Department of Education

National Capital Region

10 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE

MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 3
Control and Coordinating Center
of the Body: The Nervous System

Lorita A. Domingo

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 What I Need to Know

The purpose of this module is to help you understand the organism as

having feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis to reproduce and
survive. The module has one lesson:
Lesson- Control and Coordinating Center of the body-The Nervous System

After going through this module, you are expected to describe how the
nervous system coordinates and regulates the feedback mechanisms to
maintain homeostasis. S10LT-IIIc-36
Specifically, you are expected to:
● describe the division and subdivisions of the nervous system;
● distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation,
integration, and response; and
● describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these feedback
mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.

What I Know

Read each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Humans can react to changes in the environment because of the nervous

system. Which word means a change in the environment?
A. Hormone C. Reaction
B. Neuron D. Stimulus

2. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the fast beating of the
heart?
A. Central nervous system
B. Parasympathetic nervous system
C. Somatic nervous system
D. Sympathetic nervous system

3. What type of nerve cells are found only within the brain and spinal cord?
A. Efferent neuron C. Motor neuron
B. Interneuron D. Sensory neuron

4. Which body condition is controlled by the hypothalamus?

A. Heartbeat C. Body temperature
B. Body movement D. Interpretation of information

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5. The receptors in a girl’s body detect changes in the environment. Which organs
of the body contain the receptors for flashing red lights of an ambulance car?
A. Ears C. Nose
B. Eyes D. Skin

6. Which system carries the information to all parts of the body?

A. Circulatory system C. Nervous system
B. Endocrine system D. Respiratory system

7. Communication and regulation within your body are needed for homeostasis.
Which system (s) provides this communication and regulation?
A. Endocrine system only C. Nervous System and Endocrine System
B. Nervous system only D. Immune System and Nervous System

8. Which hormone has no significance in maintaining the calcium level in the blood?
A. Calcitonin B. Cortin C. Insulin D. Parathormone

9. Which statement regarding glucose homeostasis is not true?

A. The concentration of glucose outside the cell is monitored by insulin and
glucagon.
B. The conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
C. The absorption of glucose by the cell in the presence of insulin
D. The release of ADH to increase water retention in the blood, diluting the glucose.

10. Which hormone causes the decrease of sugar in the blood?

A. adrenaline C. glycogen
B. glucagon D. insulin

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Lesson Control and Coordinating Center of
the Body: The Nervous System

What’s In

One of the common characteristics of all living things is the capacity to

respond to environmental changes. The factors that contribute to these changes
could either be external or internal. External factors include things or events
outside the body of organisms such as the intensity of light while internal factors
pertain to the things or conditions that happen inside the body of organisms.
Supply the following human body conditions with correct information.
Body Conditions Within normal range
Body Temperature
Blood pH
Heartbeat per minute

Guide Questions:
1. What will happen if the normal body temperature or blood pH or heart rate is
not maintained within the normal range?
2. What is homeostasis?
3. Why is it important to maintain the internal normal conditions of the body?

What’s New

Activity: The Structural Components of Nervous System

You Will Need:
Science notebook
Procedure:
1. Study the division and subdivisions of the Nervous System and answer the
questions that follow. Write your answers in your science notebook.

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Is divided
into connected

CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL

SYSTEM (CNS) NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC AUTONOMIC
SPINAL PERIPHERAL PERIPHERAL
CORD NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS)
SYSTEM (PNS)
(COMPOSED OF
(COMPOSED OF AUTONOMIC
SOMATIC
BRAIN NERVES
NERVES)

HINDBRAIN Compose
of

CEREBELLUM
SENSORY MOTOR SENSORY
MOTOR
NEURONS NEURONS NEURONS
NEURONS
PONS

connected
MEDULLA
OBLONGATA INVOLUNTAR
VOLUNTARY
MUSCLES Y MUSCLES
AND GLANDS
MIDBRAIN

FOREBRAIN

CEREBRUM

THALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

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2. Read and understand the functions of the main division of the nervous system.

