Impact of The National Transformation Programs On The Life Quality of The Saudi Woman: A Study Applied To Riyadh

E-ISSN 2240-0524 Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol 11 No 2
ISSN 2239-978X www.richtmann.org March 2021
Research Article
© 2021 AL Jawhara N. Alhazzani.
This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Received: 15 December 2020 / Accepted: 31 January 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021
Impact of the National Transformation Programs on the Life Quality of the

Saudi Woman: A Study Applied to Riyadh
AL Jawhara N. Alhazzani
Associate Professor of Social Work,

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
Saudi Arabia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0042
Abstract
The present paper aimed to identify the impact of the national transformation programs on the life of the Saudi
woman. The paper was applied to a sample of (381) Saudi women. The results showed that the programs have
changed the life of woman and contributed to woman empowerment. The most influential programs allowed
the woman to drive a car, changed the regulations of civil affairs; travel documents and work, participation in
decision-making, holding leading positions, and enacting laws against harassment, violence and abuse.
Moreover, there was a positive correlation between national transformation programs, which reinforce woman
self-reliance, and improving life quality. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant positive correlation
between national transformation programs and the woman’s increasing sense of satisfaction with the
community, quality of life and enjoyment, as well as security. In addition, these programs maximized woman
responsibilities, so she could hardly manage her time. Moreover, full-time jobs negatively affected her life and
weakened her social relations. The paper recommends providing the Saudi woman with adequate support to
best fulfill her roles, implementing programs and initiatives that help cascade legal awareness, and increasing
the adoption of STEM system, which integrates science, technology, engineering and mathematics, to prepare
Saudi women for future jobs.
Keywords: Empowerment, Quality of life, Saudi woman, Saudi Vision 2030, Social change
1. Introduction
Concentration on knowledge rather than economy is a goal of Saudi Vision 2030. This transformation
requires investing and empowering man, who is the substantial domain of economic and social
development. Development does not complete without woman’s participation and the investment of
her energy. Thus, the Saudi government has adopted woman empowerment as a strategic direction for
the state and developed programs and reforms to promote her status, empower her socially;
economically and politically, provide her with safe environment and services that help her do a pivotal
role in development, and maximize her participation in labor market. Accordingly, the government
approved national transformation programs, which improve woman’s status, guarantee her rights in
the areas of health; education; protection, and employment, as well as provide her with a better
standard of living. In addition, some laws have been changed to provide woman with a flexible and
appropriate work environment to best benefit from her new role.
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2. Statement of the Problem
Women constitute half of the Saudi community at a rate of (49%) out of the total population (15 years
and over) with similar proportions in most regions, while the average age of Saudi women is 28 years,
and half of them are less than 27 years old (General Authority for Statistics, 2020). However, their
energies have not been invested because women contribute to labor market less than men. Statistics
of the International Labor Organization indicate that the percentage of female workforce in 2019 did
not exceed 15.8% (World Bank, 2019).
Studies illustrate that woman faces major challenges that impede her participation in the community.
Al-Asfour (2017) revealed that the Saudi working woman face community, organizational and structural
challenges, such as the inability to relocate and balance between work tasks and family responsibilities,
gender discrimination, as well as limited work opportunities and professional development.
With the approval of the Saudi Vision 2030 in 2016 to modernize and reclassify the country as a
"knowledge economy" that requires highly skilled workers and more investments in education, the
government has focused on reforming the status of women who rate (58%) of the Saudi university
graduates. However, the rate of females with a bachelor degree is 62%, which exceeds their rate at labor
market. The low participation of the highly educated women shows a reduction in the government's
investment in education.
More than 100,000 Saudi women reach the age of work every year, so the Saudi Vision includes
increasing females' participation in workforce to 30% by 2030. Hence, the present paper aimed to
identify the impact of the national transformation programs on the life of the Saudi women in the
objective domain, represented in health; psychological and social aspects, as well as subjective domain,
represented in one's satisfaction with these objective indicators, which affect his/ her sense of
satisfaction, safety, and quality of life.
3. Questiions
1. What is the impact of the national transformation programs on the life quality of the Saudi
woman?
2. Which national transformation program affects the life of the Saudi woman the most?
3. What is the impact of the national transformation programs on the objective domain of the
Saudi woman?
The aforementioned question is answered by testing the following hypotheses:
- There is a statistically significant relation between national transformation programs and
improving the economic status of the Saudi woman.
improving the health status of the Saudi woman.
improving the social status of the Saudi woman.
improving the rights of the Saudi woman.
4. What is the impact of the national transformation programs on the subjective domain of the
Saudi woman?
The aforementioned question is answered by testing the following hypotheses:
- There is a statistically significant relation between national transformation programs and the
Saudi woman's self-reliance.
Saudi woman's self-reliance.
Saudi woman's increased sense of satisfaction.
Saudi woman's sense of life quality.
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4. Objectives
1. Identify the impact of the national transformation programs on the life of the Saudi woman.
2. Identify the most influential national transformation program.
3. Identify the impact of the national transformation programs on the life quality of the Saudi
woman in the objective domain, represented in the economic, health, and social aspects as
well as rights.
4. Identify the impact of the national transformation programs on the life quality of the Saudi
woman in the subjective domain, represented in self-reliance and sense of satisfaction as well
as quality of life.
5. Significance
The following aspects manifest the significance of the paper:

