Presentation on

HEATING VENTILATION
AND AIR CONDTIONING
and Lighting Control system

anda VI
Eduard D
Group 6
Aishwarya Jha | Ankit Chugh | Jatin Garg
Mrigank Malik | Rahul Sharma
 CONTENT
Introduction to HVAC
History of HVAC
Need of HVAC
Heating
Ventilation
Air conditioning process
Types of installation
Recent Development in HVAC
Advantages & Disadvantages
Applications of HVAC
Conclusion
 CONTENT
Introduction to LCS
Need of LCS
System Control
Relay Panels
Occupancy Sensor
Dimmers
Daylight Harvesting
Ballasts
Integration into building
Automation Systems
 WHAT IS HVAC?
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
 Introduction to HVAC Systems

Chapter 3 introduces the heating, ventilating and air-

conditioning (HVAC) systems. The primary function of
HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable
interior conditions for occupants; well-designed, efficient
systems do this with minimal non-renewable energy and
air, and water pollutant emissions.
 NEED OF HVAC SYSTEM

Improvement of the air quality

Moisture regulation
Depression
Maintenance of the constant temperature
throughout the year
Energy conservation
HVAC System Components
Where’s the
fresh air duct
?!?!!
 HVAC System Components
1. Chiller
The liquid is drawn
from the tank, pumped
through thechiller  and
back to the tank. In
industrial
water  chillers  is the
use of water cooling
instead of air cooling. In
this case the condenser
does not cool the hot
refrigerant with
ambient air, but uses
water that is cooled by
a cooling tower
2. Cooling Tower
An HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) cooling tower is used to dispose of
("reject") unwanted heat from a chiller. Water-cooled chillers are normally more energy
efficient than air-cooled chillers due to heat rejection to tower water at or near wet-bulb
temperatures.

Chiller Refrigerant Cycle

Compressor

Condenser
 HVAC System Components
3. Boiler
The main  function  of
a  boiler  is to heat water
to generate steam.

The  HVAC boilers that

are of high performance
make use of the pressure
that is generated and
circulate it in the system.
 4. Air Handling Unit (AHU)
An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or
cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers.
Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes
the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU

Supply Duct Vibration Cooling Filter Return Duct

Fan Connection Coil Section
 HVAC System Components
5. VAV (Variable Air Volume)

Variable Air Volume  (VAV) is a

type of heating, ventilating, and/or
air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
Unlike constant air volume (CAV)
systems, which supply a constant
airflow at a variable temperature,
VAV systems vary the airflow at a
constant temperature.

add.
 HVAC System Components
6. Ductworks & Air Terminals

add.
 WHAT ARE BTU’S AND EER’S

BTU or British Thermal Units, are the amount

of heat required to raise the temp. of one
pound of water, 1 degree Fahrenheit. 1 ton=
12,000BTU.
EER is Energy Efficiency Rating and tells you
the BTU rating over the wattage. The higher
the EER, the better the energy efficiency, but it
will probably cost more.

add.
 HEATING
CONVECTION-Collective movement of groups
of molecules within fluids , through diffusion 
CONDUCTION -Transfer of  internal energy  by
microscopic  diffusion  and collisions of particles
within a body due to a temperature gradient.
RADIATION- Electromagnetic waves (EMR) travel
through a vacuum or through matter-containing media.
 GENERATION OF HEAT
Heaters exist for various types of fuel,
including solid fuels, liquids, and gases.
Another type of heat source is electricity,
typically heating ribbons made of high
resistance wire.
This principle is also used for baseboard
heaters and portable heaters.
Electrical heaters are often used as backup or
supplemental heat for heat pump systems.


DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT
WATER/STEAM -
Piping is used to transport the heat to the
rooms.
Modern hot water boiler heating systems
have a circulator, which is a pump, to move
hot water through the distribution system .
AIR-
Warm air systems distribute heated air
through duct work systems of supply and
return air through metal or fiberglass ducts.
Many systems use the same ducts to
distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for
air conditioning.
 VENTILATION
MECHANICAL OR FORCED-
Provided by an air handler and used to control
indoor air quality.
Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can
often be controlled via dilution or replacement with
outside air.
Kitchens and bathrooms
NATURAL-
ventilation of a building with outside air without
using fans or other mechanical systems.
-reduces spread of diseases- tuberculosis, common
cold.
 IMPROVED VENTILATION
EFFECTIVENESS
Effective mixing of ventilation air within space
Net positive pressure in the southeast; exhaust
from appropriate spaces
Provide clean outdoor air, avoid:
loading docks
exhaust vents
plumbing stacks
waste collection
stagnant water
 AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
An air conditioner is like a refrigerator without the
insulated box. It evaporates a refrigerant, like Freon,
to provide cooling.
Most Air Conditioners Have:
A compressor
An expansion valve
A hot coil (on the outside)
A chilled coil (on the inside)
Two fans
A control unit
 COMPRESSOR
Heart of the system, belt driven pump that fastened to
engine.
Responsible for compressing and transferring
refrigerant.
Advantages:
Very high volumetric efficiency (almost 98%)
Lesser Noise and lighter compared to rotary
compressor.


