Carvalhoetal 2021
Carvalhoetal 2021
Carvalhoetal 2021
net/publication/350688819
CITATIONS READS
6 962
9 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by João Paulo Mendes Tribst on 12 April 2021.
Article
Mechanical Behavior of Different Restorative Materials and
Onlay Preparation Designs in Endodontically Treated Molars
Ana Beatriz Gomes de Carvalho 1, Guilherme Schmitt de Andrade 1, João Paulo Mendes Tribst 2,
Elisa Donária Aboucauch Grassi 1, Pietro Ausiello 3,*, Guilherme de Siqueira Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra 1,
Adriano Bressane 4, Renata Marques de Melo 1 and Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges 1
1 Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State
University (Unesp), São José dos Campos 12245‐000, Brazil; [email protected] (A.B.G.d.C.);
[email protected] (G.S.d.A.); [email protected] (E.D.A.G.);
[email protected] (G.d.S.F.A.S.); [email protected] (R.M.d.M.);
[email protected] (A.L.S.B.)
2 Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department Dentistry, University of Taubate (UNITAU),
Taubate 12020‐270, Brazil; [email protected]
3 Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Dentistry,
University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
4 Graduate Oral Health Applied Science, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), São José dos Campos 12245‐000, Brazil; [email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]
Citation: Gomes de Carvalho, A.B.;
de Andrade, G.S.; Mendes Tribst, Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of the combination of three different onlay preparation
J.P.; Grassi, E.D.A.; Ausiello, P.; designs and two restorative materials on the stress distribution, using 3D‐finite element analysis.
Saavedra, G.d.S.F.A.; Bressane, A.; Six models of first lower molars were created according to three preparation designs: non‐retentive
Marques de Melo, R.; Borges, A.L.S. (nRET), traditional with occlusal isthmus reduction (IST), and traditional without occlusal isthmus
Mechanical Behavior of Different reduction (wIST); and according to two restorative materials: lithium‐disilicate (LD) and nanoc‐
Restorative Materials and Onlay eramic resin (NR). A 600 N axial load was applied at the central fossa. All solids were considered
Preparation Designs in isotropic, homogeneous, and linearly elastic. A static linear analysis was performed, and the
Endodontically Treated Molars.
Maximum Principal Stress (MPS) criteria were used to evaluate the results and compare the stress
Materials 2021, 14, 1923.
in MPa on the restoration, cement layer, and tooth structure (enamel and dentin). A novel statisti‐
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081923
cal approach was used for quantitative analysis of the finite element analysis results. On restora‐
tion and cement layer, nRET showed a more homogeneous stress distribution, while the highest
Academic Editor: Claudio Poggio
stress peaks were calculated for LD onlays (restoration: 69–110; cement layer: 10.2–13.3). On the
Received: 18 March 2021 tooth structure, the material had more influence, with better results for LD (27–38). It can be con‐
Accepted: 7 April 2021 cluded that nRET design showed the best mechanical behavior compared to IST and wIST, with LD
Published: 12 April 2021 being more advantageous for tooth structure and NR for the restoration and cement layer.
1. Introduction
Onlay is defined as “partial‐coverage restoration that restores one or more cusps
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
and adjoining occlusal surfaces or the entire occlusal surface and is retained by mechan‐
This article is an open access article ical or adhesive means” [1]. Despite the excellent performance of onlays and metal
distributed under the terms and crowns [2,3], the demand for materials that increasingly meets the aesthetic demand
conditions of the Creative Commons presses for the development of new materials. The advent of enamel etching in the
Attribution (CC BY) license mid‐twentieth century [4], dentin adhesion in the 1970s [5], and the development of hy‐
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses drofluoric acid etching of dental porcelains [6] made it possible to perform indirect ad‐
/by/4.0/). hesive partial restorations, such as laminate veneers, inlays, and onlays.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081923 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 2 of 13
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 3 of 13
fied and less retentive geometries [41]. Clinically, the studies that evaluated the execution
of restorative treatments with preparations without emphasis on the retention method
were promising, recommending more and more the importance of the conservation of
the remaining healthy dental structure [28], both for resin and ceramic restorations
[10,11]. The guidelines for these preparations are introduced in critical literature reviews
[29,31,34]; even so, it is advisable to carry out a long‐term control of these restorations.
Based on this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preparation design
and restorative material combination on stress distribution at the restoration, tooth
structure, and adhesive interface, using the finite element analysis (FEA). The first null
hypothesis is that the preparation design will not affect the stress distribution on resto‐
ration, cement layer, and tooth structure; the second null hypothesis is that the restora‐
tive material will not affect the analyzed structures.