- The topic is not extensively addressed.
- The paper highlights the Saudi Vision 2030.
- The paper focuses on a topic related to women who are influential, represent half of the
community and strongly influence the other half.
- The results benefit the officials in developing the plans that improve the Saudi woman's life.
- The present paper is an indication of further studies that help improve the life quality of Saudi
woman.
6. Definition of Terms
Reflection: The term is derived from the verb "reflect" (Al-Misbah Al-Monir, 424). The thing reflected
on it means affected it. Reflection as a noun denotes an impact and an effect (Lisan Al-Arab, 45). In the
present paper, reflection means the positive or the negative impact of the national transformation
programs on the life of the Saudi woman.
Saudi Vision 2030: It is a post-oil plan that clarifies the long-term Saudi goals and expectations. It
is based on the distinctive strengths and capabilities of Saudi Arabia. It relies on three fundamentals
(i.e. a vibrant community, a flourishing economy, and an ambitious nation), which help the Saudi
citizens realize their aspirations. The vision also comprises a number of programs that represent the
approach of how to achieve it under the supervision of the Council of Economic and Development
Affairs and by following governance and activating the methods of following and implementing
initiatives (https://vision2030.gov.sa). National transformation programs are among the most
prominent programs of the vision.
National transformation programs:A number of executive programs of Saudi Vision 2030, which
build the capabilities and potentials substantial to achieve its goals of the vision. National
Transformation Program aims to achieve excellence in government performance, enhance economic
capabilities, and raise the level of living services through accelerating the implementation of
infrastructure and digital projects as well as involving the beneficiaries in identifying challenges,
creating solutions, implementation, and the evaluation of the performance of the program's initiatives.
The program involves eight domains: develop healthcare, improve living standards and safety, ensure
the sustainability of vital resources, enhance social development and non-profit sector development,
achieve excellence in government performance, allow different society segments' access to labor
market and raise labor market attractiveness, contribute in empowering private sector, and develop
tourism and the national heritage sector. National ttransformation program is procedurally defined as
some initiatives that empower woman, overcome the challenges she faces, support her capabilities, and
allow her to be a foundation of development.
Quality of life: According to the American Psychological Association (APA), quality of life is "the
extent to which the individual achieve satisfaction with life". The following are important for a good
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quality of life: emotional, material, and physical well-being; engagement in interpersonal relations;
opportunities for personal (e.g. skill) development; exercising rights and making self-determining
lifestyle choices; and participation in society (Reine, 2003).
Khalil (2010) defines quality of life as “qualitative and quantitative indications of social, health,
and economic circumstances as well as their interaction and effect on the persons and communities'
acceptance and satisfaction with them as well as their goals". It is also associated with other terms,
such as welfare, well-being, development as it means expanding choices and providing man's freedom;
rights; and knowledge which is essential for well-being, progress, improvement, betterment, and
satisfaction of needs.
7. Theoretical Framework
7.1 Life Model
This paper adopts the life model, which depends on the ecological approach and focuses on the
relationship between man and his/her social environment. This model is associated with human
development, contributes to experiences comprehension, and focuses on the positive or negative
interactions among the persons. In other words, it achieves harmony between man and the
environment as well as enables the persons to assume the responsibility of developing their life and the
community. Moreover, it depends on the multiple theoretical approach, much knowledge, and social
sciences that help different systems achieve their goals (Gitterman & Germain, 2008).
Al-Karkhi (2011) defines quality of life as “the person's sense of contentment and well-being, the
ability to satisfy the subjective and objective needs that include the personal aspect, and sense of
material and physical well-being as well as social integration". The life model achieves integration
between social relationships that help the persons fulfill their roles and achieve their goals. It also uses
the positive forces of the persons and the available environmental potentials to eliminate the
environmental problems or difficulties and focuses on participation and gaining the skill of problems
facing (Abdelatif, 2010).
Furthermore, it is an approach of social work that reduces man's stress and develops creativity.
In the meantime, it focuses on the relationship between man and his/her environment, life changes,
interactions between persons, and the environmental obstacles to unleash the available capabilities,
reduce the environmental pressures, and reinforce growth and life changes (Habib & Hanna, 2016).
7.2 Theoretical approaches of quality of life
7.2.1 Cognitive approach
It focuses on the concept that the nature of one’s perception defines his/her sense of quality of life.
Within the framework of this perception and the differences it involves, the subjective factors are the
most influential ones. This approach is consistent with Schalock (2004) who presented a rank of life
quality consisting of eight domains and each domain comprises three indicators, as follows:
Domain Indicator
Emotional well-being Contentment, self-concept, and lack of stress
Interpersonal relations Interactions, relationships, and support
Material well-being Financial status, employment, and housing
Personal development Education, personal competence, and performance
Physical well-being Health, activities of daily living, and leisure
Self-determination Autonomy, goals, and choices
Social inclusion Community integration, community roles, social support
Human and legal rights Individual rights, group rights, law, and duties.
Source: Schalock, R. L. (2004).
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7.2.2 Humanistic approach
It explains the quality of life in the light of self-concept as it focuses on the necessary association
between two elements: an organism and a good environment (natural, social, cultural) because life is
clarified through the influence of each one on the other. In addition, the reality of human life comprises
enormous potentials to achieve the best levels of development and (Rebecca, 2000). The most relevant
theory is Ryff theory, which states that the quality of one's life is involved in his/her ability to face issues
and solve problems. Development of life stages that reflect his/her sense of life quality provides
psychological well-being. The theory addresses the concept of psychological well-being as the
individual's sense of life quality affects his/her sense of well-being. Ryff identified six domains of well-
being, and each domain comprises six characteristics that define the concept of psychological well-
being, represented in one's positive role in improving life stages.
7.2.3 Integrative approach
Ventegodt, Merrick, and Andersen (2003) indicated that one's perception of his/her life makes him/her
personally evaluate what is happening around and form ideas to achieve satisfaction with life. He also
presented a theoretical integrated model of life quality including concept of well-being, concept of life,
biological system of information, realistic life, achieving needs, as well as other objective factors. The
integrated theory defines the indicators of life quality, as follows:
- One's sense of satisfaction makes him/her feel life quality. This sense is achieved by setting
realistic goals and struggling to change the environment to match them.
- Satisfying the needs does not create satisfaction and sense of life quality because it a relative
issue that varies according to the persons and the environments.
- One's use of his/her potentials in creative activities, good social relations, and significant goals
as well as the family that instills a sense of life makes him/her feel the quality of life.
8. Methodology
8.1 Method
The author adopted the descriptive analytical approach which investigates the present facts related to
the nature of the phenomenon or the current situation to get generalizations that allow predicting the
future (Ghariba et al., 2011).
8.2 Limits
The paper comprises the objective domain of the Saudi woman, represented in economic; health; and
social levels; as well as rights, and the subjective domain, represented in self-reliance, sense of
satisfaction, safety, and sense of quality of life. The sample comprised (382) Saudi woman in Riyadh.
Data were collected during the period from 2/4/2020 to 10/6/2020.
8.3 Population and Sampling
Intentional sample, which is one of non-probabilistic samples, was selected. The author uses it if the
population is large and similar. He/she also adopts the intentional sample method that consists of
specific items representing the population (Badr, 2011). This type of samples never neglects the
substantial parts of the population. To ensure the population representation, the following conditions
are adopted:
1. A Saudi woman living in Riyadh.
2. She is not less than 21 or more than 55 to represent the whole generation. The beginning is
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the age of 21 because it signifies the age when woman realizes the various influences on her
life and the responsibility for her decisions.
3. The population comprises (474.787) women (www.stats.gov.sa/ar/852). The sample size was
defined using the statistical tables prepared by Krejcie and Morgan.
Table (1): The demographic characteristics of the participants
Age No. % Age No. % Age No. %

