A Consciência Não Precisa de Um Cérebro Sciam
A Consciência Não Precisa de Um Cérebro Sciam
A Consciência Não Precisa de Um Cérebro Sciam
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Annaka Harris
| New York Times bestselling author of CONSCIOUS: A Brief Guide to the
Fundamental Mystery of the Mind. She is an editor and consultant for science
writers, specializing in neuroscience and physics, and her work has appeared
in the New York Times.
2,656 words
Read time: approx. 13 mins
Our default intuition when it comes to consciousness is that humans and some
other animals have it, whereas plants and trees don’t. But how sure can we be
that plants aren’t conscious? And what if what we take to be behavior
indicating consciousness can be replicated with no conscious agent involved?
Annaka Harris invites us to consider the real possibility that our intuitions
about consciousness might be mere illusions.
Our intuitions have been shaped by natural selection to quickly provide life-
saving information, and these evolved intuitions can still serve us in modern
life. For example, we have the ability to unconsciously perceive elements in
our environment in threatening situations that in turn deliver an almost
instantaneous assessment of danger — such as the intuition that we shouldn’t
get into an elevator with someone, even though we can’t put our finger on
why.
But our guts can deceive us as well, and “false intuitions” can arise in any
number of ways, especially in domains of understanding — like science and
philosophy — that evolution could never have foreseen. An intuition is simply
the powerful sense that something is true without having an awareness or
understanding of the reasons behind this feeling — it may or may not
represent something true about the world.
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These two questions overlap in important ways, but it’s informative to address
them separately. Consider first that it’s possible for conscious experience to
exist without any outward expression at all (at least in a brain). A striking
example of this is the neurological condition called locked-in syndrome in
which virtually one’s entire body is paralyzed but consciousness is fully
intact. This condition was made famous by the late editor-in-chief of French
Elle, Jean-Dominique Bauby, who ingeniously devised a way to write about
his personal story of being “locked in.” After a stroke left him paralyzed,
Bauby retained only the ability to blink his left eye. Amazingly, his caretakers
noticed his efforts to communicate using this sole remnant of mobility, and
over time they developed a method whereby he could spell out words through
a pattern of blinks, thus revealing the full scope of his conscious life. He
describes this harrowing experience in his 1997 memoir The Diving Bell and
the Butterfly, which he wrote in about two hundred thousand blinks.
Now let’s go back to the first question and ask ourselves: what might qualify
as evidence of consciousness? For the most part, we believe we can determine
whether or not an organism is conscious by examining its behavior. Here is a
simple assumption most of us make, in line with our intuitions, which we can
use as a starting point: People are conscious; plants are not conscious. Most of
us feel strongly that this statement is correct, and there are good scientific
reasons for believing that it is. We assume that consciousness does not exist in
the absence of a brain or a central nervous system. But what evidence or
behavior can we observe to support this claim about the relative experience of
human beings and plants? Consider the types of behavior we usually attribute
to conscious life, such as reacting to physical harm or caring for others.
Research reveals that plants do both in complex ways — though, of course,
we conclude that they do so without feeling pain or love (i.e. without
consciousness). But some behaviors of people and plants are so alike that it in
fact poses a challenge to our using certain behavior as evidence of conscious
experience.
In his book What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses, biologist
Daniel Chamovitz describes in fascinating detail how stimulation of a plant
(by touch, light, heat, etc.) can cause reactions similar to those in animals
under analogous conditions. Plants can sense their environments through
touch and can detect many aspects of their surroundings, including
temperature, by other modes. It’s actually quite common for plants to react to
touch: a vine will increase its rate and direction of growth when it senses an
object nearby that it can wrap itself around; and the infamous Venus flytrap
can distinguish between heavy rain or strong gusts of wind, which do not
cause its blades to close, and the tentative incursions of a nutritious beetle or
frog, which will make them snap shut in one-tenth of a second.
