IELTS Reading Test 1

Section 1

Instructions to follow
• You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Biology of Bitterness

To many people, grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar. Bitter Blockers
like adenosine monophosphate could change that.
A. There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses: most people don’t want to drink
more than a few ounces at a time. Naringin, a natural chemical compound found in grapefruit,
tastes bitter. Some people like that bitterness in small doses and believe it enhances the general
flavor, but others would rather avoid it altogether. So juice packagers often select grapefruit with
low naringin though the compound has antioxidant properties that some nutritionists contend
may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis.
B. It is possible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bitter taste. I found
that out by participating in a test conducted at the Linguagen Corporation, a biotechnology
company in Cranbury, New Jersey. Sets of two miniature white paper cups, labeled 304and 305,
were placed before five people seated around a conference table. Each of us drank from one cup
and then the other, cleansing our palates between tastes with water and a soda cracker. Even
the smallest sip of 304 had grapefruit ‘s unmistakable bitter bite. But 305 was smoother; there
was the sour taste of citrus but none of the bitterness of naringin. This juice had been treated
with adenosine monophosphate, or AMP, a compound that blocks the bitterness in foods
without making them less nutritious.

C. Taste research is a booming business these days, with scientists delving into all five basicssweet,
bitter, sour, salty, and umami, the savory taste of protein. Bitterness is of special interest to
industry because of its untapped potential in food. There are thousands of bitter -tasting
compounds in nature. They defend plants by warning animals away and protect animals by
letting them know when a plant may be poisonous. But the system isn’t foolproof. Grapefruit and
cruciferous vegetable like Brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious despite-and sometimes

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 because of-their bitter-tasting components. Over time, many people have learned to love them,
at least in small doses. “Humans are the only species that enjoys bitter taste,” says Charles Zuker,
a neuroscientist at the University of California School of Medicine at San Diego. “Every other
species is averse to bitter because it means bad news. But we have learned to enjoy it. We drink
coffee, which is bitter, and quinine [in tonic water] too. We enjoy having that spice in our lives.”
Because bitterness can be pleasing in small quantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers
like AMP could make a whole range of foods, drinks, and medicines more palatable-and
therefore more profitable.
D. People have varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear to be genetic.
About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bitter compounds
phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil. and 25 percent are insensitive. Those who are
sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be less likely than others to eat cruciferous vegetables,
according to Stephen Wooding, a geneticist at the University of Utah. Some people, known as
supertasters, are especially sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouraci because they have an unusually high
number of taste buds. Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter-tasting things, including
vegetable, coffee, and dark chocolate. Perhaps as a result, they tend to be thin. They’re also less
fond of alcoholic drinks, which are often slightly bitter. Dewar’s scotch, for instance, tastes
somewhat sweet to most people. ” But a supertaster tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness,”
says Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of dietetics at the University of Connecticut at Storrs.
E. In one recent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, on average, only
two to three times a week, compared with five or six times for the average nontasters. Each taste
bud, which looks like an onion, consists of 50 to 100 elongated cells running from the top of the
bud to the bottom. At the top is a little clump of receptors that capture the taste molecules,
known as tastants, in food and drink. The receptors function much like those for sight and smell.
Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via proteins known as G proteins. The G
protein involved in the perception of bitterness, sweetness, and umami was identified in the
early 1990s by Linguagen’s founder, Robert Margolskee, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in
New York City. Known as gustducin, the protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead
to changes in ion concentrations within the cell. Ultimately, this delivers a signal to the brain that
registers as bitter. “The signaling system is like a bucket brigade,” Margolskee says. “It goes from
the G protein to other proteins.”

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F. In 2000 Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code for bitter-taste
receptors. “We knew the number would have to be large because there is such a large universe
of bitter tastants,” Zuker says. Yet no matter which tastant enters the mouth or which receptor it
attaches to, bitter always tastes the same to us. The only variation derives from its intensity and
the ways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell.
“Taste cells are like a light switch,” Zuker says. “They are either on or off.”
G. Once they figured put the taste mechanism, scientists began to think of ways to interfere with it.
They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk and other substances, which is
created as cells break down food. Amp has no bitterness of its own, but when put it in foods,
Margolskee and his colleagues discovered, it attaches to bitter-taste receptors. As effective as it
is, AMP may not be able to dampen every type pf bitter taste, because it probably doesn’t attach
to all 30 bitter-taste receptors. So Linguagen has scaled up the hunt for other bitter blockers with
a technology called high-throughput screening. Researchers start by coaxing cells in culture to
activate bitter-taste receptors. Then candidate substances, culled from chemical compound
libraries, are dropped onto the receptors, and scientists look for evidence of a reaction.
H. Tin time, some taste researchers believe, compounds like AMP will help make processed foods
less unhealthy. Consider, for example, that a single cup of Campbell’s chicken noodle soup
contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride, or table salt-more than a third of the recommended
daily allowance. The salt masks the bitterness created by the high temperatures used in the
canning process, which cause sugars and amino acids to react. Part of the salt could be replaced
by another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be scarce in some people’s diets. Potassium
chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be eliminated with a dose of AMP. Bitter blockers
could also be used in place of cherry or grape flavoring to take the harshness out of children’s
cough syrup, and they could dampen the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV
drugs, and other medications.
I.A number of foodmakers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products, and other
bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in La Jolla, California. In a few
years, perhaps, after food companies have taken the bitterness from canned soup and TV
dinners, they can set their sights on something more useful: a bitter blocker in a bottle that any
of us can sprinkle on our brussels sprouts or stir into our grapefruit juice.