From 21 to 25 130 34.1 From 26 to 30 57 15.0 From 31 to 35 26 6.8
From 36 to 40 39 10.2 From 41 to 45 42 11.0 From 46 to 50 41 10.8
From 51 to 55 46 12.1
Education No. % Education No. % Education No. %
Less than secondary 9 2.4 Secondary 44 11.5 University 280 73.5
Postgraduate 48 12.6
Marital status No. % Social status No. % Social status No. %
Single 179 47.0 Married 169 44.4 Divorced 21 5.5
Widow 12 3.1
Job No % Job No % Job No %
Housewife 81 21.3 Student 109 28.6 Public sector employee 100 26.2
Private sector employee 51 13.4 Businesswoman 18 4.7 Retired 22 5.8
Monthly income No. % Monthly income No. % Monthly income No. %
Less than 3ooo riyals 168 44.1 From 3000 t0 6000 riyals 47 12.3 From 7000 to 10000 riyals 61 16.0
From 11000 to 14000 riyals 40 10.5 From 15000 to 18000 riyals 28 7.3 From 19000 to 22000 riyals 17 4.5
23000 riyals or more 20 5.2
Total 381 100,0
8.4 Tool
Based on the nature of the data required to test the hypotheses of the paper and the adopted approach,
the author found that the questionnaire is the most appropriate tool to achieve the objectives of the
paper and test its hypotheses. The author designed it according to the previous pieces of literature
relevant to the topic of the paper. The final form of the questionnaire comprised three sections:
- Section one covers age group, educational level, marital status, job, and monthly income.
- Section two handles the variables that measure the impact of national transformation
programs on the life of the Saudi woman.
- Section three includes the variables that define the impact of national transformation
programs on the life of the Saudi woman in the objective domain represented in the
economic; health; and social aspects as well as rights, and the subjective domain represented
in self-reliance, sense of satisfaction, achieving safety, and sense of life quality. To evaluate
the participants' responses, the author designed the questionnaire according to the three-
point Likert scale, which involved the following items: Yes with a high degree ( 2.35-3.00), yes
with an average degree ( 1.68-2.34), and no effect ( 1-1.67).
To verify that the tool was designed to estimate the participants' responses and the items were
comprehensive and appropriate, the author adopted two types of validity:
Face validity: The first form of the questionnaire comprised (48) items, distributed to the
domains. It was reviewed by (14) reviewers, who modified it and reduced the items to (42).
Validity of the internal consistency: After verifying face validity of the tool, it was applied to a pilot
sample of (36) women (aged 21 to 55), who were randomly selected. Furthermore, Pearson correlation
coefficient was estimated between the score of each item and the total score of the domain. The results
showed that the values of correlation coefficients between the item and its domain were positive and
statistically significant at the level of (0.05) or less, which indicates that all items were highly valid and
the internal consistency between the items was high. Accordingly, the items and domains were valid
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and appropriate for field testing.

To measure reliability, Cranach’s alpha (α) was adopted. The results demonstrated that the value
of Cronbach's alpha was high for all domains and ranged from (0.62) to (0.75), which suggests that the
tool was highly reliable and appropriate for field testing. The author also used split half method, where
she divided the variables to single and pair items. To estimate their correlation coefficient, she adopted
the scores of the two halves. To estimate reliability coefficient of the scale, Spearman Brown equation
was applied. The results showed high correlation coefficients (0.82 for the objective aspect, 0.78 for the
subjective aspect, and 0.81 for the reliability of the questionnaire).
9. Results
Table (2): Impact of the National Transformation Programs of the life of the Saudi woman
Impact No. %
My life changed a lot 59 15.5
My life moderately changed 229 60.1
My life did not change 93 24.4
Total 381 100,0
The results revealed that the impact of the National Transformation Programs on the life of the Saudi
woman was varying degrees; (60.1%) of the participants reported that the programs moderately
changed their life, (15.5%) claimed that they changed their life a lot, and (24.4%) stated that the
programs did not affect their life. Accordingly, the programs changed the life of the participants with
a percentage of (75.6%).
These results are consistent with Yassin (2018), who contended that Vision 2030 and the
subsequent decisions positively affected the development of the woman's talents and the investment
of her capacities as well as provided the appropriate opportunities to build her future, the safe
environment and services that facilitate carrying out the national duties. Swigonski and Raheim (2011)
claim that social workers seek to broaden and enhance their understanding of the impact of the
environment on a woman's quality of life and assess the interaction between the person and the
environment.
Table (3): The national transformation programs that affect the life of the Saudi woman the most
Program No. % Rank

