List of Countries

List of countries by system of government
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of the Politics series
Basic forms of government
List of forms of government
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Source of power
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This is a list of sovereign states by system of government. There is also a political

mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has, as well as
a brief description of what each form of government entails. The list is colour-coded
according to the type of government, for example: blue represents a republic with an
executive head of state, and red is a constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial head of
state. The colour-coding also appears on the following map, representing the same
government categories. The legend of what the different colours represent is found just
below the map.
It is noteworthy that some scholars in the People's Republic of China claim that the
country's system of government is a "semi-presidential system combining party and
government in actual operation".[1] Under its constitution, the Chinese President is a
largely ceremonial office with limited power.[2] However, since 1993, as a matter of
convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary of
the Communist Party, the top leader in the one-party system who heads
the Politburo and the Secretariat.[3]
Certain states have been defined as having more than one system of government or
a hybrid system – for instance, Poland possesses a semi-presidential
government where the President appoints the Prime Minister or can veto legislation
passed by parliament, but its Constitution defines the country as a parliamentary
republic and its ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence. [4][5][6][7][8][9]
List of countries
Map
Legend
 Presidential republic: Head of state is a president that is the head of

government and is independent of legislature
 Semi-presidential republic: Head of state is a president that has some
executive powers and is independent of legislature; remaining executive
power is vested in ministry that is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Republic with an executive presidency nominated by or elected by the
legislature: President is both head of state and government; ministry,
including the president, may or may not be subject to parliamentary
confidence
 Parliamentary republic: Head of state is a president that is mostly or
entirely ceremonial; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Constitutional monarchy: Head of state is a monarch that is mostly or
entirely ceremonial; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Constitutional monarchy: Head of state is an executive monarch;
monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
 Absolute monarchy: Head of state is executive; all authority vested in
absolute monarch
 One-party state: Head of state is executive or ceremonial; power
constitutionally linked to a single political movement
 Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have
been suspended (e.g. military juntas)
 No constitutionally defined basis to current regime (e.g. transitional
governments)
 Overseas possessions, colonies, and places without governments
Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of
democracy. Several states that are constitutional republics are in practice ruled as
authoritarian states.
UN member states and observers
Head of
Name Constitutional form Basis of executive legitimacy
state
No constitutionally-defined basis to
Afghanistan Provisional n/a
current regime[note 1]
Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Albania Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Presidency independent of legislature;

Algeria Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Head of
state
confidence
Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Antigua and Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
Barbuda confidence
Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Armenia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Austria Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Azerbaijan Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Bahamas, The Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Monarch personally exercises power in

Bahrain Constitutional monarchy Executive
concert with other institutions

Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Head of
state

Barbados Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Bhutan Constitutional monarchy Executive
Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Bosnia and Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Republic Ceremonial
Herzegovina confidence
Presidency is elected by legislature;

Botswana Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence
Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Head of
state
confidence
All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration
Burkina Faso Provisional n/a
of a state of emergency; constitutional
provisions for government are suspended
Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Cape Verde Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Central African
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Republic

Chad Provisional n/a
Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
China, People's Republic Ceremonial Power constitutionally linked to a single

Head of
state
Republic of political movement[note 2]
Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Congo, Presidency independent of legislature;

Democratic Republic Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
of the confidence

Congo, Republic
Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
of the
confidence
Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Croatia Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Power constitutionally linked to a single

Cuba Republic Executive
political movement
Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Czech Republic Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Head of
state
confidence
Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Dominica Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Dominican
Republic

East Timor Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Egypt Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Equatorial
Guinea

Eritrea Republic Executive
political movement

Estonia Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Head of
state
Eswatini Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Fiji Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Finland Republic Ceremonial
confidence

France Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Gabon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Gambia, The Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Georgia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Germany Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Greece Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Head of
state
confidence
Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Guinea Provisional n/a

Guinea-Bissau Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Guyana Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to

Haiti Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Hungary Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Iceland Republic Ceremonial
confidence

India Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Head of
state
Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Iraq Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Ireland Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Israel Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Italy Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Jordan Constitutional monarchy Executive
Kazakhstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Kenya Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Kiribati Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature;

ministry may be, or not be, subject to
Head of
state

Kuwait Constitutional monarchy Executive
Kyrgyzstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Laos Republic Executive
political movement

Latvia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Lebanon Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Libya Provisional n/a
current regime

Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy Executive

Lithuania Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Head of
state

Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Madagascar Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Mali Provisional n/a

Malta Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Marshall Islands Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to

Mauritania Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Mauritius Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Head of
state
Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Micronesia Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to

