows how to apply economic optimizing with probabilistic
analysis to the conceptual design of a rubble mound breakwater, demonstrating
that it is a sensible technique to attain an optimal geometric option. The tetrapod
block weight and crest level were optimized in this study by balancing investment
expenses with the reduction of failure risk. The similar approach can be used to
optimize other design factors. In the detail design method, the conceptual
optimal values can be used as a useful starting point.
In order to implement the optimization process, a minimization method that
provides reliability estimates in a reasonable amount of time should be utilized in
conjunction with appropriate optimization software. Only continuous
differentiable cost functions are suitable for minimization techniques that utilize
derivatives of the cost function. A simple optimization software can readily
manage a small number of design factors that need to be optimized. However, if
a significant number of design factors must be analyzed, the optimization
program must be robust and straightforward to trace, particularly when
disconvergence arises.
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Daniel L. Harris, Alessio Rovere, Elisa Casella, Hannah Power, Remy Canavesio,
Antoine Collin, Andew Pomeroy, Jody M. Webster, and Valeriano Parravicini
(2018). Coral reef structural complexity provides important coastal protection
from waves under rising sea levels.
https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aao4350
Woodroof, Andrew Keane. Determining the Performance of Breakwaters
During High Energy Events: A Case Study of the Holy Beach Breakwater
System. (n.d.). Digital Commons.
https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=3183&context=gradschool_theses&fbclid=IwAR0LhnWwRzQ_plpsXPXZi8k
8a7djgD_dypCrCeHSrllzlLio1pSaIsoec HY
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Kikuchi, Y., Hyodo, T., Moriyasu, S., & Taenaka, S. (2017). Effect of flexural
rigidity of piles on the horizontal resistance of reinforced gravity type breakwater
with steel pipes. Tokyo University of Science.
https://tus.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/effect-of-flexural-rigidity-of-
piles-on-the- horizontal-resistance
Nguyen V, HJ. Verhagen, P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder, J.K. Vrijling (2013),
Conceptual Design For The Breakwater System Of The South Of Doson Naval
Base: Optimisation Versus Deterministic Design, Dubai UAE, Delft University of
Technology.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
254906513_Conceptual_design_for_the_breakwater_system_of_the_south_of_D
oson_naval_base_Optimisation_versus_deterministic_design

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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

-INSTALLATION OF BREAKWATER IN COASTAL AREAS TO HELP

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Aquino, Ken Ar Jhae B.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

“Installation and Redesigning of Breakwater in coastal areas to help reduce wave

impacts and help marine sustainability.

Detached segmented breakwaters of various shapes and sizes are used as

shore protection structures because of their ability to reduce wave energy.. As

stated in the study entitled “Determining the Performance of Breakwaters During

emergent breakwaters typically induce sediment accretion along the shoreline,

studies using laboratory and numerical models indicate that overtopped or

submerged breakwaters may increase erosion of the shoreline.

Figure 1: Tombolos at Tolly Beach following a beach nourishment project

Breakwater the primary factor driving nearshore circulation patterns is the

level rises such that a previously emergent breakwater is frequently overtopped

Breakwaters, and (ii) Offshore Submerged Breakwaters.

This variation of the hydrodynamic patterns and shoreline response is of

particular interest for breakwaters along shorelines that can be impacted by

breakwaters may periodically shift between emergent and submerged states.

This study attempts to determine the performance of breakwaters during high

response to shoreline protection structures.

According to the study entitled “Coral reef structural complexity provides

also millions of people throughout the world by providing coastal protection

waves in which it helps in the reduction of wave forces.

Figure 2: Conceptual diagram showing the future scenarios of coral reef

measures the capacity of a coral reef to accrete vertically and maintain

measures the capacity of coral reefs to accrete vertically and maintain

Based on the study entitled “ Effect of flexural rigidity of piles on the

proposed a method for reinforcing a caisson-type composite breakwater

facilitate effective design verification of the piles to be used in this reinforcement

can be used for the installation of breakwater.

Figure 3: Steel Pipes

According to the study entitled “Conceptual Design For The Breakwater

System Of The South Of Doson Naval Base: Optimization Versus Deterministic

Design”, a deterministic approach to the conceptual design of the naval base's

layer failure is acceptable, but wave transmission and overtopping should be

reduced in proportion to their associated costs.

Figure 4: Typical cross-section, low profile breakwater

Figure 4.1: Typical cross-section, high profile breakwater

This research shows how to apply economic optimizing with probabilistic

analysis to the conceptual design of a rubble mound breakwater, demonstrating

that it is a sensible technique to attain an optimal geometric option. The tetrapod

optimal values can be used as a useful starting point.

In order to implement the optimization process, a minimization method that

provides reliability estimates in a reasonable amount of time should be utilized in

conjunction with appropriate optimization software. Only continuous

derivatives of the cost function. A simple optimization software can readily

manage a small number of design factors that need to be optimized. However, if

a significant number of design factors must be analyzed, the optimization

program must be robust and straightforward to trace, particularly when

Antoine Collin, Andew Pomeroy, Jody M. Webster, and Valeriano Parravicini

(2018). Coral reef structural complexity provides important coastal protection

from waves under rising sea levels.

Woodroof, Andrew Keane. Determining the Performance of Breakwaters

System. (n.d.). Digital Commons.

rigidity of piles on the horizontal resistance of reinforced gravity type breakwater

with steel pipes. Tokyo University of Science.

Nguyen V, HJ. Verhagen, P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder, J.K. Vrijling (2013),