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Chamovitz explains how the stimulation of a plant cell causes cellular changes
that result in an electrical signal — similar to the reaction caused by the
stimulation of nerve cells in animals — and “just like in animals, this signal
can propagate from cell to cell, and it involves the coordinated function of ion
channels including potassium, calcium, calmodulin, and other plant
components.” [1] He also describes some of the mechanisms shared by plants
and animals down to the level of DNA. In his research, Chamovitz discovered
which genes are responsible for a plant’s ability to determine whether it’s in
the dark or the light, and these genes, it turns out, are also part of human
DNA. In animals, these same genes also regulate responses to light and are
involved in “the timing of cell division, the axonal growth of neurons, and the
proper functioning of the immune system.” Analogous mechanisms exist in
plants for detecting sounds, scents, and location, and even for forming
memories. In an interview for Scientific American, Chamovitz describes how
different types of memory play a role in plant behavior:
The ecologist Suzanne Simard conducts research in forest ecology, and her
work has produced breakthroughs in our understanding of inter-tree
communication. In a 2016 TED Talk, she described the thrill of uncovering
the interdependence of two tree species in her research on mycorrhizal
networks — elaborate underground networks of fungi that connect individual
plants and transfer water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals.
She was studying the levels of carbon in two species of tree, Douglas fir and
paper birch, when she discovered that the two species were engaged “in a
lively two-way conversation.” In the summer months, when the fir needs more
carbon, the birch sent more carbon to the fir; and at other times when the fir
was still growing but the birch needed more carbon because it was leafless,
the fir sent more carbon to the birch — revealing that the two species were in
fact interdependent. Equally surprising were the results of further research led
by Simard in the Canadian National Forest, showing that the Douglas fir
“mother trees” were able to distinguish between their own kin and a
neighboring stranger’s seedlings. Simard found that the mother trees
colonized their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks, sending them more
carbon below ground. The mother trees also “reduced their own root
competition to make room for their kids,” and, when injured or dying, sent
messages through carbon and other defense signals to their kin seedlings,
increasing the seedlings’ resistance to local environmental stresses. [3]
Likewise, by spreading toxins through underground fungal networks, plants
are also able to ravage threatening species. Because of the vast
interconnections and functions of these mycorrhizal networks, they have been
referred to as “Earth’s natural Internet.” [4]
Still, we can easily imagine plants exhibiting the behaviors described above
without there being something it is like to be a plant, so complex behavior
doesn’t necessarily shed light on whether a system is conscious or not. We can
probe our intuitions about behavior from another angle by asking, does a
system need consciousness to exhibit certain behaviors? For instance, would
an advanced robot need to be conscious to give its owner a pat on the back
when it witnessed her crying? Most of us would probably say the answer is
“Not necessarily.” At least one tech company is creating computerized voices
indistinguishable from human ones. [5] If we design an AI that one day begins
saying things like, “Please stop — it hurts when you do that!” should we take
this as evidence of consciousness, or simply of complex programming in
which the lights are off. We assume, for example, that an entirely non-
conscious algorithm is behind Google’s growing ability to accurately guess
what we are searching for, or behind Microsoft Outlook’s ability to make
suggestions about whom we might want to cc on our next email. We don’t
think our computer is conscious, much less that it cares about us, when it
flashes Uncle John’s contact, reminding us to include him in the baby
announcement. The software has obviously learned that Uncle Jack usually
gets included in emails to Dad and Cousin Jenny, but we never have the
impulse to say, “Hey, thanks — how thoughtful of you!” It’s conceivable,
however, that future deep-learning techniques will enable these machines to
express seemingly conscious thoughts and emotions (giving them increased
powers to manipulate people). The problem is that both conscious and non-
conscious states seem to be compatible with any behavior, even those
associated with emotion, so the behavior itself doesn’t necessarily signal the
presence of consciousness.