2. Materials and Methods
The study followed a 3 × 2 factorial design, considering the factors’ preparation de‐
sign: non‐retentive adhesive preparation (nRET) [29], traditional all‐ceramic onlay prep‐
aration with occlusal isthmus reduction (IST) [42], and traditional all‐ceramic onlay
preparation without occlusal isthmus reduction (wIST) [28,42]; and the onlay restorative
material: lithium‐disilicate (LD) and CAD‐CAM nanoceramic resin (NR) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Study groups. Factor preparation design: nRET—Non retentive adhesive preparation;
IST—traditional all‐ceramic onlay preparation design with occlusal isthmus reduction;
wIST—traditional all‐ceramic onlay preparation without occlusal isthmus reduction. Factor onlay
restorative material: lithium‐disilicate (LD); nanoceramic resin (NR).
To obtain the models for finite element analysis (FEA), all preparations were exe‐
cuted on a lower right first molar typodont (MOM, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil), according
to the following recommendations: simplified non‐retentive preparation
(nRET)—occlusal reduction following the natural tooth morphology (2 mm on functional
cups, 1.5 mm on non‐functional cusp), no isthmus preparation, all angles and walls
smoothed and rounded, U‐shaped proximal box with smooth transition, and oblique
bevel in the cavosurface angles [29,38]; traditional overlay with isthmus preparation
(IST)—occlusal reduction following the natural tooth morphology (2 mm on functional
cups, 1.5 mm on non‐functional cusp), isthmus preparation of 2 × 2 mm, proximal box
thickness of 1 mm, chamfer of 1 mm in the axial walls, and an overall preparation angle
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 4 of 13
of 6–10° toward the occlusal aspect [38,43]; and traditional onlay without isthmus prep‐
aration (wIST)—butt‐joint preparation in the proximal box with 1 mm of thickness, inte‐
rior walls diverging 6–10°, occlusal anatomy reduction following fissure directions and
the resulting proportion of the cusps (2 mm on functional cups, 1.5 mm on non‐functional
cusp), and chamfer preparation of 1 mm on the axial walls [28,38,42]. For the standardi‐
zation of the preparation’s extension, a silicone matrix was made and used to mark the
limits of extracoronary preparations with a brush pen.
An unprepared typodont and the prepared ones were digitally impressed with an
intraoral scanner (CS 3600, Carestream, Nova York, NY, USA). The 3D “.stl” (file exten‐
sion) mesh was exported to Non‐Uniform Rational Basis Spline (NURBS) modeling
software (Rhinoceros 6.0SR8, McNell North America, Seattle, WA, USA). Then, following
the BioCAD technique [44], an intact tooth was designed. The root, pulp, and dentin
morphology were estimated based on common tooth anatomy [45,46]. An endodontic
treatment (crown‐down technique with 4% conicity, 25% tapering), a large class II me‐
sio‐occluso‐distal) (MOD) cavity with 2 ± 0.5 mm thickness of remaining wall, and a
composite resin build‐up were generated in order to simulate a clinical condition of tooth
structure loss.
The 3D “.stl” mesh obtained from the digital impression of the preparations made in
the typodont was used for modelling the preparation designs (Figure 2). Then, a Boolean
subtraction was performed on the MOD restored tooth obtained by the BioCAD tech‐
nique (Figure 3). The external layer of the onlay preparation was duplicated and used as
a base for modelling a 100‐micron cementing layer thickness. This step was repeated for
each preparation design.
Figure 2. (a) Typodont digital impression of the intact tooth; (b) digital modelling in NURBS of the intact tooth with an‐
atomic dental structures; (c) MOD cavity simulation; (d) Structures of the final model.
Figure 3. Steps for obtaining FEA preparations models: (a) onlay dental preparation on typodont;
(b) virtual model obtained by digital impression; (c) designing of preparations using BioCAD
technique.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 5 of 13
The geometries were imported into a Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software
(ANSYS 19.2, ANSYS Inc., Houston, TX, USA) in “.step” format, and tetrahedral elements
were used to generate the mesh. The number of elements and nodes are described in Ta‐
ble 1, and they were defined after the mesh convergence test with 10% of relevance. The
cervical region of the root (2 mm below the cement‐enamel junction) was selected for
system fixation condition, ensuring that the only movement constraint was on the Z‐axis.
The interfaces were considered perfectly bonded, and the geometries were considered
isotropic, homogeneous, and linearly elastic. A vertical occlusal load of 600 N [47] was
applied at the central fossa region, in the internal surface of the mesio and disto‐lingual
cusps, and in the internal surface of the buccal median cusp (tripod contact) (Figure 4)
[48–50]. The solid volumes described in the final models are displayed in Table 1. The
mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus (E) in GPa and Poisson’s ratio (V), were
achieved through the literature or manufacturer data. The solid structures present in the
final models consisted of: onlay made of lithium‐disilicate (E = 95; V = 0.3) [51] or nanoc‐
eramic resin (E = 12.8; V = 0.3) [52], enamel (E = 84; V = 0.3) [53], dentin (E = 18; V = 0.23)
[54,55], cement layer (E = 7; V = 0.3) [56], and bulkfill composite resin build‐up (E = 8; V =
0.25) [57]. The results in the restoration, cement layer, and tooth structure were obtained
using Maximum Principal Stress (MPS), which indicates the tensile stress results in MPa.