Provide new opportunities for woman in labor market 167 43.8 2
Empower woman to hold leadership positions 131 34.4 5
Woman's participation in decision making 135 35.4 4
Allow woman to drive and facilitate her movement 226 59.3 1
Allow woman to travel and work 165 43.3 3
Equalization of opportunities between woman and man 107 28.1 9
Enact laws against violence and abuse 129 33.9 6
harassment Enact laws against 125 32.8 7
Establish courts of personal status to consider family cases 105 27.6 10
Maximize women's sport 111 29.1 8
The results illustrated that all programs have affected the life quality of the Saudi women with varying
degrees, but the most influential programs are associated with mobility, work, and travel. Al- Saigh
(2013) stated that the greatest challenge for the woman was man's domination. To improve woman's
status and reduce man's domination, the government allowed her to drive a car, participate in decision-
making, and hold leadership positions; and changed the regulations of civil affairs; travel documents
and work.
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The results are consistent with Gorondutse et al. (2019) that equality between man and woman
and governmental support for woman reinforce the effectiveness of her role in leadership positions.
The result is consistent with Al-Zahrani and Al-Hamami (2018) that the obstacles related to the
community's perception of the woman greatly impede her empowering. Albasri (2019) revealed that
the five barriers that contributed to a glass ceiling were culture, social segregation, discrimination,
institutional barriers, and personal barriers.
The programs of protection against violence were the most influential ones, as some Saudi women
face domestic violence whose rate is not defined due to lack of statistics and not reporting all cases to
the official authorities. Badawi (2017) showed that women in Riyadh multiple types of violence and
social violence was the most prevalent. Moreover, women aged 25-35 and the less educated ones were
highly exposed to violence.
Eldoseri et al. (2014) showed a gap between the prevalence of violence, especially spousal violence,
and access to services because women hesitate to report violence because of family control, which
considers this a private issue. This result is consistent with the results of the family safety study that
the official numbers of the victims of domestic violence are less than the real numbers. In addition,
regulations should be enacted to protect women against all types of violence.
Enacting the anti-harassment law is influential program and was ranked seventh with a
percentage of (32.8%) due to the Saudi women's need for deterrent laws that protect against
harassment, especially after the new openness. Hamza (2017) revealed that enacting the deterrent laws
that prevent harassment improves the woman's work environment and creates professional stability
McLaughlin and Blackstone (2017) indicated that sexual harassment increases financial stress
largely by precipitating job change and can significantly alter women’s career attainment. Programs of
maximizing females sport and equalization of opportunities between woman and man was ranked
before the last because these aspects did not add new services as sports clubs are accessible and sports
are practiced at private and public universities and schools.
The establishment of courts of personal status to consider family cases was ranked last because
judiciary did justice to women in family cases. Suffering resulted from routine procedures or woman's
inability to reach the judicial authorities. Accordingly, these programs adopted a comprehensive
approach to empower woman. Shamlawi and Al-Heit (2019) illustrated that woman empowerment
should focus on the economic, social and political domains because woman needs to access education,
training, technology as well as financial and official services.
Table (4): The impact of the national transformation programs on the objective domain of the Saudi
woman's life
Relative (T) Significance

Aspects of objective domain Mean Deviation Rank
weight value level
Economic aspects 2.10 0.23 70.0 8.38 0.000 4
Health aspects 2.57 0.37 85.6 30.7 0.000 1
Social aspects 2.43 0.34 81.0 24.52 0.000 2
Rights aspects 2.35 0.30 78.3 22.29 0.000 3
All aspects 2.27 0.19 75.7 28.82 0.000
The results showed that the arithmetic means of the subjective aspects were higher than the average
value of the scale (2), and (T) value was (24.52, 22.29, 30.7, 8.38, and 28.82), which are statistically
significant values at the level of (0.05) or less. Moreover, the arithmetic means of the agreement ranged
from (2.10) to (2.57). Furthermore, the national transformation programs greatly influenced the health,
social and rights aspects, but they moderately affected the economic aspects. Their effect on health
aspects was ranked first according to the prominent achievements in health sector. Data of The World
Health Organization indicate that the Saudi health care system was ranked 26 among 190 systems
worldwide in 2017 (Towards Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia Report, 2018).
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Social aspects was ranked second as the changes of woman status are remarkable. Mubarak (2012)
revealed that appropriate environmental conditions and good social relations help the woman feel the
quality of life. Al-Sahli (2015) indicated that low quality of woman's social life in Saudi Arabia results
from the ideology of the community, where customs and traditions restrict the woman's relationships
and interaction with others. Rights aspects were ranked third. This result is consistent with Varshney
(2019) that the new era is an important transitional phase for the woman because it empowers her.
However, she is still facing some challenges, such as unawareness of her rights, traditions, and
inequality between man and woman.
Shoukair et al. (2018) recommended modifying the laws that restrict woman's activities and
maximizing the regulations that protect her rights. Change in the economic aspects was ranked last
because the programs fundamentally aimed to enable the woman to participate in the community
rather than causing material change. These results are consistent with Sabir and Zenaidi (2019) that
the changes associated with Vision 2030 indirectly affect the macroeconomic level, but their impact on
the life of the Saudi women, families, and children is noticeable in reducing poverty, enhancing
educational prospects, achieving well-being, and maximizing satisfaction.
Table (5): Linear regression results of the impact of national transformation programs on the life of
the Saudi woman in the objective domain (economic, health, social, and rights aspects) (n = 381)
Objective domain Beta T F R Sign