Moldova Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Monaco Constitutional monarchy Executive

Mongolia Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Montenegro Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive

Mozambique Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Myanmar Provisional n/a
Namibia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature;

ministry is subject to parliamentary
Head of
state
confidence

Nauru Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to

Nepal Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Niger Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

North Korea Republic Executive
political movement

North Macedonia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Head of
state
Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Pakistan Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Palestine Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Papua New Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Guinea confidence
Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Peru Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Poland Republic Ceremonial
confidence[note 3]

Portugal Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Qatar Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in

Head of
state

Romania Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Russia Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Saint Kitts and Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Nevis confidence

Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Saint Vincent Ministry is subject to parliamentary

and the Grenadines confidence

Samoa Republic Ceremonial
confidence

San Marino Republic Ceremonial
confidence

São Tomé and
Príncipe
confidence
Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Head of
state
Senegal Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Serbia Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Singapore Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Slovakia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Slovenia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Solomon Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Somalia Republic Ceremonial
confidence

South Africa Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
South Korea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Head of
state
South Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Sri Lanka Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Sudan Provisional n/a

Suriname Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to

Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Switzerland Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to

Syria Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Tajikistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Head of
state
Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Thailand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive
Trinidad and Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Republic Ceremonial
Tobago confidence
Tunisia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Turkey Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Turkmenistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ukraine Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Head of
state
United Arab Monarch personally exercises power in

Constitutional monarchy Executive
Emirates concert with other institutions

United Kingdom Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial
confidence
Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Vietnam Republic Executive
political movement
Yemen Provisional n/a
current regime[note 4]
Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Zimbabwe Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Other states
Head of
state
Presidency is independent of
Abkhazia Republic Executive
legislature
Artsakh Republic Executive
legislature

Cook Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Kosovo Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Niue Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Northern Cyprus Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Sahrawi Arab Power constitutionally linked to a

Republic Executive
Democratic Republic single political movement
Somaliland Republic Executive
legislature

South Ossetia Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Taiwan (Republic
of China)
confidence
Head of
state

Transnistria Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence
Systems of governance
Italics indicate states with limited recognition.
Presidential systems
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of
government, and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature.
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government.
There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve
purely at the discretion of the president.
The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
Presidential systems without a prime minister
 Angola
 Artsakh
 Benin
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Chile
 Colombia
 Comoros
 Costa Rica
 Cyprus
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Gambia, The
 Ghana
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Indonesia
 Kenya
 Liberia
 Malawi
 Maldives
 Mexico
 Nicaragua
 Nigeria
 Palau
 Panama
 Paraguay
 Philippines
 Senegal
 Seychelles
 Sierra Leone
 Somaliland
 South Sudan
 Turkey
 Turkmenistan
 United States
 Uruguay
 Venezuela
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
Presidential systems with a Supreme Leader
 Iran[note 5]
Presidential systems with a prime minister
The following countries have presidential systems where a post of prime
minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is
still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's roles are mostly to
assist the president. Belarus, Gabon and Kazakhstan, where the prime minister is
effectively the head of government and the president the head of state, are exceptions.
 Abkhazia
 Argentina (see Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers)
 Belarus
 Burundi
 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Djibouti
 Gabon
 Equatorial Guinea
 Ivory Coast
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Peru
 South Korea
 Rwanda
 Tajikistan
 Tanzania
 Togo
 Tunisia
 Uganda
 Uzbekistan
Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is always both a president and a head of
government, commonly but not exclusively styled as a prime minister. In such systems,
the president has genuine executive authority, but the role of a head of government may
be exercised by the prime minister.
Premier-presidential systems
The president chooses a prime minister and cabinet from the parliament with approval
from the parliament, however only the parliament may remove them from office with
a vote of no confidence. The president does not have the right to dismiss the prime
minister or the cabinet.
 Algeria
 Cape Verde
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
 East Timor
 Egypt
 France
 Haiti
 Lithuania
 Madagascar
 Mongolia
 Niger
 Northern Cyprus
 Portugal
 Romania
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Sri Lanka
 Ukraine[10]
President-parliamentary systems
The president is head of state and the prime minister is head of government, although
the prime minister generally works under the discretion of the former more so than in a
premier-presidential system. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet
without a confidence vote from the parliament, but must have the support of a
parliamentary majority for their selection. In order to remove a prime minister or their
cabinet from power, the president may dismiss them or the parliament can remove them
by a vote of no confidence.
 Azerbaijan[11]
 Congo, Republic of the
 Guinea-Bissau
 Mauritania
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 Palestine
 Russia[11]
 South Ossetia
 Syria
 Taiwan
 Transnistria
Parliamentary republican and related systems
In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected or nominated by the
legislature and is also accountable to it. The head of state is ordinarily called a president
and (in full parliamentary republics) is separate from the head of government, serving a
largely apolitical, ceremonial role. In these systems, the head of government is usually
called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In mixed republican systems and
directorial republican systems, the head of government also serves as head of state and
is usually titled president.
Full parliamentary republican systems
In some full parliamentary systems, the head of state is directly elected by voters. Under
other classification systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as semi-
presidential systems (despite their weak presidency).[12] Full parliamentary republican
systems that do not have a directly elected head of state usually use either an electoral
college or a vote in the legislature to appoint the president.
Directly elected head of state
 Austria
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 6]
 Bulgaria[13]
 Croatia[14]
 Czech Republic[15]
 Finland
 Iceland[16]
 Ireland[17]
 Moldova[18]
 Montenegro[19]
 North Macedonia
 Poland[4][5]
 Serbia[20]
 Singapore[21]
 Slovakia[22]
 Slovenia[23]
Indirectly elected head of state
 Albania
 Armenia
 Bangladesh
 Barbados
 Dominica
 Estonia
 Ethiopia
 Fiji
 Georgia
 Germany
 Greece
 Hungary
 India
 Iraq
 Israel
 Italy
 Kosovo
 Latvia
 Lebanon
 Malta
 Mauritius
 Nepal
 Pakistan
 Samoa
 San Marino[note 7][24][25]
 Somalia
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Vanuatu
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
A combined head of state and head of government in the form of an executive
president is either elected by the legislature or by voters after candidates are nominated
for the post by the legislature (in the case of Kiribati), and they must maintain the
confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents" in this system
function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems.
 Botswana[note 8]
 Kiribati[26]
 Marshall Islands[27]
 Nauru[28]
 South Africa[29]
Assembly-independent republican systems
A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected
by the legislature but is immune from a vote of no confidence (as is their cabinet), thus
acting more independently from the legislature.[30] They may or may not also hold a seat
in the legislature.
 Federated States of Micronesia[note 9][31]