Questions 1-8

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 Instructions to follow

• The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-I.

• Which paragraph contains the following information?
• Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

A. Experiment on bitterness conducted

B. Look into the future application

C. Bitterness means different information for human and animals

D. Spread process of bitterness inside of body

How AMP blocks bitterness

F. Some bitterness blocker may help lower unhealthy impact

G. Bitterness introduced from a fruit

H. Genetic feature determines sensitivity

Question 9-12

Summary

Instructions to follow

• Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more
than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
• Write your answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.

The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called _______contained in it.
However, bitterness plays a significant role for plants. It gives a signal that certain plant is
___________. For human beings, different person carries various genetic abilities of tasting
bitterness. According to a scientist at the University of Utah, _______ have exceptionally
plenty of __________, which allows them to perceive bitter compounds.

Questions 13 - 14

Instructions to follow

• Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

• Write your answers in boxes 13-14 on your answer sheet.
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 13. What is the main feature of AMP according to this passage?

offset bitter
flavour in
food only
exist in 304
cup tastes like citrus
chemical reaction when meets biscuit

14. What is the main function of G protein?

collecting taste molecule

identifying different flavors
elements resolving large
molecules transmitting bitter
signals to the brain

Section 2

Instructions to follow

• You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading
Passage 2

Franklin's Lost Expedition

A. What could have resulted in the deaths of 129 men and officers aboard the ship in Franklin’s
lost expedition? The fate of the ship remains a topic of investigation, still intriguing to some
international researchers of today. Sir John Franklin and his crew set sail from England in 1845
in search of the Northwest Passage, a sea route that was rumored to connect the continents of
Europe and Asia. Two ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, headed the expedition. Franklin's
wife, Lady Jane Franklin, had become worried after three years without any communication
from the expedition. She then persuaded the government to begin investigating. The sites of
the three first search efforts were Lancaster Sound, the Bering Strait and over land beginning at
the Mackenzie River.
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B. All of these searches, as well as others that followed were unsuccessful in discovering the fate
of the crew. Lady Franklin began her own search in 1851, but about a year later, these searches
led by McClure and Collinson and their crews also turned up missing. Collinson eventually found
his way back to England, while McClure was found and returned back in 1854. That same year,
searcher John Rae reported to the Admiralty that according to Inuit information and some
discovered items, it seemed that Franklin and the crew had perished. In a desperate last
attempt to survive, some may have even taken up cannibalism. Rae was given what would be
about $400,000 Canadian dollars today as a reward. Therefore, it appeared that Admiralty
would not pursue any further search efforts.
C. However, Lady Franklin did not give up there, and in 1857 she began commissioning another
search with Leopold McClintock as its leader. It was McClintock who found many corpses on
King William Island, along with a journal which outlined the journey of Franklin's two ships,
Erebus and Terror. On May 1847, it seemed according to the journal that the ships were stuck in
ice. Even so, there should have been enough food supplies onboard the ships to last three
years. "All well," said the note. Another note from April 25, 1848 made the situation appear
more dire. Apparently, the ships had remained stuck in ice for over a year, with several men
abandoning the expedition within the days before.
D. Researchers, scientists and historians have continued to ponder this mystery for over 160 years.
What had happened which had caused the men to abandon ship, rather than wait for the ice to
melt? The Northwest Passage is well-known for its harsh weather and constantly changing sea
ice. To the west King William Island, particularly strong gusts of wind howl over layers of thick
ice, formed over periods of hundreds of years. How long did the ice trap Franklin's two
unfortunate ships so that they could not move?
E. Investigators and researchers continue looking for answers to these questions regarding
Franklin's lost expedition, attempting to explain what happened to the captain and his crew.
From American explorer Charles Francis Hall in 1860-1863, to Frederick Schwatka in 1879, as
well as the Canadian government's search in 1930 and William Gibson's search a year later,
some hints were found in the form of human remains, Inuit information and discovered items,
but no certain conclusions could be reached. In 1981, along the western coast of King William
Island, the University of Alberta-led Franklin Expedition Forensic Anthropology Project dug up
human remains. Forensic testing at the time suggested that the cause of death was likely either
lead poisoning and scurvy. Lead poisoning has continued to persist as a possible explanation for