Economic aspects 0.21 4.17 17.41 0.044 0.000
Health aspects 0.154 3.04 9.23 0.024 0.003
Social aspects 0.181 3.58 12.83 0.033 0.000
Rights aspects 0.163 3.23 10.40 0.027 0.001
All aspects 0.219 4.38 19.14 0.048 0.000
* Independent variable: National transformation programs * Dependent variable: Aspects of the objective
domain
(T) Value is (2.390), ( F) value is 3.47 (P = 0.05) and F = 5.78 (P = 0.01).
Table (5) shows a statistically significant relationship between the national transformation programs
and the aspects of the objective domain, where significance level was at lower than (0.05). The result
of the linear regression asserts the positive correlation between both of them. In addition, Beta
coefficient for the economic, social, rights and health aspects was (0.210), (0.181), (0.163) and (0.154),
respectively. It is statistically significant at a level lower than (0.05).
In terms of the 1st hypothesis, the results demonstrated a statistically significant relationship
between the national transformation programs and the improvement of the economic level of the Saudi
woman, as chi-square value was (9.93) at a significance level of (0.042). Moreover, the economic level
of (49.6%) of the participants moderately improved, the level of (11.5%) greatly improved, and that of
(1.3%) slightly improved. This result asserts that the national transformation programs positively
affected the economic level of the Saudi woman.
Table (6): The impact of the national transformation programs on the economic level of the Saudi
woman
Agreement Somewhat Relative (T) Significance

Agree Disagree Mean Deviation Rank
Item agree weight value level
My economic level F 61 161 159
1.74 0.72 58.1 -7.0 0.001 5
improved. % 16.0 42.3 41.7
I have more opportunities F 140 156 85
2.14 0.76 71.5 3.7 0.001 4
of education and work. % 36.7 40.9 22.3
I am satisfied with work and F 184 159 38
2.38 0.66 79.4 11.3 0.001 3
study environment. % 48.3 41.7 10.0
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Agreement Somewhat Relative (T) Significance

Agree Disagree Mean Deviation Rank
Item agree weight value level
I am badly paid because I F 39 106 236
1.48 0.67 49.3 -15.2 0.001 6
am woman. % 10.2 27.8 61.9
I find it difficult to manage F 77 128 176
1.74 0.77 58.0 -6.6 0.001 5
my expenses. % 20.2 33.6 46.2
I am satisfied with my F 208 145 28
2.47 0.63 82.4 14.6 0.001 1
standard of living. % 54.6 38.1 7.3
I can get my needs on my ‫]ﻙ‬ 206 145 30
2.46 0.64 82.1 14.1 0.001 2
own. % 54.1 38.1 7.9
Total mean 2.10 0.23 70.0 3.7 0.001
Table (6) indicates that satisfaction with the standard of living was ranked first with a mean of (2.47),
the woman's ability to get her own needs was ranked second with a mean of (2.46), satisfaction with
work and study environment was ranked third a mean of (2.38), and the availability of job and study
opportunities was ranked fourth with a mean of (2.14). Accordingly, the national transformation
programs contributed to woman's satisfaction with the standard of living because they provided more
job opportunities. Al-Shalhoub (2017) reported that the substantial aspects of the Saudi woman's
empowerment are educational empowerment, economic empowerment, and sufficient income that
meet her needs.
Improvement of the economic status and the inability to manage expenses was ranked fifth with
a mean of (1.74). The programs did not directly improve the economic status of the participants because
they did not focus on improving the economic status because of the availability of the government
programs, such as social security programs, citizen account, and incentive aid. The item of "I am badly
paid because I am a woman" was ranked sixth with a mean of (1.48). According to Likert scale, it
signifies disagree, suggesting the inappropriateness of this item as (40%) of females' jobs offered by
public sector and the governmental authorities apply civil service regulations to both genders.
Al-Talbi (2017) showed that the economic inflation in Saudi Arabia caused further issues,
especially for the widows and divorced women, so they have to find a job. These results are inconsistent
with Asfour et al. (2017) demonstrated that gender segregation at work negatively affected woman's
professional development. Williams et al. (2012) indicated that gender segregation at work played an
important role in allocating rewards and relationships between men at work might be built in a way
that harms woman.
In terms of the 2nd hypothesis, the results illustrated a statistically significant relationship between
the national transformation programs and the improvement of the health level of the Saudi woman, as
chi-square value was (9.31) at a significance level of (0.042). Moreover, health level of (48.0%) of the
participants greatly improved and the level of (11.5%) slightly improved. This result asserts that the
national transformation programs positively affected the health level of the Saudi woman.
Table (7): The impact of the national transformation programs on the health level of the Saudi woman
Agreement Relative (T) Significance

Agree Undecided Disagree Mean Deviation Rank
Item weight value level
I have adequate treatment F 282 83 16
2.70 0.54 89.9 25.1 0,001 2
services. % 74.0 21.8 4.2
I have the opportunity to do F 257 98 26
2.61 0.61 86.9 19.3 0,001 3
sports well. % 67.5 25.7 6.8
Health awareness programs in F 64 145 172
my environment are 1.72 0.74 57.2 -7.5 0,001 4
% 16.8 38.1 45.1
insufficient.
I suffer from poor health F 26 97 258
1.39 0.61 46.4 -19.4 0,001 5
services in my environment. % 6.8 25.5 67.7
229