 Guyana[note 10]
 Suriname
Directorial republican systems
In a directorial system, a council jointly exercise the powers and ceremonial roles of
both the head of state and head of government. The council is elected by the
parliament, but it is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term.
 Switzerland[note 11]
Constitutional monarchies
These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence
of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by
constitutional law.
Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial/non-executive monarchs
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of
government. In some cases, the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, while in
other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature (although the
entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no
confidence).[32][33][dubious – discuss] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only
exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people and/or their
representatives (except in emergencies, e.g. a constitutional crisis or a political
deadlock).[note 12]
 Andorra[note 13]
 Antigua and Barbuda[note 14]
 Australia[note 14]
 Bahamas[note 14]
 Belgium
 Belize[note 14]
 Cambodia
 Canada[note 14]
 Cook Islands[note 14][note 15]
 Denmark
 Grenada[note 14]
 Jamaica[note 14]
 Japan
 Lesotho
 Luxembourg
 Malaysia
 Netherlands
 New Zealand[note 14][note 15]
 Niue[note 14][note 15]
 Norway
 Papua New Guinea[note 14]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 14]
 Saint Lucia[note 14]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[note 14]
 Solomon Islands[note 14]
 Spain
 Sweden
 Thailand
 Tuvalu[note 14]
 United Kingdom[note 14]
Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs
The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has
considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.
 Bahrain
 Bhutan
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Liechtenstein
 Monaco
 Morocco
 Qatar
 Tonga
 United Arab Emirates[note 16][34][35]
Absolute monarchies
Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by
any substantive constitutional law. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of
government.
 Brunei
 Eswatini
 Oman
 Saudi Arabia
 Vatican City[note 17]
One-party states
States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose
operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (as opposed to states where
the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is achieved anyway through
electoral fraud or simple inertia).
 China (Communist Party leads the United Front) (list)

 Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
 Eritrea (People's Front for Democracy and Justice) (list)
 North Korea (Workers' Party leads the Democratic Front) (list)
 Laos (People's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction) (list)
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front)
 Vietnam (Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front) (list)
Military juntas
A committee of the nation's military leaders controls the government for the duration of
a state of emergency. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these
states; constitutional forms of government are stated in parentheses.
 Burkina Faso (semi-presidential republic)