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Notes
[1] Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012), pp. 68-69
[2] Gareth Cook, “Do Plants Think?” Scientific American, June 5, 2012
[4] http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet;
https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_stamets_on_6_ways_mushrooms_can_save_t
he_world
[5] Lauren Goode, “How Google’s Eerie Robot Phone Calls Hint at AI’s
Future,” Wired, May 8, 2018; Bahar Gholipour, “New AI Tech Can Mimic
Any Voice,” Scientific American, May 2, 2017
See also: How Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains? by Max Velmans
(Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic, 2002), pp. 8-20
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Annaka Harris
| Autor best-seller do New York Times de CONSCIENTE: Um breve guia
para o mistério fundamental da mente. Ela é editora e consultora de escritores
científicos, especializada em neurociência e física, e seu trabalho foi
publicado no New York Times.
2.656 palavras
Tempo de leitura: aprox. 13 minutos
Mas nossas entranhas também podem nos enganar, e “falsas intuições” podem
surgir de várias maneiras, especialmente em domínios de compreensão –
como ciência e filosofia – que a evolução nunca poderia ter previsto. Uma
intuição é simplesmente a sensação poderosa de que algo é verdadeiro sem ter
consciência ou compreensão das razões por trás desse sentimento - pode ou
não representar algo verdadeiro sobre o mundo.
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É possível que uma experiência vívida de consciência exista sem ser detectada
do lado de fora
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Agora vamos voltar à primeira pergunta e nos perguntar: o que pode ser
qualificado como evidência de consciência? Na maioria das vezes,
acreditamos que podemos determinar se um organismo é ou não consciente
examinando seu comportamento. Aqui está uma suposição simples que a
maioria de nós faz, de acordo com nossas intuições, que podemos usar como
ponto de partida: as pessoas são conscientes; as plantas não são conscientes. A
maioria de nós acredita fortemente que esta afirmação está correta, e há boas
razões científicas para acreditar que é. Assumimos que a consciência não
existe na ausência de um cérebro ou de um sistema nervoso central. Mas que
evidência ou comportamento podemos observar para apoiar essa afirmação
sobre a experiência relativa de seres humanos e plantas? Considere os tipos de
comportamento que geralmente atribuímos à vida consciente, como reagir a
danos físicos ou cuidar dos outros. A pesquisa revela que as plantas fazem as
duas coisas de maneiras complexas - embora, é claro, concluímos que elas o
fazem sem sentir dor ou amor (ou seja, sem consciência). Mas alguns
comportamentos de pessoas e plantas são tão parecidos que, de fato,
representam um desafio para o uso de certos comportamentos como evidência
de experiência consciente.
Em seu livro What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses, o biólogo
Daniel Chamovitz descreve com detalhes fascinantes como a estimulação de
uma planta (pelo toque, luz, calor etc.) pode causar reações semelhantes às
dos animais em condições análogas. As plantas podem sentir seus ambientes
através do toque e podem detectar muitos aspectos de seus arredores,
incluindo a temperatura, por outros modos. Na verdade, é bastante comum que
as plantas reajam ao toque: uma videira aumenta sua taxa e direção de
crescimento quando sente um objeto próximo ao qual pode se envolver; e a
infame armadilha de Vênus pode distinguir entre chuva pesada ou fortes
rajadas de vento, que não fazem com que suas lâminas se fechem, e as
tentativas de incursões de um besouro ou sapo nutritivo, que as farão fechar
em um décimo de segundo.
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Quando nos enganamos imaginando uma pessoa que não tem consciência,
podemos começar a nos perguntar se estamos de fato nos enganando o tempo
todo quando consideramos que outros sistemas vivos - trepadeiras, digamos,
ou anêmonas-do-mar - estão sem ela.
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Notas
[1] Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses
(Nova York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012), pp. 68-69
[4] http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet;
https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_stamets_on_6_ways_mushrooms_can_save_t
he_world
[5] Lauren Goode, "How Google's Eerie Robot Phone Calls Hint at AI's
Future," Wired, 8 de maio de 2018; Bahar Gholipour, “New AI Tech Can
Mimic Any Voice”, Scientific American, 2 de maio de 2017
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