Major Division of Nervous Functions

System
CENTRAL NERVOUS Consist of the brain and spinal cord and serves
SYSTEM as the PROCESSING CENTER, where the
INFORMATION RECEIVED from either external
environment or internal environment are being
INTERPRETED and DECIDES on what the body
will do to maintain homeostasis/equilibrium.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS Consists of all nerves (sensory neurons and
SYSTEM motor neurons) that carry the information to the
Central Nervous System and other parts of the
body.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
2. How is the central nervous system different from the peripheral nervous system
in terms of structural components and functions?
3. How is the peripheral nervous system connected to the central nervous system?

Activity: The Human Brain

You Will Need:

Illustration of the brain
Science notebookProcedure:
1. Study the illustration below showing the parts of the brain.

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2. Read and understand the functions of each part of the brain.
Parts of the brain Functions
A. Hindbrain
1. Pons  Receives signals/information from the spinal cord
2. Medulla Oblongata and forwarded it to the upper parts of the brain.
 Controls the heartbeat and breathing process.
 Controls the reflexes like swallowing, coughing,
vomiting, and sneezing.
3. Cerebellum  Controls the posture and coordinates voluntary
movements.
B. Midbrain  Receives signals/information from the Pons and
Medulla Oblongata and forwarded it to the
Forebrain.
C. Forebrain
1. Thalamus  Receives signals/information from the different
parts of the body. Before the signals are forwarded
to the proper regions of the cerebrum, it is being
sorted out first.
2. Hypothalamus  Located below the thalamus and maintains the
normal level of different body conditions.
 Control the sensation for feelings of hunger and
taste.
 Control body temperature and blood pressure.
 Control the hormonal secretion of the pituitary
gland
3. Cerebrum  Receives and integrates sensory
signals/information forwarded by the Thalamus
 Interprets and allows the body to experience the
sensation of taste, touch, smell, seeing, and
hearing.
 Responsible for thinking, reasoning, and
imagination.
 Controls emotion and memory.

Guide Questions:
1. What do the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata control?
2. What parts of the brain relay the signals/information to the cerebrum?
Why should the signal pass these parts before it is forwarded to the cerebrum?

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3. What might be the result if the following parts are damage:
a. medulla oblongata
b. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
d. cerebrum

What Is It

In modules 1 and 2 you have learned how hormones regulate and control
the development and functions of human reproductive systems. Not to mention the
involvement of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, in controlling the secretion of
hormones in the pituitary gland that eventually affects the structural development
and physiological functions of the reproductive systems. In this module, you will
learn how the nervous system and endocrine system work together in regulating
other body processes to maintain an internal balance called Homeostasis.
The nervous system works in controlling the body functions through the
interconnecting nerve cells, the brain, and the spinal cord.
A. The Nerve Cells- Neurons
The neurons are the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous
system. Figure A shows the structure of neurons. There are three types of neurons,
shown in Figure B, that make up the nervous system namely sensory neurons,
motor neurons, and interneurons. Although they look different from one another,
they share common parts such as dendrites, cell body, and axon.

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Figure B. Types of Neurons
The neurons connect the brain and the spinal cord to the environment.
These three types of neurons carry nerve impulses, an electrical signal, to and
from the spinal cord and brain. However, the direction of the nerve impulse along a
neuron and in the neural circuit is a one-way direction. The nerve impulse starts
to generate at the cell body once the dendrites received stimulation from the
sensory receptors or other neurons. Sensory receptors are specialized cells,
located in the sense organs and other cells inside the body, that can detect
changes in the environment. The nerve impulse generated from the cell body will be
carried along with the axon-to-axon terminals. As the nerve impulse reaches the
axon terminals, it will release the neurotransmitter at the synaptic gap between
the axon terminal and dendrites of another neuron. The neurotransmitter will then
stimulate the next neuron and will begin to generate and transmit the nerve
impulse. Figure C shows how the neurons are organized in the spinal cord and
brain. The sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from the receptor cells of sense
organs to the spinal cord and the brain. As the impulse, commonly known as a
signal, reach the spinal cord and the brain, there are billions of interneurons or
associative neurons that receive and integrate the impulse from the sensory
neurons and then relay these signals to motor neurons which in turn transmit the
signals to effector cells in muscles and glands for actions.