 Chad (presidential republic)[37]
 Guinea (presidential republic)[38][39]
 Mali (semi-presidential republic)[40]
 Myanmar (assembly-independent republic)[41]
 Sudan (presidential republic)[42][43][44]
Transitional governments
States that have a system of government that is in transition or turmoil. These regimes
lack a constitutional basis.
 Afghanistan[note 1][45]
 Libya
 Yemen[note 4][46]
Systems of internal structure

Unitary states
Main article: Unitary state
A state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately
supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers
that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world
have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed
as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states.
Centralized unitary states
States in which most power is exercised by the central government. What local
authorities do exist have few powers.
Regionalized unitary states
Main article: Regional state
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional
authorities, but where constitutional authority ultimately remains entirely at a national
level.
 Azerbaijan (59 districts, and 1 autonomous republic)

 Bolivia (9 departments)
 Chile (16 regions)
 People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 province-level
municipalities, 2 special administrative regions, and 1 claimed province)
 Colombia (34 departments, and 1 capital district)
 Denmark (5 regions, and 2 self-governing territories)
 Finland (19 regions, and Åland)
 France (18 regions, of which 6 are autonomous)
 Georgia (9 regions, and 2 autonomous republics)
 Greece (7 decentralized administrations, and 1 autonomous monastic state)
 Indonesia (38 provinces, of which 9 have special status)
 Israel (6 districts, Judea and Samaria Area)
 Italy (20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
 Japan (47 prefectures)
 Kazakhstan (17 regions, 3 cities with region rights)
 Kenya (47 counties)
 Kingdom of the Netherlands (4 constituent countries)
 Mauritania (15 regions)
 Moldova (32 districts, 3 municipalities, and 2 autonomous territorial units)
 New Zealand (16 regions, 1 self-administering territory, and 2 states in free association)
 Nicaragua (15 departments, 2 autonomous regions)
 Norway (10 counties, 1 autonomous city, 2 integral overseas areas, 3 dependencies)
 Papua New Guinea (20 provinces, 1 autonomous region, and 1 national capital district)
 Peru (25 regions, and 1 province)
 Philippines (one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and
independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions)
 Portugal (18 districts, and 2 autonomous regions)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (6 districts, and Príncipe)
 Serbia (29 districts, 2 autonomous provinces (one of which is a partially recognized de
facto independent state), and 1 autonomous city)
 Solomon Islands (9 provinces, and 1 capital territory)
 South Africa (9 provinces)
 South Korea (8 provinces, 6 special cities, and 1 autonomous province)
 Spain (17 autonomous communities, 15 communities of common-regime, 1 community of
chartered regime, 3 chartered provinces, 2 autonomous cities)
 Sri Lanka (9 provinces)
 Tajikistan (3 regions, 1 autonomous region, and 1 capital city)
 Tanzania (21 regions, and Zanzibar)
 Trinidad and Tobago (9 regions, 1 autonomous island, 3 boroughs, and 2 cities)
 Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 cities with special status, and Crimea)
 United Kingdom (4 constituent countries, of which 3 have devolved administrations)
 Uzbekistan (3 regions, 1 autonomous republic, and 1 independent city)
Federation
Main article: Federation
States in which the national government shares power with regional governments with
which it has legal or constitutional parity. The central government may or may not be (in
theory) a creation of the regional governments.
 Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city)

 Australia (six states and ten territories)
 Austria (nine states)
 Belgium (three regions and three linguistic communities)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (two entities and one district that is a condominium of the two
entities)
 Brazil (26 states and the Federal District)
 Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
 Comoros ( Anjouan, Grande Comore, and Mohéli)
 Ethiopia (10 regions and 2 chartered cities)
 Germany (16 states)
 India (28 states and 8 union territories)
 Iraq (18 governorates and one region: Kurdistan)
 Malaysia (13 states and three federal territories)
 Mexico (32 states)
 Federated States of Micronesia ( Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
 Nepal (seven provinces)
 Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory: Federal Capital Territory)
 Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous territories and 1 federal territory)
 Russia (46 oblasts, 22 republics (one of which is disputed), nine krais, four autonomous
okrugs, three federal cities (one of which is disputed), one autonomous oblast)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (Saint Kitts, Nevis)
 Somalia (six federal member states)
 South Sudan (ten states)
 Sudan (17 states)
 Switzerland (26 cantons)
 United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
 United States (50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district: District of
Columbia)
 Venezuela (23 states, one capital district and one federal dependency)
European Union
Main article: List of European Union member states by political system
The exact political character of the European Union is debated, some arguing that it
is sui generis (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or
a confederation. It has elements of intergovernmentalism, with the European
Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism, with
the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[47]
See also
 List of sovereign states
 List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
 List of political systems in France
 List of current heads of state and government
 Government
Notes and references