F 295 67 19
My residence is convenient. 2.72 0.55 90.8 25.8 0,001 1
% 77.4 17.6 5.0
Total mean 2.23 0.30 74.2 15.02 0,001
Table ( 7) reveals that the item of "my residence is convenient" was ranked first with a mean of (2.72),
the item of " I have adequate treatment services" was ranked second with a mean of (2.70), the item of
"I have the opportunity to do sports well" was ranked third with a mean of (2.61), the item of " health
awareness programs in my environment are insufficient" was ranked fourth with a mean of (1.72), and
the item of " I suffer from poor health services in my environment" was ranked fifth with a mean of
(1.39), which suggests that it is classified as disagree.
Accordingly, health aspects of the Saudi woman life are good because her residence is convenient,
as well as she has adequate treatment services and has the opportunity to do sports well. Convenient
residence as adequate treatment services definitely influence quality of life. These results are consistent
with Al-Aqran (2020) that the more sports are practiced, the greater the quality of public health, mental
health, and time management. Fallatah et al. (2019) asserted that physical fitness centers that have
recently prevailed encouraged woman to have a healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, woman's concern about
her physical fitness and beauty, as well as the effect of the social factors encouraged her to go regularly.
In terms of the 3rd hypothesis, the results illustrated a statistically significant relationship between
the national transformation programs and the improvement of the social level of the Saudi woman, as
chi-square value was (18.69) at a significance level of (0.001). Moreover, social level of (38.3%) of the
participants greatly improved, the level of (21.3%) moderately improved, and the level of (0.3%) slightly
improved. This result asserts that the national transformation programs positively affected the social
level of the Saudi woman.
Table (8): The impact of the national transformation programs on the social level of the Saudi woman

I notice a real change for the F 269 91 21 1
2.65 0.58 88.4 21.8 0.000
woman. % 70.6 23.9 5.5
My present life is better than F 198 130 53 5
2.39 0.72 79.4 10.3 0.000
my past life. % 52.0 34.1 13.9
I have the opportunity to F 219 112 50 4
2.44 0.71 81.5 12.1 0.000
participate in social activities. % 57.5 29.4 13.1
F 191 142 48 2.38 0.70 79.2 6
I get the social support I need. 10.5 0.000
% 50.1 37.3 12.6
New transformations F 236 120 25
2
maximized the woman's 2.55 0.62 85.1 17.6 0.000
% 61.9 31.5 6.6
domestic responsibilities.
The present lifestyle negatively F 144 143 94 7
2.13 0.78 71.0 3.3 0.005
affects social relationships. % 37.8 37.5 24.7
Full time job negatively affects F 213 125 43
2.45 0.69 81.5 12.6 0.000 3
woman's life. % 55.9 32.8 11.3
Total mean 2.43 0.34 80.9 24.5 0.000
Table (8) shows that the item of " I notice a real change for the woman"" was ranked first with a mean
of (2.65), the item of " new transformations maximized the woman's domestic responsibilities"" was
ranked second with a mean of (2.55), and the item of " full time job negatively affects woman's life" was
ranked third with a mean of (2.42). Consequently, these programs improve woman's life.
These results are consistent with Varshney (2019) that the new era ushered a paradigm shift that
230
beckoned a rising women’s empowerment process. Currently, Saudi women are better educated, well
informed, and more financially independent. Abu Bakr (2012) indicated a relationship between role
conflict and stress among women. Diverse roles and responsibilities lead to a conflict between roles as
well as affect the physical and psychological health. The study asserted caring about working women
because they are exposed to several problems and disorders. They are also consistent with Salem (2018)
that woman's multiple roles cause imbalance between work and home as well as maximize family
problems.
Moreover, the item of " I have the opportunity to participate in social activities " was ranked
fourth with a mean of ( 2.44), the item of " my present life is better than my past life " was ranked fifth
with a mean of ( 2.39), and "I get the social support I need" was ranked sixth with a mean of (2.38).
This result is consistent with Al-Bakr et al. (2017) that the present generation accepts the change of
gender roles and admits woman's rights in education, employment and public activity. Al-Zahrani
(2020) showed a correlation between quality of life, social support, and self-efficacy.
This result is consistent with Al-Bakr et al. (2017) that the current generation accepts changing
gender roles and accepts women's rights in education, employment and public activity. The item of
"the present lifestyle negatively affects social relationships" was ranked seventh with a mean of (2.13).
This result is consistent with Al-Shahri (2018) that the woman working in private sector suffers from
poor social relations with relatives and friends because of long working hours. Moreover, woman's work
and education weakens her social relations.
In terms of the 4th hypothesis, the results illustrated a statistically significant relationship between
the national transformation programs and the improvement of the rights of the Saudi woman, as chi-
square value was (10.91) at a significance level of (0.028). Moreover, rights of (33.9%) of the participants
moderately improved, rights of (24.7%) programs improved the rights of the Saudi woman.
Table (9): The impact of the national transformation programs on the greatly improved, and rights of
(2.1%) slightly improved. This result asserts that the national transformation rights of the Saudi woman.

Now, I can take my own F 240 121 20 4
2.58 0.59 85.9 19.1 0.000
decisions. % 63.0 31.8 5.2
I consider myself a responsible F 314 57 10
2.80 0.46 93.3 33.6 0.000 1
person. % 82.4 15.0 6.2
Law considers me fully F 297 72 12
2.75 0.50 91.6 29.1 0.000 2
competent. % 78.0 18.9 3.1
The legal aspect in my life has F 240 123 18
2.58 0.58 86.1 19.5 0.000 3
become easier than before. % 63.0 32.3 4.7
F 40 169 172
I do not know all my rights. 1.65 0.66 55.1 -10.2 0.000 6
% 10.5 44.4 45.1
Laws pertaining to woman have F 48 178 155
1.72 0.67 57.3 -8.13 0.000 5
not been sufficiently enforced. % 12.6 46.7 40.7
Total mean 2.35 0.30 78.2 22.3 0.000
Table (9) indicates that the item of " I consider myself a responsible person"" was ranked first with a
mean of (2.80), the item of " Law considers me fully competent" was ranked second with a mean of
(2.75), the item of " The legal aspect in my life has become easier than before" was ranked third with a
mean of (2.58), and the item of "I can take my own decisions" was ranked fourth with a mean of ( 2.58).
Moreover, the transformation programs empowered woman to get her legal rights. Al Awad (2014)
demonstrated that woman suffered from subjective, social, and regulatory obstacles that impeded
demanding her fundamental rights because of the ignorance of her rights, duties, and fear of the
community.
231
Eldoseri (2014) recommended the integration of education about domestic violence into health
care curricula to enhance the access and quality of services.The item of "laws pertaining to woman have
not been sufficiently enforced" was ranked fifth with a mean of (1.72), and the item of "I do not know
all my rights" was ranked sixth with a mean of (1.65). These results are consistent with Al-Mutairi (2017)
that legal awareness has to be raised among Saudi women and data about woman's rights included in
the state's laws and regulations have to be available to prevail legal culture.
Table (10): The impact of the national transformation programs on the subjective domain of the Saudi
woman's life

