CAUSAPIN, MC BIEN D.

BSITTM 4-A

IDENTIFY THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT CREATED PARADIGM

SHIFT
characterized by revolutions in scientific outlook. Scientists have a worldview or
"paradigm". A paradigm is a universally recognizable scientific achievement that, for a
time, provides model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners. He also
theorify that Science has a paradigm which remains constant before going through a
paradigm shift when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon, and someone
proposes a new theory. Thomas Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually
towards truth. The reasons for the choice of a paradigm are largely psychological and
sociological. The paradigm shifts change one way of thinking to another.
In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model which described the
absolute perception of the universe with the Earth as its center which was thought to be
true by most of the people at that time.
In the intellectual Revolution, this is a period in history that is marked by the great
thinkers. As well as a period on how society was transformed by science and
technology.
During this revolution period, there were seven great thinkers that had their own
theories and scientific ideas.
1. COPERNICUS 15th-16th century
2. DARWIN 18th-19th century
3. FREUD 19th -20th century
characterized by revolutions in scientific outlook. Scientists have a worldview or
"paradigm". A paradigm is a universally recognizable scientific achievement that, for a
time, provides model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners. He also
theorify that Science has a paradigm which remains constant before going through a
paradigm shift when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon, and someone
proposes a new theory. Thomas Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually
towards truth. The reasons for the choice of a paradigm are largely psychological and
sociological. The paradigm shifts change one way of thinking to another.
In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model which described the
absolute perception of the universe with the Earth as its center which was thought to be
true by most of the people at that time.
In the intellectual Revolution, this is a period in history that is marked by the great
thinkers. As well as a period on how society was transformed by science and
technology.
During this revolution period, there were seven great thinkers that had their own
theories and scientific ideas.
1. COPERNICUS 15th-16th century
2. DARWIN 18th-19th century
3. FREUD 19th -20th century
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs that have been
widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed.

The concept of paradigm shift according to Thomas Kuhn, the history of science is characterized
by revolutions in scientific outlook. Scientists have a worldview or "paradigm". A paradigm is a
universally recognizable scientific achievement that, for a time, provides model problems and solutions to
a community of practitioners. He also theorify that Science has a paradigm which remains constant before
going through a paradigm shift when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon, and someone
proposes a new theory. Thomas Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually towards truth. The
reasons for the choice of a paradigm are largely psychological and sociological. The paradigm shifts
change one way of thinking to another.

In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model which described the absolute
perception of the universe with the Earth as its center which was thought to be true by most of the people
at that time.
 In the intellectual Revolution, this is a period in history that is marked by the great thinkers. As
well as a period on how society was transformed by science and technology

During this revolution period, there were seven great thinkers that had their own theories and
scientific ideas.

1. COPERNICUS 15th-16th century

2. DARWIN 18th-19th century
3. FREUD 19th -20th century
4. EINSTEIN
5. NEWTON 17th century
6. KEPLER 18th century
7. LAVOISIER

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

Copernican Revolution, shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the
universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun, as articulated
by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. This shift marked the start of a broader
Scientific Revolution that set the foundations of modern science and allowed science to flourish as an
autonomous discipline within its own right. Nicolaus Copernicus is often described as a lone astronomer
who definitely argued that the sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the cosmos. He proposed a
heliocentric system that the planets orbit around the Sun; that the Earth is a planet which besides orbiting
the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis and that very slow changes in the direction of this
axis account for the precession of the equinoxes.Copernicus believed that all other heavenly bodies
moved in complicated patterns around the Earth. Copernicus felt that Ptolemy's theory was incorrect. The
geocentric model of Ptolemy says that the earth is at the center of the cosmos or universe, and the planets,
the sun and the moon, and the stars circle around it. While the early heliocentric models Copernicus
consider the sun as the center, and the planets revolve around the sun.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection brought about one of the greatest
intellectual and cultural revolutions in the modern era. It profoundly altered the way we think of science,
religion, philosophy 3 our modern society. Darwinism is also a theory of biological evolution developed
by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (180931882) and others, stating that all species of organisms
arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's
ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Before Charles Darwin, nearly all scientists believed that life
on earth, including humans, was created by God thousands of years earlier and had removed unchanged
time. Darwin’s revolutionary theory was that new species arise naturally, by a process of evolution, rather
than having been created-forever immutable-by God. According to the well-established creationist theory
of Darwin’s day, the exquisite adaptations of many species4such as the hinges of the bivalve shell and the
wings and plumes on seeds dispersed by air4were compelling evidence.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective
entities which can be studied like physical things. If Freud's is representative of scientific revolutions,
perhaps what Thomas Kuhn has described as a change of paradigm might generally consist of the
demonstration of new entities. This particular revolution occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern
about the entities underlying all of the sciences. Because of his genius for structural thought, Freud was
able to respond satisfactorily to a challenge that all the sciences were facing. It is that common challenge
rather than a popular exemplary model, such as mechanics or hydraulics, that shaped Freud's theory.