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Figure C. Communication in the Nervous System

B. Structural Components of the Nervous System

Activity 1.2, shows the main division and subdivisions of the Nervous
system, the Central Nervous System (CNS), and the Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS).
The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
Activity 1.2, describes the parts and functions of the brain. The parts of the brain
are classified as Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain. Among the three groups,
the Forebrain serves as the major processing center because part of it is the
Cerebrum.
The Thalamus is the relay center of the brain as well as the Midbrain, the Pons,
and Medulla Oblongata. However, the Pons and the Medulla oblongata, as part of
the Hindbrain, control the vital functions of the body like breathing and heartbeat.

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 The Peripheral Nervous System which in turn is divided into Somatic
Peripheral Nervous System and Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System. The
Peripheral Nervous System consists mainly of nerve cells or neurons that are
classified based on where they originated as shown in Figure D. There are 12 pairs
of Cranial Nerves, connected from the brain to the organs in the head, and 31
pairs of Spinal Nerves, connected from the spinal cord to the neck and lower parts
of the body.

Figure D. The Peripheral Nervous System

Each pair of cranial nerves or spinal nerves is composed of sensory neurons
and motor neurons. Hence, the Somatic Peripheral Nervous system and Autonomic
Peripheral Nervous System are composed of these pairs of nerves emerging from
the brain and spinal cord. However, in the Somatic Peripheral Nervous system, the
motor neurons carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to voluntary muscles,
enabling the body to respond under conscious awareness. In the Autonomic
Peripheral Nervous System, the motor neurons carry signals from the brain and
spinal cord to involuntary muscles like the cardiac muscles of the heart and
smooth muscles of blood vessels, digestive organs, and the glands, enabling these
organs to respond even without conscious awareness. The Autonomic Peripheral
Nervous System is further subdivided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous System. The Sympathetic Nervous System is responsible for our actions
in emergencies wherein our body functions are heightened like fast breathing and

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heartbeat, to prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response. The Parasympathetic
Nervous System works when the body is relaxed or responsible for returning the
body to a normal state like slowing the breathing and heartbeat after an
emergency. Despite the events of an emergency period or relaxing time, the
Autonomic Nervous System is always active, together the Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic maintain the homeostatic condition of the body without our
conscious thoughts.
C. Maintaining Homeostasis through the Coordination of Nervous System and
Endocrine System

Homeostasis and Feedback

The mechanisms that make adjustments to keep body conditions within
normal ranges are referred to as the Negative Feedback Mechanism. Study Figure
E showing the Negative Feedback Mechanism.

Figure E. Negative Feedback Mechanism

A Negative Feedback Mechanism always consists of a monitor, a regulator, and a

coordinating center. The monitor measures the environmental condition being
regulated. The regulator can change the environmental condition. The
coordinating center either gives a signal to the regulator to go or to stop
depending on the measurements made by the monitor. Negative feedback
mechanisms prevent small changes from becoming large changes.

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Maintaining Homeostasis by Nervous System and Endocrine System
Through the control of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, the Nervous
System together with the Endocrine System, provides the mechanism that
maintains the conditions within the range that the body can tolerate.
The nervous system controls and regulates body processes through
transmitting impulses along the neurons to the organ that will respond to
environmental changes. On the other hand, the endocrine system released
hormones and then carried them by the blood towards the target organ that would
do the action based on the changes in the environmental conditions. In module 1,
you have learned how the hypothalamus controls the endocrine glands by releasing
hormones that trigger the pituitary gland to secrete hormones that in turn
stimulates the gonads to release hormones that affect the production of gametes
necessary for reproduction.
The Pituitary gland is one of the glands that comprise the Endocrine
System. Figure F shows the location of different endocrine glands in the body and
table 1 shows the endocrine glands, the hormones secreted by each gland, and the
effects of hormones on the target organs.