I accept change and consider it a partF 273 95 13
2.68 0.53 89.4 24.9 0.000 3
of my life. % 71.7 24.9 3.4
F 289 78 14
I can fulfill my self. 2.72 0.52 90.7 26.9 0.000 2
% 75.9 20.5 3.7
My responsibilities cause me more F 92 165 124
1.92 0.75 63.9 -2.2 0.000 15
stress. % 24.1 43.3 32.5
F 84 141 156
Rapid social changes worry me. 1.81 0.77 60.4 -4.8 0.000 17
% 22.0 37.0 41.0
F 207 154 20
I can control my life decisions 2.49 0.60 83.0 16.1 0.000 10
% 54.3 40.4 5.2
F 87 186 108
I find it difficult to manage time. 1.94 0.71 64.8 -1.5 0.133 14
% 22.8 48.8 28.3
F 265 94 22
I feel that my life is significant. 2.64 0.59 87.9 21.1 0.000 6
% 69.6 24.7 5.8
I feel empowered within my F 207 150 24
2.48 0.61 82.7 15.3 0.000 11
community % 54.3 39.4 6.3
F 266 98 17
I have good social relationships. 2.65 0.56 88.5 22.7 0.000 5
% 69.8 25.7 4.5
Present circumstances create fear and F 67 177 137
1.82 0.71 60.5 -5.1 0.000 16
challenge. % 17.6 46.5 36.0
F 113 195 73
I got what I expected in life. 2.10 0.69 70.2 3.0 0.000 13
% 29.7 51.2 19.2
F 252 117 12
I feel happy and satisfied. 2.63 0.54 87.7 22.6 0.000 7
% 66.1 30.7 3.1
I feel proud of belonging to this F 314 56 11
2.80 0.47 93.2 33.0 0.000 1
community % 82.4 14.7 2.9
I have the opportunity to develop and F 224 127 30
2.51 0.64 83.6 15.6 0.000 9
create. % 58.8 33.3 7.9
I feel that the quality of my life is ‫ﻙ‬ 214 160 7
2.55 0.56 85.0 19.4 0.000 8
good. % 56.2 42 1.8
F 271 94 16
I feel psychologically safe. 2.67 0.55 89.0 23.6 0.000 4
% 71.1 24.7 4.2
F 170 185 26
I enjoy my present life. 2.38 0.61 79.3 12.2 0.000 12
% 44.7 48.5 6.8
Total Mean 2.44 0.30 81.5 28.8 0.000
Table (10) shows that the items of “I feel proud of belonging to this community”, “I can fulfill my self”,
“I accept change and consider it a part of my life”, and “I feel psychologically safe” was ranked first,
second, third, and fourth, respectively. This result demonstrated that woman’s life improved in the
subjective domain, which provides well-being.
Al-Malihan (2019) indicated that the obstacles that impeded woman’s empowerment in
administrative work involved the woman’s control by the breadwinner, the negative view of the
community, lack of accepting woman as an administrative official, and weak legislations that allow
232
woman to have administrative work. Eid (2018) indicated that several obstacles impeded holding
leadership positions by the woman. Furthermore, woman enjoyed more psychologically security an
due to the community changes supported by strong government’s policies. Thus, woman had more
protection, security, justice, freedom and equality than before.
The items of “I enjoy good social relationships”, “I feel that my life is significant”, “I feel happy
and satisfied”, and “I feel that the quality of my life is good” came in the following positions. The items
of “I have the opportunity to develop and create”, I can control my life decisions”, “I feel empowered
within my community”, and “I enjoy my present life” was ranked ninth to twelfth. This result indicated
that national transformation programs greatly reinforced satisfaction with the community and self-
reliance among Saudi women due to granting them their rights. Al-Haj and Al-Nasser (2018) illustrated
that woman was aware of glass ceiling problem and how to overcome it, as well as the effectiveness of
the government’s efforts to overcome it and promote woman empowerment.
The items of “I got what I expected in life”, “I find it difficult to manage time”, my responsibilities
cause me more stress”, “present situations create me fear and challenge”, and “rapid social changes
worry me” was ranked last. It is noticeable that the items signify an imbalance in some aspects of the
quality of life, such as difficulty in managing time, feeling afraid, stress, and anxiety about the speed of
change. These results are consistent with Al-Shalhoub (2017) that the Saud woman strongly needs
rehabilitation (education and training) and social needs. Some women feel this because the change is
rapid and they will not be able to adapt to it at the same speed as the response to the variables varies
according to personality, education, culture, and the environment. The results are also consistent with
Alsuwaida (2016) that the government's policies have empowered woman, but she still needs the
opportunities to succeed and achieve an independent life that keeps pace with the rapid social change.
In terms of the 5th hypothesis, the results illustrated a statistically significant relationship between
the national transformation programs and woman’s self-reliance, as chi-square value was (21.44) at a
significance level of (0.000). Moreover, the programs moderately affected self-reliance of (48.6%) of
the participants, greatly affected (13.6%), and slightly influenced (14.7%). Accordingly, the programs
reinforce the Saudi woman’s self-reliance.
In terms of the 6th hypothesis, the results showed a statistically positive significant correlation
between the national transformation programs and the increased satisfaction ( self, life, and
community). Values of Pearson correlation were (0.770), (0.261), and (0.261) at a statistically significant
level less than (0.05). In terms of the 7th hypothesis, the results showed a statistically positive significant
correlation between the national transformation programs and quality of life. Values of Pearson
correlation were (0.308), (0.161), and (0.129) at a statistically significant level less than (0.05).
10. Discussion
National transformation programs changed the life of (75.6%) of participants. The most influential
programs allowed the woman to drive a car, changed the regulations of civil affairs; travel documents
and work, participation in decision-making, holding leading positions, and enacting laws against
harassment, violence and abuse. In terms of the impact of the programs on the objective domain, the
programs greatly affected health, social and human rights levels. In addition, openness of the Saudi
community to the world and its culture raised the level of health education, especially among women.
Women practiced sports because they had much free time and to improve to keep their health and
beauty. Hence, girls practiced sports at schools and women's clubs became accessible.
Social aspect was ranked second as the woman observed a real change in her life, which became
better than before. In addition, she had social support and participated in social activities. Driving a