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 the loss of the expedition since then. However, proving this is not so simple, as surgeons'
journals (the "sick books") which recorded illness on board have yet to be found.
F. Still without Franklin sick books, a team of researchers from the University of Glasgow took up a
study of the sick books of Royal Naval ships which were searching for Franklin. The search ships
were equipped similarly, with the same provisions as Franklin's vessels, therefore the team
looked over the illnesses and fatalities within the search crews under the assumption that the
conditions suffered by those crews could mirror those of the lost expedition.
G. Due to relatively high levels of lead found in some remains of the crew, it has been suggested
that lead poisoning from solder that sealed the expedition's canned provisions could explain the
lost expedition. However, within the other search ships who had similar provisions, no evidence
of lead poisoning was found, despite the relatively high exposure to lead that was unavoidable
on ships of the era and within the overall British population. So, unless Franklin’s ships had a
particular lead source, there is no substantial proof that lead poisoning had a role in the failed
expedition. Across nine search crews, patterns in illnesses led researchers to conclude that
Franklin's men would have suffered the same respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, injuries
and exposure, and that some fatalities might have been a result of respiratory, cardiovascular
and tubercular conditions. Moreover, the team suggested that the abnormally high number of
deaths of Franklin's officers was probably a result of non-medical circumstances such as
accidents and injuries that happened when officers accepted the risky responsibility of hunting
animals to provide food, or walking over difficult terrain in a severe climate, continuing their
attempts at finding the route of a Northwest Passage.
H. It seems possible that the 2016 discovery by the Arctic Research Foundation made recently in
the wreck of HMS Terror, along with a discovery two years before in 2014 of HMS Erebus by
Parks Canada could finally allow access to some first-hand evidence of medical issues and other
factors at play in the failed expedition. If any of the expedition's records in writing have been
preserved on board, it’s possible they could still be read if they were left in the right underwater
conditions. If a 'sick book' has managed to survive aboard a ship, the events that led to the lost
expedition may be revealed, allowing those speculating to finally get some closure on the
matter.

Questions 15-21

Instructions to follow

• Do the followingstatements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In
boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet, write 7

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
 Franklin’s lost expedition was a search party attempting to find Lady Jane Franklin
John Rae suspected that Franklin’s lost expedition likely suffered from a food
shortage aboard the ship
The leaders of the search parties commissioned by Lady Franklin returned to
England after some time
It was common for people living Britain during the 19th century to be exposed to
lead
Most of the crew aboard Franklin’s lost expedition were trained to hunt wild animals
The most recent research from University of Glasgow suggests that some of leaders
of the crew on the Franklin expedition died from lead poisoning.
The research into the wreck of HMS Terror may shed light on the mystery of the lost
expedition.

Questions 22-26

Instructions to follow

• Complete the sentences below.

• Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
• Write your answers in 22-26 on your answer sheet.

The Northwest Passage is a route which connects __________by sea.

As a reward for seemingly having discovered the fate of the Franklin expedition,
__________ was given an amount that would equal hundreds of thousands of
Canadian dollars today.

Forensic testing available in the 80’s suggested that either 24 __________ or lead
poisoning led to the deaths of the crew in the Franklin expedition.

The ______________ made by doctors aboard the ships in the Franklin expedition
still have not been recovered.

Researchers have suggested that the leaders of Franklin’s crew might not have been
ill, but could have died from _______________ as a result of their behaviours.

Section 3

Instructions to follow

• You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3

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 Owl Secrets

A. It always appeared to fly in the face of logic. But now, the biological secrets that allow
owls to rotate their heads without cutting off their blood supply have finally been unravelled.
Scientists have discovered four major adaptations in owls designed to prevent injury when
the animals rotate their overly large heads by up to 270 degrees.