A limitation of the FE model may be the load application, since this analysis
sim‐ulates a static and not a dynamic load. In this study, only the application of axial load
was considered to control the included variables in the present study. By applying loads
on cusp inclination, the angle of the inclination could influence the results [54]. Another
limitation is the fact that Residual shrinkage stress was not simulated, since it can influ‐
ence the biomechanical behavior of the restoration and interfaces [58]. In addition, as it is
an in silico analysis, it does not match all real clinical conditions, which is also a limita‐
tion of the technique.
Table 1. Number of nodes, elements, and volume of tooth structure reduction (sum of the restora‐
tion and cement layer volume), according to the model of each preparation design.
Figure 4. FEA processing steps: (a) mesh generation; (b) fixation of the system; and (c) axial load
application (600 N).
A novel statistical approach was used for quantitative analysis of the finite element
analysis results. For this, after the finite element analysis was performed, the tensile
stress peaks on restoration; cementing layer and tooth structure were exported from the
CAE software (ANSYS 19.2, ANSYS Inc., Houston, TX, USA), according to the element
number corresponding to the numerical calculation. A correlation was made between
real and theoretical probabilities, in order to define the distribution curve that best fits the
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 6 of 13
data. The stress distribution was recorded as colorimetric maps (MPa) with adjustable
color scale corresponding to the stress magnitude comparison between the preparation
designs for each analyzed structure.
3. Results
The FEA results are represented in colorimetric graphs in Figure 5, and the values of
the Maximum Principal Stress (MPa) in the form of distribution graphs are plotted in
Figure 6. The shape parameters of the distribution graphs are summarized in Table 2. To
obtain the stress distribution, the automatic labelling maximum value in the CAE soft‐
ware was used to detect the region of higher stress magnitude; in sequence, the stress
data were exported in “.txt” file instead of colorimetric maps. The stress data were orga‐
nized according to their distribution and shape. The stress on the tooth structure (enamel,
dentine, and build‐up) was measured using the Maximum probe detected by the Me‐
chanical APDL (ANSYS 19.2, ANSYS Inc., Houston, TX, USA). After that, the peaks were
plotted in bar graphs (Figure 6).
Observing the stress distribution on the restoration’s intaglio surface, LD onlays
(69–110 MPa) showed higher tensile stress concentration than NR (10–24 MPa). For NR
models, the wIST preparation stress peaks were twice that of nRET (12 MPa), with IST
being slightly higher (17 MPa) than nRET. It can be seen in the FEA distribution graph
(Figure 6) that stress peak values below 10 MPa were more frequent in the nRET LD and
wIST LD groups. Stress values between 30 and 50 MPa were more frequent in the IST LD
group, with a similar distribution for the nRET LD and wIST LD groups. For groups re‐
stored with NR, higher stress peaks were more frequent in the wIST group, followed by
the IST and nRET groups. For LD onlays, the stress distribution on the restoration’s in‐
taglio showed that the preparation design influenced the stress distribution; nRET had a
homogeneous distribution and lower peaks (68 MPa), followed by IST (77 MPa), and
higher for wIST (110 MPa) (Figures 5 and 6).
Table 2. Distribution and shape parameter of each of the stress peak data of each group.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 7 of 13
Figure 5. FEA Maximum Principal Stress results: (a) restoration’s intaglio surface; (b) cement layer; (c) tooth structure.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 8 of 13
Figure 6. Quantitative FEA analysis: (a) distribution graph of the stress data on the restoration exported from the analysis
software; (b) stress peaks on each group.
4. Discussion
Results of this study indicated that the first null hypothesis was rejected, because the
preparation design affected the stress concentration in the restoration, cement layer, and
tooth structure.
The basic form of dental preparations did not significantly change over the years,
even with the advent of new restorative materials [59]. However the mechanical behavior
of restoration, cement layer surface, and tooth structure were affected according to the
preparation design. The results of the present study confirm that non‐retentive prepara‐
tions have mechanical advantages in all analyzed structures.
The IST preparation was firstly designed on the non‐adhesive restorations, pre‐
senting the concepts of mechanical retention and the material’s resistance [34]. However,
with the development of the adhesive dentistry, these dental shapes are not required
anymore. Moreover, the presence of shoulders and isthmus preparation provided a
complex geometrical shape to the preparation, which promoted high stress concentration
on all the simulated clinical situations observed in this study. In fact, retentive prepara‐
tions with complex geometry have more internal angles, and these geometric changes
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 9 of 13
result in greater stress in these areas, and these regions are potentially considered as
breaking points for the restorations [21,40].