CONDENSER
Responsible for heat dissipation. The condenser is
designed to radiate heat.
Located in front of the radiator. Require good air flow
when system is in operation
Plate fin type heat exchanger with micro channels
used.Very compact and better heat transfer capability.
Hot compressed refrigerant vapour cools at constant
pressure to liquid.
 EVAPORATOR
Heat absorption component.
Used remove heat from the inside of vehicle.
Secondary benefit - dehumidification.
Unconditioned air passes through a filter before
entering the evaporator.
Plate-fin evaporator with micro channels used.
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
 HEAT PUMP (HP)
A machine or device that moves heat from one location
(the source) to another location (the mechanical work)
Can produce heating or cooling by reversing the direction
of heat flow
Can be used in:
Forced Air System
Hot Water System
Radiant Heat System
 TYPES OF INSTALLATION
Window unit and packaged terminal
Split system
Mini Split System -typically produce 9,000–
36,000 BTU(9,500–38,000 KJ) per hour of
cooling.
Central air conditioning
Portable units-easily transported inside a
home or office ,capacities of about 5,000–
60,000 BTU/h (1,800–18,000 W output)


HVAC SYSTEMS
Central Forced air system
Air handling system
Hot water system
Zone control system
Radiant heat
CENTRAL FORCED AIR SYSTEM

Most common HVAC system circulates air

through or around heating and cooling devices.
A fan forces air into ducts
Supply ducts transport conditioned air into
building through diffusers or supply registers
Air is routed back to heating/cooling device
through return ducts
 AIR HANDLING UNIT(AHU)
Device used to condition and circulate air as
part of an HVAC system
Large metal box containing a blower,
heating or cooling elements, filter, and
sound attenuators.
Connects to ductwork that distributes the
conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the AHU
 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
May need to supply heating, cooling, or both
A furnace generates heat
Fuel oil or natural gas
Electric heating elements
A refrigeration system absorbs heat
Air conditioner
Heat pump
 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
Smaller air handlers may contain a fuel-burning
heater or a refrigeration evaporator placed directly in
the air stream
Large commercial air handling units contain coils that
circulate water
Boiler provides hot water or steam
Chiller provides chilled water
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
Typical AHU
components:
1. Supply duct
2. Fan compartment
3. Flexible connection
4. Heating and/or
cooling coil
5. Filter compartment
6. Return and fresh air
duct
 HOT WATER SYSTEM
Water heated in boiler and circulated through
pipes to radiators
Requires plumbing rather than ductwork
 ZONE RADIANT HEAT
CONTROL
SYSTEM
Supply heat directly to the
One heater and one floor, wall, or ceiling
thermostat per room Hot water pipes or electric
No ductwork heating element runs through
Often used in hotel building component
rooms Dependent on radiant heat
Heat transferred from hot
surface to people and objects


ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
OF HVAC OF HVAC
Initial installation cost
Conserves Energy
is high.
Regulates Moisture
Primary disadvantage
Air Quality
of ductless air
Improvement.
conditioners is their
cost.
 APPLICATIONS OF HVAC

“Free cooling” during moderate temperatures

(chiller bypass).
Thermal storage—isolation of storage tank
Water source heat pump pre cooler with
isolation
Heating potable hot water (instantaneous
heater)
Waste heat recovery from condenser water
 CHAPTER 4
Lighting Control System
 INTRODUCTION
Facility lighting is needed to provide visibility
for building occupants, aesthetic atmosphere
for spaces or rooms and for life safety.

It is estimated that lighting accounts for 30 to

40% of electricity usage and costs in a typical
building.

unneeded and uncontrolled lighting in a

building not only wastes energy but also
increases facility operational costs.
 INTRODUCTION
the control strategies and functions of a lighting control
system reflect these variables and primarily involve the
following due to varying types of use and building:

Scheduling
A control system may have a predetermined
schedule when lights are turned on and turned off.
Occupancy sensors
For spaces in a building where occupancy is difficult
to predict lights may be turned on and off based on a
lighting control system device sensing occupancy.
 INTRODUCTION
Daylight
To reduce the need and cost of lighting spaces a
control system utilizes natural light as much as
possible. This is sometimes called “daylight
harvesting” or “daylighting.”