Notes
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Afghanistan: The United Nations currently recognizes the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan as the government of Afghanistan instead of the de facto ruling government,
the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
2. ^ The President of China is legally a ceremonial office; however, since 1993, the presidency
has been held by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, who is the most
powerful figure in the political system.[3]
3. ^ The Republic of Poland has been defined de jure by its Constitution as a parliamentary
republic. However, the system is largely semi-presidential in nature as the President of
Poland does exercise some power – the head of state appoints the Prime Minister as the
head of government, and can veto legislation as well as dissolve parliament in certain
situations. The Cabinet and Prime Minister appointed by the President are subject to a vote of
confidence by the Polish Parliament (Sejm).
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Disputed between the internationally recognized Presidential Leadership
Council and the Supreme Political Council.
5. ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal
suffrage, and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state
policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of
Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
6. ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
7. ^ Their two-person head of state, the Captains Regent, serve for six month terms, although
they are mostly ceremonial figures.
8. ^ The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime
minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime
minister. Although, if a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers
the dissolution of the legislature and new elections (per section 92 of the Constitution).
9. ^ Holds a legislative seat.
10. ^ Elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote.
11. ^ The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss
Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency
and the government.
12. ^ Some monarchs are given a limited number of discretionary reserve powers only to be used
in certain circumstances in accordance with their responsibility to defend the constitution.
13. ^ The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who have their
interests known through a representative.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q One of fifteen constitutional monarchies which recognize
the Monarch of the United Kingdom as head of state, who presides over an independent
government. The Monarch is titled separately in each country (e.g. King of Australia), and
notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom
to act as his representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive
branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as
"Commonwealth realms".
In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional,
powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional
convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the
executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom
ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes
the PM the de facto head of government.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b c The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New
Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its
associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of
New Zealand.
16. ^ A federal absolute monarchy in which, different monarchies, or in this case, sheikhdoms
fulfill both the duty of president and prime minister, although in actuality they are monarchs.
17. ^ The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its
monarch, the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the
Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution; however, as all its citizens and its
residents are ordained Catholic clergy, members of the Swiss Guard, or their immediate
family, they arguably have consented to obey the Pope or are minors. (Citizenship is jus
officii, on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy
See and usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to
the spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city; in practice,
these are few in number, since the bulk of Vatican citizens are celibate Catholic clerics
or religious. Some individuals are also authorized to reside in the city but do not qualify or
choose not to request citizenship.)[36]
References
1. ^ Chen Hang (2018). "The New Development of the National President System in China——
The Semi-Presidential System Combining Party and Government in the Actual
Operation". Journal of Xinxiang University. 35 (1).
2. ^ "How the Chinese government works". South China Morning Post. Archived from the
original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure
in China's political system, and his influence mainly comes from his position as the General
Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Chris Buckley and Adam Wu (10 March 2018). "Ending Term Limits for
China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why. - Is the presidency powerful in China?". New York
Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. In China,
the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party
controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government
carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b "Poland 1997 (rev. 2009)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 9
October 2021.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b "Poland - The World Factbook". 22 September 2021. Retrieved 8
October 2021.
6. ^ Veser, Ernst [in German] (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept
— A New Political System Model" (PDF) (in English and Chinese). Department of Education,
School of Education, University of Cologne: 39–60. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Duhamel has
developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not
correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops
the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises
the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the
totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France
appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By
this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
7. ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive
and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific
Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
8. ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive
And Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). French Politics. 3 (3): 323–
351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Even if the president has
no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her
constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet
legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to
parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the
president into account.
9. ^ McMenamin, Iain. "Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland" (PDF). School of
Law and Government, Dublin City University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12
February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