The lithium‐disilicate wIST and IST groups concentrated more tensile stress on the
restoration intaglio surface than nRET. Non‐retentive preparations with simplified ge‐
ometry can transform the negative tensile stresses for ceramic restorations into
non‐damaging compression stresses [27,29]. This aspect was also detected by Falahchai et
al.[39] who found that simplified designs without retention forms reduced the incidence
of restoration fracture.
Since the most frequent clinical failure pattern in teeth restored with onlay is frac‐
ture of the restoration [25,60,61], non‐retentive preparation could increase the longevity
of this type of restoration. Besides, the presence of pronounced shoulders was proven to
require an extensive removal of tooth structure [62].
Another common clinical failure mode in onlays restorations is debonding [25].
Although it can be considered that more retentive preparations would have less risk of
detachment or debonding, our study indicated that the nRET model preparation con‐
centrated less tensile stress in the cement layer compared to the retentive one. In addi‐
tion, the area with more stress concentration was located on enamel, a more reliable ad‐
hesive substrate [63]. In this sense, the occurrences of reported clinical failures could be
associated with operative errors with the adhesive technique.
During the preparation design, IST preparation required more tooth reduction on
tooth structure, resulting in loss of structural tissue, while wIST could reduce the loss of
dental tissues [28]. Thus, the execution of isthmus preparation could weaken the dental
structure [64], especially because the intracoronal extension can create a wedge effect
[39]. In this sense, the nRET and wIST preparations were more advantageous for dental
structure integrity.
The nRET preparation does not require resistance and retention forms; the geometry
follows a smooth and fluid curve with open angles. These characteristics render this op‐
erative technique easier to perform, and it also provides a minimally invasive interven‐
tion once there is no need to remove sound tooth structure to achieve the ideal geometric
forms. It was specified that dental procedures, especially inlays and onlays, performed
by unexperienced professionals tend to present higher failure rates when comparing to
experienced dentists [65].
On the other hand, the retentive features of IST and wIST will provide a defined
path of insertion of the onlay, which will facilitate seating during cementation and reduce
the exposure of the cement at the margin [25]. Besides that, the longevity of the restora‐
tive treatment in non‐retentive preparation relies on the adhesion to dental tissues and
restorative material. Thus, techniques such as immediate dentin sealing [66], air abrasion
[67], oblique cut of the enamel [68], and the use of reliable adhesive materials supported
by the literature are indicated [69].
The second null hypothesis of the study, that the restorative material would have no
effect on mechanical behavior, was also rejected. That is, the results showed that LD
onlays concentrate more tensile stress on the restoration and in the cement layer, while
NR onlays concentrate stress mainly in the tooth structure.
When a more elastic material was used, the design of the preparation did not sig‐
nificantly affect the mechanical behavior of the restoration. Composite resin onlays can
be advantageous, especially in patients with high masticatory forces and suspected par‐
afunctional habits such as bruxism, since there is a lower risk of the restoration fracture
[26,49,50]. Additionally, when comparing the mechanical behavior of resin‐based mate‐
rials, especially for the nRET preparation, this material presented a mechanical behavior
that resembles a natural tooth, as analyzed by Costa et al., 2017 [70], which evaluated the
influence of different occlusal contacts and used premolars as models.
Resin‐based materials (NR) homogeneously distributed stress n almost all of the
cement surface, with a higher frequency of lower values, while lithium‐disilicate (LD)
concentrated higher peaks in more localized points (at the preparation margins and at the
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 10 of 13
axial‐occlusal edge) (Figure 5). Since the bond strength of lithium‐disilicate is higher than
that of nanoceramic resin, the highest stress values for LD are not critical for the occur‐
rence of debonding. The same premise is valid for NR. Since the peaks in FEA were be‐
tween 8 and 9.6 MPa, they do not reach 50% of the microtensile bond strength value of
the composite resin [71]. Given this assumption, composite resin‐based onlays could be
cemented over non‐retentive preparations [49,50].
On the other hand, NR onlays promoted a higher stress concentration and higher
peaks in the dental structure. Therefore, in situations with extremely fragile teeth, with
thin remaining walls or with the presence of cracks, the restorative material with the
greatest biomechanical advantage seems to be dental ceramics [27,72]. Based on what
was exposed, it is assumed that despite the better mechanical performance of NR, which
acts as a stress absorber due to the different Young’s modulus than LD (NR: E = 12.8; LD:
E = 95), both materials have their own clinical indication, and clinical success can be
achieved using both materials, depending on the correct indication.
A possible limitation of the study is that the simulated mesio‐occluso‐distal cavity
was designed arbitrarily with the CAD software, and not made from a real clinical con‐
dition such as those simulated in patient‐specific FEA studies. Probably, a pa‐
tient‐specific assessment could bring new information about the effect of the preparation
design [26,73]. In addition, the simulated occlusal contact generates loads in the axial
direction [74]; horizontal loads could simulate more critical effects on tooth, cement layer,
and restoration. Further studies should evaluate the clinical variables, such as the effect
of fatigue behavior, accuracy, and precision of digital and traditional impression, and
clinical trials should be encouraged to better understand the effect of the preparation
design.