Sigmund Freud described that the brain can be segmented into compartments the id, ego and
superego. He also developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use
of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation. Psychoanalysis became a
dominating school of thought during the early years of psychology and remains quite influential today.

EINSTEIN REVOLUTION

Albert Einstein reinterpreted the inner workings of nature, the very essence of light, time, energy
and gravity. His insights fundamentally changed the way we look at the universe--and made him the most
famous scientist of the 20th century. Einstein saw the universe as a puzzle, and he delighted in trying to
solve its mysteries. All he needed to contemplate the cosmos was his most valuable scientific tool4his
imagination. We know Einstein as a visionary physicist, but he was also a passionate humanitarian and
anti-war activist. Born a German Jew, Einstein truly considered himself a citizen of the world. His
celebrity status enabled him to speak out4on global issues from pacifism to racism, anti-Semitism to
nuclear disarmament. A solar eclipse turns Einstein into an international hero. Isaac Newton's 17th-
century description of gravity became obsolete as the clouds parted on May 29, 1919, and the Sun and
Moon aligned in an eclipse. Images of known stars confirmed what Einstein's "General Theory of
Relativity" predicted: The Sun's gravity acts like a lens and deflects light from distant stars, making them
appear in new locations.

ISAAC NEWTON

Sir Isaac Newton's work was the capstone of the Scientific Revolution, utilizing the advances
made before him in mathematics, astronomy, and physics to derive a comprehensive understanding of the
physical world. Johannes Kepler enunciated his laws of planetary motion in 1618. Galileo determined the
laws of gravity and explored the laws of motion on earth. Newton first conclusively affirmed the laws of
motion and linked them with Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Before Newton, no one had demonstrated
conclusively that the movements of heavenly bodies were related to terrestrial physics. Galileo had
suggested this, but was censored by the Church before he was able to do further work to prove his
theories.The first step in Newton's work was to solidify the laws of motion that Galieo had studied and
hinted at without clearly expressing. The first law states that a body at rest tends to stay at rest; a body in
motion tends to stay in motion unless compelled to change by an applied force. The second law states that
the change in motion is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the straight line by which that
force is applied. The final law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Armed
with these solidified theories of dynamics, Newton proved that the force that acted on planets and moons
was the same force that caused a stone to fall to the ground: gravity. He first demonstrated this by
calculating that if one extended the same gravitational force that acted on objects on the surface of the
Earth to the distance of the moon, it predicted nearly exactly the same orbit that was observed.

Johannes Kepler

Was a leading astronomer of the Scientific Revolution known for formulating the Laws of
Planetary Motion. An astronomer, of course, is a person who studies the Sun, stars, planets and other
aspects of space. Kepler was German and lived between 1571 and 1630. Like many scientists of this time,
Kepler also taught mathematics. He served as an assistant to another famous astronomer named Tycho
Brahe, and he even provided his expertise to Emperor Rudolf II. Kepler's ideas about astronomy proved
to be very influential. His ideas helped influence Isaac Newton and many other leaders of the Scientific
Revolution.Kepler discovered many things such as how the planets moved faster when they were closer
to the sun, how planets orbit the sun in elliptical, how human eyes see images in reversed, and a new semi
regular polyhedrons. Kepler calculated the birth year of Christ and developed a novel explanation for the
behavior of light with the newly invented telescope. In 1609 Kepler wrote that Mars and all the other
planets moved in elliptical(oval) orbits. Although he assisted Brahe, he disagreed with Galileo about how
tides were caused by earth spinning. He believed that they were caused by the moon. Kepler wrote about
a magnetic force which is today called force of gravity.

LAVOISIER

In the 1770s, Antoine Lavoisier proposed a theory that would result in such an extraordinary
change to chemistry that it would later be referred to as the Chemical Revolution. His theory of
combustion not only brought forward the discovery of a new element 3 oxygen 3 but it also signified the
end of what was previously regarded as the standard understanding of combustion and of chemical
phenomena more broadly; namely the end of phlogiston theories. The effects this event has had on the
development and success of chemistry is not hard to appreciate. What is perhaps not so evident is how
important this event has been to the development of philosophical ideas. To many philosophers, the
Chemical Revolution brings to mind the broader notion of scientific revolutions. In large part, this is
because the Chemical Revolution features in one of the most influential and popular philosophical books
of the past century; namely Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.