B. The study found that the birds' unique bone structures and vascular systems let them
move with increased flexibility. Scientists at John Hopkins University School of Medicine in
the US studied snowy, barred and great horned owls after their deaths from natural causes.
They found that the vertebral artery enters the neck higher than in other birds, creating more
slack. Unlike humans, owls were found to have small vessel connections between the carotid
and vertebral arteries, allowing the blood to be exchanged between the two blood vessels.
This creates an uninterrupted blood flow to the brain, even if one route is blocked during
extreme neck rotation.
C. The adaptation gives the birds a huge range of vision without having to move their bodies
and arouse detection by prey. The lack of similar adaptations in humans could explain why
humans are more vulnerable to neck injury, the experts concluded. When humans attempt
sudden and violent twists of their neck they risk damaging the lining of their blood vessels,
which can result in a fatal blockage or stroke. Study senior investigator Doctor Philippe
Gailloud, said: 'Until now, brain imaging specialists like me who deal with human injuries
caused by trauma to arteries in the head and neck have always been puzzled as to why rapid,
twisting neck movements did not leave thousands of owls lying dead on the forest floor from
stroke. 'The carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck of most animals - including owls and
humans - are very fragile and highly susceptible to even minor tears of the vessel lining.'
D. To solve the puzzle, the researchers studied the bone and blood vessel structures in the
heads and necks of the birds. An injectable contrast dye was used to highlight the birds'
blood vessels, which were then dissected, drawn and scanned to allow detailed analysis.
E. The most striking finding came after researchers injected dye into the owls' arteries,
mimicking blood flow, and manually turned the animals' heads. They found that when they
turned the heads, the blood vessels below the jaw bone expanded as more dye entered,
creating pools of blood capable of maintaining the energy supply to the brain and eyes. They
showed that the big carotid arteries, instead of being on the side of the neck as in humans,

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 are carried close to the centre of rotation just in front of the spine. As a consequence, these
arteries experience much less twisting and turning. The potential for damage is therefore
greatly reduced. This contrasted starkly with human anatomical ability, where arteries
generally tend to get smaller and smaller, and do not balloon out as they branch out. This
creates the risk of clotting after sudden neck movements such as whiplash.
F. Researchers say these contractile blood reservoirs act as a trade-off, allowing birds to
pool blood to meet the energy needs of their large brains and eyes, while they rotate their
heads. The supporting vascular network, with its many interconnections and adaptations,
helps minimise any interruption in blood flow. The study results demonstrate what physical
properties are needed to allow such extreme head movements, and explain why injuries
sustained from treatments that involve manipulating bones with the hands such as
chiropractic therapy can have such serious consequences for humans. Dr Gailloud added: 'Our
new study results show precisely what morphological adaptations are needed to handle such
head gyrations and why humans are so vulnerable to bone injury from chiropractic therapy.
Extreme manipulations of the human head are really dangerous because we lack so many of
the vessel-protecting features seen in owls.'
G. Medical illustrator Fabian de Kok-Mercado said: 'In humans, the vertebral artery really
hugs the brains and eyes, while they rotate their heads. The supporting vascular network,
with its many interconnections and adaptations, helps minimise any interruption in blood
flow. The study results demonstrate what physical properties are needed to allow such
extreme head movements, and explain why injuries sustained from treatments that involve
manipulating bones with the hands such as chiropractic therapy can have such serious
consequences for humans. Dr Gailloud added: 'Our new study results show precisely what
morphological adaptations are needed to handle such head gyrations and why humans are
hollow cavities in the neck. But this is not the case in owls, whose structures are specially
adapted to allow for greater arterial flexibility and movement.' It is a powerful adaptive trait,
but it is not unique. Plenty of birds have a similar ability to look behind them. Red tailed
hawks for example are almost as flexible as their nocturnal cousins. 'There are lots of
advantages to being able to look over your shoulder and see something coming - if you're
trying to avoid predators or detect prey', he added.

Question 27-34

Instructions to follow

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 • Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases A-M below.
• Write the correct letter, A-Min boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
• NB You may use any letter more than once.

How can owls rotate their heads by ............... 270 degrees? The many small bones that make
up the neck and spine enable them to achieve ............... movement. A research team has
discovered that in ........... ,their vascular network has adapted to make the rotation possible.
Owls' carotid arteries are ........... the spine, at the centre of rotation. This means the arteries
endure 31 ........... strain when the head is turned. In addition, the vessels 32 ........... their
heads can expand, creating reservoirs of blood to supply the brain when the head is turned.
And the cavities in the neck vertebrae, through which the vessels pass, are extremely
33 ........... , giving the vessels space to move around when twisted. All this is necessary
because their eyes can't move: owls can only look 34 ........... ahead.

flexible limited various ways

as much as far less large
at the base of multiple straight
in front of in excess of
intense to the side of

Questions 35-40

Instructions to follow

• Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H below.

• Write the correct letter, A-H in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.

35. The bone structure and circulatory system of owls has evolved in order to

36. Humans' arteries tend to

37. Scientists injected dye into the blood vessels of dead owls in order to

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38. When humans attempt sudden twists of their neck they are more likely to

39. The backup arteries of owls are designed to

40. Owls have a huge range of vision which enables them to

A collect any excess blood created in the process of turning.

B cope with their very large heads.

C damage the lining of their blood vessels.

D decrease in size.

E make them lighter.

F mimic natural blood flow.

Offer a fresh supply of nutrients when blood vessels get closed off.

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Avoid detection by predators or to find prey.

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