5. Conclusions
Within the limitations of this study, it is possible to appreciate that:
1. The finite element analysis carried out on non‐retentive onlay dental preparation
showed the best mechanical behavior compared to other preparation designs;
2. The finite element analysis also showed that resin‐based materials presented a better
mechanical behavior than lithium‐disilicate ceramic;
3. Lithium‐disilicate ceramic materials could represent an interesting alternative of re‐
storative material in specific clinical situations, such as extremely fragile teeth or in
the presence of cracks.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 11 of 13
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. The Academy of Prosthodontics The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2017, 117, C1‐e105,
doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.12.001.
2. Bandlish, L.K.; Mariatos, G. Long‐term survivals of “direct‐wax” cast gold onlays: a retrospective study in a general dental
practice. Br. Dent. J. 2009, 207, 111–5, doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.668.
3. Studer, S.P.; Wettstein, F.; Lehner, C.; Zullo, T.G.; Schärer, P. Long‐term survival estimates of cast gold inlays and onlays with
their analysis of failures. J. Oral Rehabil. 2000, 27, 461–472, doi:10.1046/j.1365‐2842.2000.00540.x.
4. Buonocore, M.G. A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J. Dent. Res. 1955,
34, 849–53, doi:10.1177/00220345550340060801.
5. Fusayama, T.; Nakamura, M.; Kurosaki, N.; Iwaku, M. Non‐pressure adhesion of a new adhesive restorative resin. J. Dent. Res.
1979, 58, 1364–70, doi:10.1177/00220345790580041101.
6. Simonsen, R.J.; Calamia, J.R. Tensile bond strength of etched porcelain. J. Dent. Res. 1982, 61, 74–351,
doi:10.1177/0022034582061S101.
7. Felden, A.; Schmalz, G.; Hiller, K.‐A. Retrospective clinical study and survival analysis on partial ceramic crowns: results up to
7 years. Clin. Oral Investig. 2000, 4, 199–205, doi:10.1007/s007840000082.
8. Magne, P.; Belser, U.C. Porcelain versus composite inlays/onlays: effects of mechanical loads on stress distribution, adhesion,
and crown flexure. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2003, 23, 543–55.
9. Frankenberger, R.; Taschner, M.; Garcia‐Godoy, F.; Petschelt, A.; Krämer, N. Leucite‐reinforced glass ceramic inlays and onlays
after 12 years. J. Adhes. Dent. 2008, 10, 393–8.
10. Rocca, G.T.; Rizcalla, N.; Krejci, I.; Dietschi, D. Evidence‐based concepts and procedures for bonded inlays and onlays. Part II.
Guidelines for cavity preparation and restoration fabrication. Int. J. Esthet. Dent. 2015, 10, 392–413.
11. Dietschi, D.; Spreafico, R. Evidence‐based concepts and procedures for bonded inlays and onlays. Part I. Historical perspec‐
tives and clinical rationale for a biosubstitutive approach. Int. J. Esthet. Dent. 2015, 10, 210–27.
12. Christensen, G.J. Considering tooth‐colored inlays and onlays versus crowns. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2008, 139, 617–620,
doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0224.
13. Magne, P.; Schlichting, L.H.; Maia, H.P.; Baratieri, L.N. In vitro fatigue resistance of CAD/CAM composite resin and ceramic
posterior occlusal veneers. J Prosthet Dent 2010, 104, 149–57, doi:10.1016/S0022‐3913(10)60111‐4.
14. Magne, P. Composite resins and bonded porcelain: the postamalgam era? J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. 2006, 34, 135–47.
15. Edelhoff, D.; Ahlers, M.O. Occlusal onlays as a modern treatment concept for the reconstruction of severely worn occlusal
surfaces. Quintessence Int 2018, doi:10.3290/j.qi.a40482.
16. Gracis, S.; Thompson, V.P.; Ferencz, J.L.; Silva, N.R.F.A.; Bonfante, E.A. A new classification system for all‐ceramic and ce‐
ramic‐like restorative materials. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2015, 28, 227–35, doi:10.11607/ijp.4244.
17. Mainjot, A.K.; Dupont, N.M.; Oudkerk, J.C.; Dewael, T.Y.; Sadoun, M.J. From Artisanal to CAD‐CAM Blocks. J. Dent. Res. 2016,
95, 487–495, doi:10.1177/0022034516634286.
18. Otto, T. Up to 27‐years clinical long‐term results of chairside Cerec 1 CAD/CAM inlays and onlays. Int. J. Comput. Dent. 2017,
20, 315–329.
19. Pashley, D.H.; Tay, F.R.; Breschi, L.; Tjäderhane, L.; Carvalho, R.M.; Carrilho, M.; Tezvergil‐Mutluay, A. State of the art
etch‐and‐rinse adhesives. Dent. Mater. 2011, 27, 1–16, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.016.
