Mass Communication Assignment

Name: Sana Siddiqui
Minor: Mass Communication

Lecturer: Ma’am Sadia Noor
Department: Economics
BS 1ST YEAR
HISTORY OF PRINTING PRESS:
Introduction:
Printing press, machine by which text and images are transferred from movable type to paper
or other media by means of ink. Movable type and paper were invented in China, and the
oldest known extant book printed from movable type was created in Korea in the 14th century.
Printing first became mechanized in Europe during the 15th century.
History:
The earliest mention of a mechanized printing press in Europe appears in a

lawsuit in Strasbourg in 1439; it reveals construction of a press for Johannes
Gutenberg and his associates. Gutenberg’s press and others of its era in Europe
owed much to the medieval paper press, which was in turn modeled after the
ancient wine-and-olive press of the Mediterranean area. A long handle was used
to turn a heavy wooden screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper,
which was laid over the type mounted on a wooden platen. Gutenberg used his
press to print an edition of the Bible in 1455; this Bible is the first complete extant
book in the West, and it is one of the earliest books printed from movable type. (J
In its essentials, the wooden press used by Gutenberg reigned supreme for more
than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on one
side. Metal presses began to appear late in the 18th century, at about which time
the advantages of the cylinder were first perceived and the application of steam
power was considered. By the mid-19th century Richard M. Hoe of New York had
perfected a power-driven cylinder press in which a large central cylinder carrying
the type successively printed on the paper of four impression cylinders, producing
8,000 sheets an hour in 2,000 revolutions. The rotary press came to dominate the
high-speed newspaper field, but the flatbed press, having a flat bed to hold the
type and either a reciprocating platen or a cylinder to hold the paper, continued
to be used for job printing. A significant innovation of the late 19 th century was
the offset press, in which the printing (blanket) cylinder runs continuously in one
direction while paper is impressed against it by an impression cylinder. Offset
printing is especially valuable for color printing, because an offset press can print
multiple colors in one run. Offset lithography—used for books, newspapers,
magazines, business forms, and direct mail—continued to be the most widely
used printing method at the start of the 21st century, though it was challenged by
ink-jet, laser, and other printing methods.
Apart from the introduction of electric power, advances in press design between
1900 and the 1950s consisted of a great number of relatively minor mechanical
modifications designed to improve the speed of the operation. Among these
changes were better paper feed, improvements in plates and paper, automatic
paper reels, and photoelectric control of color register. The introduction of
computers in the 1950s revolutionized printing composition, with more and more
steps in the print process being replaced by digital data. At the end of the 20 th
century a new electronic printing method, print-on-demand, began to compete
with offset printing, though it—and printing generally—came under increasing
pressure in developed countries as publishers, newspapers, and others turned to
online means of distributing what they had previously printed on paper. Walter
made his most important contribution in 1866 with the Walter rotary press, which
printed rapidly and simultaneously on both sides of paper wound on a roll; his
press facilitated The Times’s struggle with The Daily Telegraph and other newly
established penny papers.
The most advanced printing press Is now the digital press, which does not require
printing plates allowing for on-demand printing and shorter turnaround times.
Inkjet and laser printers are commonly used in digital printing which place
pigment onto a number of different surfaces, rather than just smooth paper.
ORIGIN OF NEWSPAPER:
Early Newspapers:
Newspapers began circulating in the 17th century. The first real newspaper in
England was printed in 1665. The first successful daily newspaper in Britain was
printed in 1702. The first American newspaper was printed in 1690. It was called
Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic. The first newspaper in Canada was
the Halifax Gazette in 1752. The first daily American newspaper was first published
in 1784.
In Britain, the first Sunday newspaper was the British Gazette and Sunday Monitor
published in 1780. In 1785 the Daily Universal Register was first published. In 1788
it was renamed The Times. In 1814 The Times was printed with a steam-powered
press for the first time. In 1848 The Times used a rotary printing press with the
printing face wrapped around a cylinder for the first time.
Meanwhile, the Observer was founded in 1791. The Daily Telegraph was first
published in 1855. The Manchester Guardian was founded in 1821. It changed its
name to The Guardian in 1959. The Sunday Times was first published in 1822. The
Financial Times began in 1888. Meanwhile, The News Of The World was published
in 1843. Meanwhile, the first Australian newspaper was published in 1803. It was
called the Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser.
Modern Newspapers:
Newspapers became far more common in the late 19th century. In the 18th century
and the early 19th-century stamp duty was charged on newspapers, which made
them expensive. However, in 1855 stamp duty on newspapers was abolished and
they became cheaper and more common. In the mid-19th century newspaper,
reporters began to use the telegraph as a means to get news to their newspapers
quickly. Then in 1880, The New York Graphic became the first newspaper to print a
photo. In Britain, the first tabloid newspaper was the Daily Graphic published in
1890. In 1891 it became the first British newspaper to print a photo.
In the 20th century, newspapers became still more common. The Daily Mail was first
published in 1896, The Daily Express was first published in 1900 and the Daily
Mirror began publication in 1903. In 1964 The Daily Herald became The Sun and
The Daily Star was founded in 1978. Meanwhile, The Sunday Telegraph was
founded in 1961, and in 1962 The Sunday Times became the first newspaper to
publish a Sunday color supplement. The Mail on Sunday began in 1982. The
Independent was first published in 1986. Also in 1986, Today became the first color
newspaper in Britain. By the beginning of the 20th century, Fleet Street was the
center of the British newspaper industry. However, in the 1980s newspaper owners
moved away from Fleet Street. At that time computer technology replaced the old
labor-intensive methods of printing
The Press Complaints Commission was created In 1990. Metro, a free newspaper
for commuters was first published in Britain in 1999. Then in 2010, an abbreviated
version of the Independent called I was launched However in 2011 The News Of
The World ceased publication.
However the Television’s arrival in the 1950s began the decline of newspapers as
most people’s source of daily news. But the explosion of the Internet in the 1990s
increased the range of media choices available to the average reader while further
cutting into newspapers’ dominance as the source of news.

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Name: Sana Siddiqui

Minor: Mass Communication

The earliest mention of a mechanized printing press in Europe appears in a

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