Figure F. Endocrine System Organs

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Table 1 The Endocrine glands and its Secretion
Endocrine Hormones Functions
Glands
Anterior Pituitary TSH-Thyroid Stimulates the thyroid gland to release
Gland/lobe Stimulating Hormone the thyroid hormone
ACTH- Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to secrete
Adrenocorticotropic glucocorticoids
Hormone
GH-Growth Hormone Stimulates almost all parts of the body to
increase its size
FSH-Follicle Stimulates meiotic division of gametes
Stimulating Hormone
LH-Luteinizing Stimulates the gonads to release estrogen
Hormone and testosterone
Prolactin Stimulates the mammary glands to
produce milk after a female give birth
Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin Stimulates the smooth muscles of the
Gland/lobe uterus to contract during child labor;
Stimulates the mammary gland to release
milk during nursing a baby.
ADH-Antidiuretic Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb the
Hormone water back to the blood and not to
Or Vasopressin eliminate from the body in the form of
urine
Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Control the metabolism, growth
physically and mentally by the body
Calcitonin Decreases the calcium level in the blood
Parathyroid Gland PTH-Parathyroid Increases the calcium level in the blood
Hormone
Or Parathormone
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids Increases blood sugar/glucose;
(cortisol, cortisone) Regulate the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins;
Promotes the health of connective tissues
A small amount of Affect the development of secondary sex
androgen characteristics
Cortin Regulates Na+, Ca, and water balance in
the blood
Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine Stimulates the blood vessel’s diameter to
(Adrenaline) decrease thereby increasing blood
and Norepinephrine pressure;
Causes the processes in the body to
increase the rate, preparing for
emergencies

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Pancreas (Islets of Insulin Stimulates the liver to change glucose to
Langerhans) glycogen, therefore decreasing the level of
glucose/sugar in the blood;
Glucagon Stimulates the liver to change glycogen to
glucose, therefore increasing the level of
glucose/sugar in the blood
Somatostatin Stop the secretion of both insulin and
glucagon
Testes(gonad) Androgen Stimulates sperm cells production and
(Testosterone) development of traits that make an
individual appears masculine
Ovaries Estrogen Stimulates the uterine lining to grow and
causes the development of secondary
sexual characteristics that makes an
individual appear feminine.
Progesterone Stimulates the thickening of the uterine
lining, preparing the body for a possible
pregnancy.

What’s More

A. Put a checkmark in the appropriate box to identify which division and functions
of the nervous system do each organ or activity belongs to. Copy the table and
answer in your science notebook.

Parts/Body activities DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS PNS Sensation Integration Response
1. cranial nerves
2. sweating
3. pupils dilating
4. feels the warmth of
the sun
5. brain
6.secreting
of hormones
7. hearing noise
8. decision making
9. picking up an
object
10. spinal cord

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B. Complete the diagram showing the relationship between the Nervous System
and Endocrine System in maintaining homeostasis through Negative Feedback
Mechanism. Put a plus sign (+) beside the arrow if the effect is Stimulatory and a
minus sign (-) if the effect is Inhibitory.

Hypothalamus
5
1
2 6
Low level High level
Pituitary Gland- of
of
TSH Thyroxine
Thyroxine

3 7

4 8
Thyroid Gland-
Thyroxine

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions in complete sentences and write your
answers in your science notebook.
1. What is the correlation between Central Nervous System and the
Peripheral Nervous System?
2. How are neurons organized to transmit the signal to and from the central
nervous system?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. How does the body detect changes in its internal or external
environment?
5. How is the Negative Feedback Mechanism work to maintain homeostasis
in the body?

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 What I Can Do

1. As you are answering this module, explain how the sensory neurons,
interneurons, and motor neurons work together to relay the information to
your brain for integration and interpretation of what you are reading.