20. Van Meerbeek, B.; Yoshihara, K.; Yoshida, Y.; Mine, A.; De Munck, J.; Van Landuyt, K.L. State of the art of self‐etch adhesives.
Dent. Mater. 2011, 27, 17–28, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.023.
21. Guess, P.C.; Schultheis, S.; Wolkewitz, M.; Zhang, Y.; Strub, J.R. Influence of preparation design and ceramic thicknesses on
fracture resistance and failure modes of premolar partial coverage restorations. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2013, 110, 264–273,
doi:10.1016/S0022‐3913(13)60374‐1.
22. Homaei, E.; Farhangdoost, K.; Tsoi, J.K.H.; Matinlinna, J.P.; Pow, E.H.N. Static and fatigue mechanical behavior of three dental
CAD/CAM ceramics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016, 59, 304–313, doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.01.023.
23. Sasse, M.; Krummel, A.; Klosa, K.; Kern, M. Influence of restoration thickness and dental bonding surface on the fracture re‐
sistance of full‐coverage occlusal veneers made from lithium disilicate ceramic. Dent. Mater. 2015, 31, 907–915,
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2015.04.017.
24. Kaytan, B.; Onal, B.; Pamir, T.; Tezel, H. Clinical evaluation of indirect resin composite and ceramic onlays over a 24‐month
period. Gen. Dent. 2005, 53, 329–34.
25. Abduo, J.; Sambrook, R.J. Longevity of ceramic onlays: A systematic review. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent. 2018, 30, 193–215,
doi:10.1111/jerd.12384.
26. Magne, P. Virtual prototyping of adhesively restored, endodontically treated molars. J Prosthet Dent 2010, 103, 343–351,
doi:10.1016/S0022‐3913(10)60074‐1.
27. Milicich, G. The compression dome concept: The restorative implications. Gen. Dent. 2017, 65, 55–60.
28. Veneziani, M. Posterior indirect adhesive restorations: updated indications and the Morphology Driven Preparation Tech‐
nique. Int J Esthet Dent 2017, 12, 204–230.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 12 of 13
29. Politano, G.; Van Meerbeek, B.; Peumans, M. Nonretentive bonded ceramic partial crowns: concept and simplified protocol for
long‐lasting dental restorations. J. Adhes. Dent. 2018, 20, 495–510, doi:10.3290/j.jad.a41630.
30. Christensen, G.J. Tooth‐colored inlays and onlays. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1988, 117, 12E‐17E, doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1988.0036.
31. Broderson, S.P. Complete‐crown and partial‐coverage tooth preparation designs for bonded cast ceramic restorations. Quin‐
tessence Int. 1994, 25, 535–9.
32. Arnetzl, G. V; Arnetzl, G. Biomechanical examination of inlay geometries‐‐is there a basic biomechanical principle? Int. J.
Comput. Dent. 2009, 12, 119–130.
33. Ahlers, M.O.; Mörig, G.; Blunck, U.; Hajtó, J.; Pröbster, L.; Frankenberger, R. Guidelines for the preparation of CAD/CAM
ceramic inlays and partial crowns. Int J Comput Dent 2009, 12, 309–25.
34. Banks, R.G. Conservative posterior ceramic restorations: A literature review. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1990, 63, 619–626,
doi:10.1016/0022‐3913(90)90316‐5.
35. Anusavice, K.J.; Kakar, K.; Ferree, N. Which mechanical and physical testing methods are relevant for predicting the clinical
performance of ceramic‐based dental prostheses? Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2007, 18, 218–231,
doi:10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2007.01460.x.
36. Ausiello, P.; Ciaramella, S.; Martorelli, M.; Lanzotti, A.; Gloria, A.; Watts, D.C. CAD‐FE modeling and analysis of class II res‐
torations incorporating resin‐composite, glass ionomer and glass ceramic materials. Dent. Mater. 2017, 33, 1456–1465,
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2017.10.010.
37. Gloria, A.; Maietta, S.; Martorelli, M.; Lanzotti, A.; Watts, D.C.; Ausiello, P. FE analysis of conceptual hybrid composite endo‐
dontic post designs in anterior teeth. Dent. Mater. 2018, 34, 1063–1071, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2018.04.004.
38. de Andrade, G.S.; Pinto, A.B.A.; Tribst, J.P.M.; Chun, E.P.; Borges, A.L.S.; de Siqueira Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra, G. Does
overlay preparation design affect polymerization shrinkage stress distribution? A 3D FEA study. Comput. Methods Biomech.
Biomed. Engin. 2021, 1–10, doi:10.1080/10255842.2020.1866561.
39. Falahchai, M.; Babaee Hemmati, Y.; Neshandar Asli, H.; Rezaei, E. Effect of tooth preparation design on fracture resistance of
zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate overlays. J. Prosthodont. 2020, jopr.13160, doi:10.1111/jopr.13160.