Window settings
“Spectrally selective” window coatings, designed for hot
climates with large amounts of solar radiation, work by
selectively filtering out frequencies of light that produce
heat while minimizing the loss of visible light
transmission
 System control
One approach to the
lighting control system
is the use of intelligent
controllers.

controllers and the

system server are
networked via an
Ethernet network.

System controllers may

be modular to allow for
growth. can comm
through Ehternet con,
BACnet, LonTalk or
Modbus
 Relay Panels
Relay panels are
typically mounted
next to the electrical
circuit breaker
panels.

Many relay panels

can be fed by both
120 V and 277 V
circuit-breaker
panels and relay
groups can be fed by
different voltages in
the same panel, and
are individually
programmed
 Relay Panels
Uses of Relay Panels:
provide line voltage control of the lighting loads

allow for a single circuit to feed into several relays and for
multiple circuit breaker panels to feed into a single relay
panel.

They can also operate without the system controller.

 Relay Panels
Uses of Relay Panels:
provide line voltage control of the lighting loads

allow for a single circuit to feed into several relays and for
multiple circuit breaker panels to feed into a single relay
panel.

They can also operate without the system controller.

Application of Relay panels:

In a multistory facility, there may be a relay panel on each floor controlling all
the lights on the floor. Each room on the floor has a local switch and there is
also a master switch for the entire floor. The master switch for the floor may
be programmed to turn lights on at 7 AM and off at 6 PM ; between 6 PM and
7 AM , the system may repeatedly perform an “off” sweep to turn lights out
where the programming has been overridden
 Occupancy Sensors
Occupancy or motion sensors are devices that sense the
presence or absence of people within their monitoring range.
do not operate on a time schedule
Uses: for restrooms, utility rooms, conference rooms, coffee
roms, locker rooms, etc.

the sensor and a control unit can be enclosed in one unit, such
as a wallbox, but for larger facilities, the sensor is tied to a relay
panel.
can be programmed

types of motion sensors: PIR, active ultrasound, and hybrid tech

(combination of PIR and ultrasound, or PPIR and audible sound)

Ultrasonic sensors emit high freq sound waves and senses the
frequency of the reflected waves as they return to the device.
PIR sensors detect radiation.
 DIMMERS
Dimmer modules manage low-voltage switch and line voltage
output controls of the dimmer’s lighting loads.

Stand-alone dimmers typically have status indicators, analog

inputs for photo-cell or occupancy sensors, diagnostics, and are
able to optimize responses for various types of lighting fixtures.

Like occupancy sensors, dimmer switches are connected to a

relay panel.

Dimming can be use to implement several energy-savings

strategies.
 DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
Photoelectric controls are designed to strategically use daylight
to reduce the need for artificial lighting, a process called
“daylight harvesting.”

Ambient light sensors measure natural and ambient light then

based on the amount of natural light, adjust the lighting to
maintain a constant light level.

Proper daylight-harvesting design not only includes providing

adequate daylight to an area but does so without undesirable
side effects such as heat gain and glare.

Successful daylight-harvesting designs will incorporate shading

devices to reduce glare and excess contrast.
DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
 BALLASTS
An electrical ballast is a device that limits the amount of current
in an electric circuit. In electrical gas-discharge lights such as
fluorescent and neon lights ballasts control the current flowing
through the light.
There are two main types of ballasts: magnetic and electronic.

Magnetic ballasts use electromagnetic induction to create

the voltages used to start and operate fluorescent lights.

They contain copper coils that produce electromagnetic

fields to control voltage.

Magnetic ballasts, which have been used inflorescent lights

since their origin, are considered outdated and are being
phased out by newer electronic ballasts.
 BALLASTS
Electronic ballasts use solid-state circuitry, rather than
magnetic coils, to control voltage to the lamp, making them
more energy efficient.
Fluorescent ballasts come in three different types:
rapid start
start lamps by simultaneously providing voltage to the electrodes
and across the lamp itself.
programmed start
are more advanced versions of rapid-start ballasts. They have
preprogrammed start-up sequences designed to give superior
longevity to lamps.
instant start
start lamps by providing high voltage directly to the lamps without
preheating the electrodes at all. Because there is no heating time,
light is produced within 50 milliseconds
 I NTEGRATION INTO B UILDING
AUTOMATION S YSTEMS
Lighting systems provide a life safety function, assisting in security
or lighting evacuation pathways from a building.

Lighting systems may be integrated with fire alarm systems, security

systems or emergency power generators. In the56 Smart Building
Systems for Architects, Owners, and Builders case of a fire alarm or
loss of normal power the lighting control system may Turn on key
emergency lighting fixtures.

Lighting control systems may use several different communications

protocols: DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface)
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