2. Explain how the hypothalamus and certain endocrine glands work together
to maintain the following conditions in the body. Specify the endocrine
glands involve and the hormones it releases.

Example: Regulation of water in the body

Because of too much sweating, the level of water in the body

becomes less, making the blood saltier. This will alert the hypothalamus to
release ADH into the Posterior Pituitary lobe/gland, releasing the ADH and
targeting the kidneys. As the ADH reaches the kidneys through blood
circulation, the kidney tubules become more permeable to water. Reabsorbing
water and returning it to the body thus forming less urine. As a result, the
water in the blood increases, salt concentration returned to the normal range.

a. level of glucose in the blood

b. calcium level in the blood

Posttest

Read each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Humans can react to changes in the environment because of the nervous system.
Which word means a change in the environment?
A. Hormone B. Neuron C. Reaction D. stimulus

2. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the fast beating of the heart?
A. Central nervous system C. Somatic nervous system
B. Parasympathetic nervous system D. Sympathetic nervous system

3. What type of nerve cells are found only within the brain and spinal cord?
A. Efferent neuron C. Motor neuron
B. Interneuron D. Sensory neuron

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4. Which of the following body conditions is controlled by the hypothalamus?
A. heartbeat C. body temperature
B. body movement D. interpretation of information

5. The receptors in a girl’s body detect changes in the environment. Which organs of
the body contain the receptors for flashing red lights of an ambulance car?
A. ears B. eyes C. nose D. skin

6. Which system carries the information to all parts of the body?

A. circulatory system C. nervous system
B. endocrine system D. respiratory system

7. Communication and regulation within your body are needed for homeostasis.
Which system (s) provides this communication and regulation?
A. Endocrine system only C. Nervous System and Endocrine System
B. Nervous system only D. Immune System and Nervous System

8. Which of the following hormones has no significance in maintaining the calcium

level in the blood?
A. calcitonin B. cortin C. insulin D. parathormone

9. Which of the following statements regarding glucose homeostasis is not true?

A. the concentration of glucose outside the cell is monitored by insulin and glucagon
B. the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
C. the absorption of glucose by the cell in the presence of insulin
D. the release of ADH to increase water retention in the blood, diluting the glucose

10. Which hormone causes the decrease of sugar in the blood?

A. adrenaline B. glucagon C. glycogen D. insulin

References

Giuseppe, MD., Fraser,D., LeDrew,B., & Roberts, J. Biology11: College

Preparation. Singapore. Thompson Learning Asia. 2008.

Hoefnagels,M. Biology: The Essentials (2nd ed.). University of Oklahoma.

Mc Graw-Hill Education. 2016.

Johnson, G.B., & Raven, P.H. Biology: Johnson&Raven. Austin,Texas.

Holt,Rinehart and Winston. 2004.

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
City of Good Character
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WHAT’S IN
Body Conditions Within normal
range
BODY 36.20C-37.20C
TEMPERATURE
BLOOD pH 7.35-7.45
Heart beat per 50-100
minute beats/min
WHAT’MORE
Parts/Body DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
activities NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CNS PNS Sensation Integration Response
1. cranial ⁄
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
nerves
Answers may vary 2. sweating ⁄
3. pupils ⁄
dilating
4. feels the ⁄
WHAT I CAN DO warmth of
the sun
Answers may vary 5. brain ⁄
6.secreting ⁄
of
hormones
7. hearing ⁄
noise
8. decision ⁄
making
9. picking ⁄
up an
object
10. spinal ⁄
cord
Answer Key
(5th ed.). Singapore/Philippines. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. 2016.
Starr, C.,Evers, C., & Starr, L. Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Lorita A. Domingo

Content Editors: Alma B. Castaño
Jessica S. Mateo
Veronica A. Cena

Language Editor: Merian A. Dizon

Illustrator: Aira Jaime B. Ocampo

Cover Illustrator: Lian Joseph A. Domingo
Layout Artists: Guiller P. Belen
Jemwel Dela Paz
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: [email protected]

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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