40. Clausen, J.‐O.; Abou Tara, M.; Kern, M. Dynamic fatigue and fracture resistance of non‐retentive all‐ceramic full‐coverage
molar restorations. Influence of ceramic material and preparation design. Dent. Mater. 2010, 26, 533–538,
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2010.01.011.
41. Falahchai, M.; Hemmati, Y.B.; Asli, H.N.; Asli, M.N. Marginal adaptation of zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate overlays with
different preparation designs. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent. 2020, 1–8, doi:10.1111/jerd.12642.
42. Vianna, A.L.S. de V.; Pereira, R.A. da S.; Neves, F.D. das; Prado, C.J. do; Bicalho, A.A.; Soares, C.J. Effect of cavity preparation
design and ceramic type on the stress distribution, strain and fracture resistance of CAD/CAM onlays in molars. J Appl Oral Sci
2018, 26, 1–10, doi:10.1590/1678‐7757‐2018‐0004.
43. Dietschi, D.; Spreafico, R. Adhesive Metal‐free restorations: current concepts for the esthetic treatment of posterior teeth.; 1st
ed.; Quintessence Pub. Co: Chicago, 1997; ISBN 0‐86715‐328‐8.
44. Costa, A.; Xavier, T.; Noritomi, P.; Saavedra, G.; Borges, A. The Influence of Elastic Modulus of Inlay Materials on Stress Dis‐
tribution and Fracture of Premolars. Oper. Dent. 2014, 140206122500009, doi:10.2341/13‐092.
45. Vieira, G.F.; Agra, C.M.; Arakaki, Y.; Steagall Junior, W.; Ferreira, A.T. de M. Atlas de anatomia de dentes permanentes ‐ coroa
dental; 2nd ed.; Santos: São Paulo, 2013;
46. Martorelli, M.; Ausiello, P. A novel approach for a complete 3D tooth reconstruction using only 3D crown data. Int. J. Interact.
Des. Manuf. 2013, 7, 125–133, doi:10.1007/s12008‐012‐0166‐8.
47. Tribst, J.P.M.; Dal Piva, A.M. de O.; Madruga, C.F.L.; Valera, M.C.; Borges, A.L.S.; Bresciani, E.; de Melo, R.M. Endocrown
restorations: Influence of dental remnant and restorative material on stress distribution. Dent. Mater. 2018, 34, 1466–1473,
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2018.06.012.
48. Magne, P.; Knezevic, A. Simulated fatigue resistance of composite resin versus porcelain CAD/CAM overlay restorations on
endodontically treated molars. Quintessence Int. 2009.
49. Schlichting, L.H.; Maia, H.P.; Baratieri, L.N.; Magne, P. Novel‐design ultra‐thin CAD/CAM composite resin and ceramic oc‐
clusal veneers for the treatment of severe dental erosion. J Prosthet Dent 2011, 105, 217–226, doi:10.1016/S0022‐3913(11)60035‐8.
50. Magne, P.; Stanley, K.; Schlichting, L.H. Modeling of ultrathin occlusal veneers. Dent Mater 2012,
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.002.
51. Zarone, F.; Sorrentino, R.; Apicella, D.; Valentino, B.; Ferrari, M.; Aversa, R.; Apicella, A. Evaluation of the biomechanical be‐
havior of maxillary central incisors restored by means of endocrowns compared to a natural tooth: a 3D static linear finite el‐
ements analysis. Dent Mater 2006, 22, 1035–1044, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2005.11.034.
52. de Andrade, G.S.; Tribst, J.P.M.; Dal Piva, A.M. de O.; Bottino, M.A.; Borges, A.L.S.; Valandro, L.F.; Özcan, M. A study on stress
distribution to cement layer and root dentin for post and cores made of CAD/CAM materials with different elasticity modulus
in the absence of ferrule. J Clin Exp Dent 2019, 11, e1–e8.
53. Pałka, K.; Bieniaś, J.; Dębski, H.; Niewczas, A. Finite element analysis of thermo‐mechanical loaded teeth. Comput. Mater. Sci.
2012, 64, 289–294, doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.05.037.
54. Ausiello, P.; Apicella, A.; Davidson, C.L.; Rengo, S. 3D‐finite element analyses of cusp movements in a human upper premolar,
restored with adhesive resin‐based composites. J. Biomech. 2001, 34, 1269–1277, doi:10.1016/S0021‐9290(01)00098‐7.
Materials 2021, 14, 1923 13 of 13
55. Ausiello, P.; Ciaramella, S.; Garcia‐Godoy, F.; Martorelli, M.; Sorrentino, R.; Gloria, A. Stress distribution of bulk‐fill resin
composite in class II restorations. Am. J. Dent. 2017, 30, 227–232.
56. Ivoclar Vivadent Truly Universal Multilink N ‐ Scientific Documentation; Schaan, 2010;
57. Ausiello, P.; Ciaramella, S.; De Benedictis, A.; Lanzotti, A.; Tribst, J.P.M.; Watts, D.C. The use of different adhesive filling ma‐
terial and mass combinations to restore class II cavities under loading and shrinkage effects: a 3D‐FEA. Comput. Methods Bio‐
mech. Biomed. Engin. 2020, 1–11, doi:10.1080/10255842.2020.1836168.
58. Apicella, A.; Di Palma, L.; Aversa, R.; Ausiello, P. DSC kinetic characterization of dental composites using different light
sources. J. Adv. Mater. 2002, 34, 22–25.
59. Podhorsky, A.; Rehmann, P.; Wöstmann, B. Tooth preparation for full‐coverage restorations—a literature review. Clin. Oral
Investig. 2015, 19, 959–968, doi:10.1007/s00784‐015‐1439‐y.
60. Strasding, M.; Sebestyén‐Hüvös, E.; Studer, S.; Lehner, C.; Jung, R.E.; Sailer, I. Long‐term outcomes of all‐ceramic inlays and
onlays after a mean observation time of 11 years. Quintessence Int 2020, 51, 566–576, doi:10.3290/j.qi.a44631.
61. Morimoto, S.; Rebello de Sampaio, F.B.W.; Braga, M.M.; Sesma, N.; Özcan, M. Survival Rate of Resin and Ceramic Inlays,
Onlays, and Overlays. J. Dent. Res. 2016, 95, 985–994, doi:10.1177/0022034516652848.
62. Edelhoff, D.; Sorensen, J.A. Tooth structure removal associated with various preparation designs for anterior teeth. J. Prosthet.
Dent. 2002, 87, 503–509, doi:10.1067/mpr.2002.124094.
63. Abad‐Coronel, C.; Naranjo, B.; Valdiviezo, P. Adhesive systems used in indirect restorations cementation: review of the liter‐
ature. Dent. J. 2019, 7, 71, doi:10.3390/dj7030071.
64. Eakle, W.S.; Maxwell, E.H.; Braly, B. V. Fractures of posterior teeth in adults. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1986, 112, 215–218,
doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1986.0344.
65. Frankenberger, R.; Reinelt, C.; Petschelt, A.; Krämer, N. Operator vs. material influence on clinical outcome of bonded ceramic
inlays. Dent. Mater. 2009, 25, 960–968, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.02.002.
66. Magne, P.; Kim, T.H.; Cascione, D.; Donovan, T.E. Immediate dentin sealing improves bond strength of indirect restorations. J
Prosthet Dent 2005, 94, 511–519, doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2005.10.010.
67. van den Breemer, C.R.; Özcan, M.; Pols, M.R.; Postema, A.R.; Cune, M.S.; Gresnigt, M.M. Adhesion of resin cement to dentin:
effects of adhesive promoters, immediate dentin sealing strategies, and surface conditioning. Int. J. Esthet. Dent. 2019, 14, 52–63.
68. Giannini, M. Ultimate tensile strength of tooth structures. Dent. Mater. 2004, 20, 322–329, doi:10.1016/S0109‐5641(03)00110‐6.
69. Scherrer, S.S.; Cesar, P.F.; Swain, M. V. Direct comparison of the bond strength results of the different test methods: A critical
literature review. Dent. Mater. 2010, 26, e78–e93, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.12.002.
70. Costa, V.L.S.; Tribst, J.P.M.; Borges, A.L.S. Influence of the occlusal contacts in formation of Abfraction Lesions in the upper
premolar. Brazilian Dent. Sci. 2017, 20, 115, doi:10.14295/bds.2017.v20i4.1484.
71. Frankenberger, R.; Hartmann, V.E.; Krech, M.; Krämer, N.; Reich, S.; Braun, A.; Roggendorf, M. Adhesive luting of new
CAD/CAM materials. Int. J. Comput. Dent. 2015, 18, 9–20.
72. Politano, G.; Fabianelli, A.; Papacchini, F.; Cerutti, A. The use of bonded partial ceramic restorations to recover heavily com‐
promised teeth. Int. J. Esthet. Dent. 11, 314–36, doi:27433548.
73. Rodrigues, M. de P.; Soares, P.B.F.; Gomes, M.A.B.; Pereira, R.A.; Tantbirojn, D.; Versluis, A.; Soares, C.J. Direct resin composite
restoration of endodontically‐treated permanent molars in adolescents: bite force and patient‐specific finite element analysis. J.
Appl. Oral Sci. 2020, 28, e20190544, doi:10.1590/1678‐7757‐2019‐0544.
74. Magne, P.; Knezevic, A. Influence of overlay restorative materials and load cusps on the fatigue resistance of endodontically
treated molars. Quintessence Int. 2009, doi:10.1385/BTER:90:1‐3:187.
View publication stats