car and enacting laws against harassment facilitated mobility. Thus, several families allowed woman
to form social relationships. Currently, youth accepts the change of woman's role more. Rights aspects
was ranked third because woman considered herself a responsible person, law considered her fully
qualified competent, legal aspect in her life became easier than before, and she could determine her
own destiny. On the other hand, the programs moderately influenced the economic aspect because
233
they did not aim to provide direct economic support. Numerous economic programs provide support,
while these programs are developmental. They also aim to strengthen and support woman to improve
her standard of living on her own. The state provided her the opportunity and mechanisms to improve
her economic status indecently. The positive impact of these programs will be evident in poverty
combat in the future.
Concerning the effect of the programs on the subjective aspect, woman had further independence
and empowerment. They also modified the material and social environment, introduced the human
resources approach, and changed laws and regulations to meet her needs and develop her potentials.
This change is an indication of the quality of life.
Moreover, they reinforced woman’s satisfaction with the community due to the improvement of
her life, obtaining rights and equality with men. She has become more self-reliant, which indicates that
the quality of life has improved. Better material status and well-being, satisfaction of needs, satisfaction
with life, sense of life significance, positive physical health, and well-being are the fundamentals of the
quality of life. Craig (2010) stated that quality of life comprises (The 3 B's):
- Being (physical, psychological, and spiritual)
- Belonging (spatial, social, and community)
- Becoming (practical, recreational, and developmental)
Furthermore, they enhanced the sense of psychological security, so woman’s sense of quality of
their life increased. Her life became better due to the community changes, which the government
supports. Although she could higher level of life quality in the subjective and objective domains, she
feels worried and scared because rapid changes cause fear of the unknown. To overcome these fears,
woman needs family and community support, as well as rehabilitation and training to acquire life skills,
which help face difficulties, solve problems, and improve her life.
11. Recommendations
The study recommends designing a national strategy for legal awareness at the local level to implement
specialized outreach campaigns in all administrative regions to inform the community members
groups with their different educational and social levels of their rights and duties. Establishing legal
initiatives using social media to offer legal counsel and explain the regulations that should be
implemented by law specialists. Legal awareness at schools and universities should be increased, as
well as integrating legal awareness into secondary and university courses. Students should know laws
and rights as well as how to claim rights.Developing community awareness of the importance of
science, technology, engineering and mathematics education for girls as a foundation of knowledge-
based economy.
Furthermore, providing an educational environment that enhances knowledge economy and
preparing universities to support giftedness and creativity. Increasing the adoption of STEM system,
which integrates science; technology; engineering and mathematics, to prepare Saudi women for future
jobs and achieve global competitiveness in cognitive and industrial economy. Attracting and qualifying
competent women in the field of digital transformation and stimulating their effective participation in
labor market. Moreover, private sector should implement community initiatives funded by banks and
private sector institutions to develop the scientific, intellectual and economic capabilities of the Saudi
woman to be able to successfully handle the present phase.
Additionally, establishing appropriate channels and using effective methods that help identify
and solve the problems and obstacles facing the Saudi working woman. Scientific researches have to
evaluate the present phase, define the future vision, and benefit from global experiences in empowering
woman. Furthermore, universities and bodies concerned with women’s affairs should implement
creative and effective programs to raise awareness of empowerment and its cultural as well as economic
domains, and correct any misconceptions concerning women's roles. Coordination between the public
and private sectors to develop policies that help the woman hold new jobs, which benefit the Saudi
economy and goals of Saudi Vision 2030.
234
12. Acknowledgemnt
The author would like to thank the Center for Promising Research in Social Research and Women’s
Studies Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for funding
this Project in 2020.
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Impact of The National Transformation Programs On The Life Quality of The Saudi Woman: A Study Applied To Riyadh

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E-ISSN 2240-0524 Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol 11 No 2

ISSN 2239-978X www.richtmann.org March 2021

Received: 15 December 2020 / Accepted: 31 January 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

Impact of the National Transformation Programs on the Life Quality of the

Associate Professor of Social Work,

2. Statement of the Problem

The following aspects manifest the significance of the paper:

7.1 Life Model

7.2 Theoretical approaches of quality of life

7.2.1 Cognitive approach

Source: Schalock, R. L. (2004).

7.2.2 Humanistic approach

7.2.3 Integrative approach

8.3 Population and Sampling

Table (1): The demographic characteristics of the participants

Age No. % Age No. % Age No. %

and appropriate for field testing.

Program No. % Rank

Relative (T) Significance

Objective domain Beta T F R Sign

Agreement Somewhat Relative (T) Significance

Agreement Somewhat Relative (T) Significance

Agreement Relative (T) Significance

Agreement Relative (T) Significance

Agreement Relative (T) Significance

Agreement Relative (T) Significance

Agreement Relative (T) Significance

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