10. ^ Kudelia, Serhiy (4 May 2018). "Presidential activism and government termination in dual-
executive Ukraine". Post-Soviet Affairs. 34 (4): 246–
261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251. S2CID 158492144.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b Zaznaev, Oleg (2005). "Атипичные президентские и полупрезидентские
системы" [Atypical presidential and semi-presidential systems]. Uchenyye Zapiski
Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta (in Russian). 147 (1): 62–64. Retrieved 3
April 2021.
12. ^ Elgie, Robert (2 January 2013). "Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-
Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In" (PDF). Government and Opposition. 46 (3): 392–
409. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. S2CID 145748468.
13. ^ "Bulgaria's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through
2015" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
14. ^ "Croatia's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through
15. ^ "Czech Republic 1993 (rev. 2013)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
16. ^ "Iceland's Constitution of 1944 with Amendments through
17. ^ "Ireland's Constitution of 1937 with Amendments through
18. ^ "Moldova (Republic of) 1994 (rev. 2016)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12
January 2020.
19. ^ "Montenegro 2007". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
20. ^ "Serbia 2006". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
21. ^ "Singapore 1963 (rev. 2016)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
22. ^ "Slovakia 1992 (rev. 2017)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
23. ^ "Slovenia 1991 (rev. 2013)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
24. ^ https://www.rightofassembly.info/assets/downloads/1974_Constitution_of_San_Marino.pdf
25. ^ https://freedomhouse.org/country/san-marino/freedom-world/2021
26. ^ "Kiribati's Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through
27. ^ "Marshall Islands 1979 (rev. 1995)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
28. ^ "Nauru 1968 (rev. 2015)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
29. ^ "South Africa's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through
30. ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive
And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3): 323–
351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087.
31. ^ "Micronesia (Federated States of)'s Constitution of 1978 with Amendments through
32. ^ "The Constitution". Stortinget. 4 September 2019.
33. ^ "Europe :: Norway — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" . www.cia.gov. 27
June 2022.
34. ^ Stewart, Dona J. (2013). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural
Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 978-0415782432.
35. ^ Day, Alan John (1996). Political Parties of The World. Stockton. p. 599. ISBN 1561591440.
36. ^ "Law on citizenship, residence and access" (in Italian). Vatican City State. 11 February
2011.
37. ^ "Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels'". BBC News. 20 April 2021.
Retrieved 20 April 2021.
38. ^ "Army colonel on Guinean TV says govt dissolved, borders shut". AP NEWS. 5 September
2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
39. ^ "Guinea coup attempt: Soldiers claim to seize power from Alpha Condé". BBC News. 5
September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
40. ^ "Mali president arrested: Mutiny leaders for Mali coup 2020 don close borders, impose
curfew afta resignation of Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta". BBC News Pidgin. 19
August 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
41. ^ Paddock, Richard C. (31 March 2022). "Myanmar Junta's Political Prisoners Since Coup
Now Number 10,000". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
42. ^ Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022). "Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan". Council on Foreign
Relations. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
43. ^ Jeffrey, Jack (23 October 2022). "Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military
junta". Associated Press. Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
44. ^ "Sudan's Constitution of 2005" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
45. ^ Choi, Joseph (8 September 2021). "EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill
promises". The Hill. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
46. ^ Ghobari, Mohamed; Tolba, Ahmed (7 April 2022). "Yemen president cedes powers to
council as Saudi Arabia pushes to end war". Reuters. Aden. Retrieved 14 April 2022. With
this declaration a Presidential Leadership Council shall be established to complete the
implementation of the tasks of the transitional period.[failed verification]
47. ^ For more detailed discussion, see John McCormick, European Union Politics (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.
External links
 Global Scan- Election Tracker
 Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical
Atlas of 20th Century
 A Chronology of political history based on Government form
 Political Chronology Chronological development of political history
 Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012
Portal:
 politics
Categories:
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 Countries by form of government
 This page was last edited on 24 March 2023, at 19:31 (UTC).
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List of countries by system of government

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of the Politics series

Basic forms of government

List of forms of government

This is a list of sovereign states by system of government. There is also a political

 Presidential republic: Head of state is a president that is the head of

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Presidency independent of legislature;

Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Antigua and Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Presidency independent of legislature;

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Monarch personally exercises power in

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Monarch personally exercises power in

Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Bosnia and Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Presidency is elected by legislature;

Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

All authority vested in a committee of the

Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Presidency independent of legislature;

All authority vested in a committee of the

Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

China, People's Republic Ceremonial Power constitutionally linked to a single

Republic of political movement[note 2]

Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Congo, Presidency independent of legislature;

Presidency independent of legislature;

Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Power constitutionally linked to a single

Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Presidency independent of legislature;

Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Presidency independent of legislature;

El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature