Taalthuis

Free online Dutch course

http://www.taalthuis.com

Sjoerd de Vos
Marcel Heerink
Table of contents
Introduction 3

Beginners Course 4
Lesson 1 5
Lesson 2 10
Lesson 3 15
Lesson 4 20
Lesson 5 25
Lesson 6 31
Lesson 7 36
Lesson 8 42
Lesson 9 48
Lesson 10 55

Intermediate Course 61
Lesson 1 62
Lesson 2 65
Lesson 3 68
Lesson 4 71
Lesson 5 74
Lesson 6 78
Lesson 7 81
Lesson 8 84
Lesson 9 87
Lesson 10 90

Theory/Grammar 93
De and het 94
Constructing sentences 95
Plural 96
Pronouns 97
Verbs general 98
Verbs present 99
Verbs past regular 100
Verbs perfect regular 101
Irregular verbs 102
Verbs Couples 104
Reflexive verbs 106
Comparative and superlative 108
Nightmares of er 110
Maar, eens en even 112

2
Introduction
Learning Dutch might not be the easiest thing in the world, it's also certainly not the
toughest thing: grammar and spelling are - much more than English - tied to strict
rules that usually can be explained in a few lines.

Still, it's good to have a good teacher to guide you. If you want to do it all by yourself,
you might use this Free Online Dutch Course: it contains all the basic grammar,
vocabulary and even pronunciation rules you need and even a lot of online exercises
and tests. All the content of this book is also available online. It might be a good idea
to use this book in combination with the site and its videos and interactive tests.

If you feel you still need some help, or just like to contact people who might run into
the same problems, you'll be happy to learn there's a forum hardly any question
remains unanswered.

3
Beginners course
The beginners lessons have the following parts:

• Intro: a brief description of the lesson's contents.

• Texts: either short monologues or dialogues, connected to wave files, or long reading
texts (for the higher levels). The texts are introduced with a short explanation.
• Vocabulary: new words in this lesson.
• More...: connected grammar lessons and word or phrase lists.
• A self-grading test to check your vocabulary, grammar, reading and listening skills.

No matter how advanced you are, it never hurts to start at the very first
lesson...

4
Lesson 1 - Wat is dit?
Intro
This lesson gives you a brief introduction to the Dutch language. You'll learn
your first Dutch words, you'll get an idea of how sounds relate to writing in
Dutch, you'll get familiar with 'niet' and 'geen' and you'll be introduced to 'de'
and 'het'.

Text 1.1 - Dit is...

• Wat is dit?
• Dit is een pen.
• Is de pen zwart?
• Ja, de pen is zwart

• Wat is dit?
• Dit is een boek.
• Is het boek rood?
• Nee, het boek is groen.

You might have noticed that there are two definite articles (words meaning 'the' in
English): 'de' and 'het'. It might be interesting to know that masculine and feminine
words have 'de' and neuter words have 'het', but that doesn't always help you that
much, because in most cases there's no way of telling wether a word is masculine,
feminine or neuter. Only for people and animals this might help you. Like in:

• de man (- the man)

• de vrouw (- the women)
• het kind (- the child)

5
Text 1.2 - Is dit een pen?

Is dit een pen?

• Nee, dat is geen pen,
dat is een potlood.

• Is dit een boek?

• Nee, dat is geen boek.
Dat is een map.
• Is de map oranje?
• Nee, de map is niet oranje.
De map is geel.

You could say 'geen pen' means 'not a pen' or just 'no pen'. In fact 'geen' is used for
nouns and 'niet' is used for other types of words:

• geen man - no man

• niet goed - not good

6
Text 1.3 - Alfabet
ABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Study this well, it might get you into trouble if you don't no how to spell in Dutch!
Pay special attention to the A, E, I and IJ

Text 1.4 - Welke kleur...?

• Welke kleur heeft deze auto?

• Deze auto is wit.
Die auto is blauw.

• Dit huis is groot,

dat huis is klein.

• Welke kleur is dit?

• Deze kleur is bruin.

This and that in Dutch translate as follows:

• For 'de' words this is 'deze' and that is 'die'

• For 'het' words this is 'dit' and that is 'dat'

In short (hier - over here, daar - over there):

x hier daar
de deze die
het dit dat

7
Vocabulary
het alfabet the alphabet
de auto the car
blauw blue
bruin brown
het boek the book
there, over
daar
there
dat that
de the
deze this, these
die that, those
dit this, these
een a, an
geel yellow
goed good
groot, grote big
groen green
heeft has
het it, the
here, over
hier
here
het huis the house
ja yes
het kind the child
klein, kleine small
de kleur the color
de man the man
de map the folder
nee no
oranje orange
de pen the pen
het potlood the pencil
rood red
de vrouw the women
wat what
welk, welke which
wit white
zwart black

8
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study:

• Grammar pages: 'Of course, 'de' and 'het' (theory + exercises)

• Grammar pages: basic pronunciation and spelling
• Lists & sounds: colors

• To get familiar with some Dutch words, you could stick notes with the appropriate
words in Dutch on objects around you.

Here's a list to start with:

• the chair - de stoel

• the door - de deur
• the table - de tafel
• the couch - de bank
• the tv - de televisie
• the cupboard - de kast
• the bookcase - de boekenkast
• the wall - de muur
• the ash tray - de asbak
• the carpet - het vloerkleed
• the rug - het kleedje
• the lamp - de lamp
• the window - het raam
• the clock - de klok
• the phone - de telefoon
• the plant - de plant

9
Lesson 2 - Wie ben jij?

This lesson teaches you how to introduce yourself. You'll learn how to tell what
Intro
your name is, what country your coming from and where you are living. Of
course, you'll also learn how to ask questions on this, so after this lesson you
should be able to have a real brief conversation in Dutch. You'll also learn a bit
on being formal and informal(u and jij), on verb infinitives and on the Dutch
version of 'to be'.

The title of this lesson Wie ben jij? (means 'who are you?' shows you a question word
(wie), a form of the verb zijn ('to be') and a personal pronoun (jij). We'll be dealing
with all three of these items, but let's first deal with the function of the phrase: asking
someone's name.

Here's a little conversation in which it is used:

Text 2.1 - Ik ben Heidi

• Wie ben jij?
• Ik ben Heidi.
• Waar kom je vandaan?
• Ik kom uit Nederland.
• Waar woon je?
• Ik woon in Leiden.

Question words can be confusing: the Dutch word hoe, sounds like the English 'who',
but means 'how, while the Dutch word wie, meaning 'who', sounds like the English
'we', which is wij in Dutch and that sounds more or less like 'why', but that's waarom
in Dutch. That's why the next text is a simple listing of question words:

Text 2.2 - Question words

wie who
wat what
waar where
waarom why
hoe how

10
There are more ways to ask or tell a name. The next text does not only give alternative
phrases, it also introduces u for second person singular instead of jij. This is a matter
of being formal instead of informal. In contemporary Dutch, you would be formal to
adult strangers and business contacts and informal to colleagues, friends and children.
To relatives, most Dutch people are informal, but quite some people are still using u
to address their parents and (even more) grandparents.

Text 2.3 - Hoe heet u?

Hoe heet u?
Mijn naam is Conti
Mijn voornaam is Gianni
Mijn achternaam is Conti
Uit welk land komt u?
Ik kom uit Italië

A conversation like this could be continued with questions and answers in the next
text. A few remarks to go with it:

• Always use the article when mentioning the street: ..ik woon in de
Dapperstraat ...
• Telling where you live, for ...straat you use in, for ...plein (square) you
use op or aan (ik woon op/aan het Leidseplein), for ...gracht, you use
aan(... aan de Herengracht), for the number you use op (op nummer
38).
• Just saying the word Aangenaam is the most common way of saying
'pleased to meet you' (literally: aangenaam met u kennis te maken).
• The phrase Wat doet u? is commonly used to inquire about someone's
occupation.

Text 2.4 - Aangenaam

Aangenaam
Ik woon in Amsterdam
In de Dapperstraat
Op nummer 15
Mijn meisjesnaam is Agneta Magnusson
Ik ben getrouwd met een Nederlandse man.
Wat doet u?

11
We've been using a few verbs now, though not always infinitives (you need those to
look them up in the dictionary). Note that the infinitive almost always ends on -en:ik
kom - infinitive: komen (exceptional, nevertheless: knowing the Dutch spelling you
would perhaps expect 'kommen'...)ik heet - infinitive: hetenik doe - infinitive:
doenExceptions are: gaan (to go), staan (to stand) and zijn (to be). Since zijn is not
only very irregular (like 'to be' is in most languages), but also the most used verb, it
would be a good idea to learn al the forms for present and past right now:

x present past
ik ('I') ben was
jij/je ('you') bent was
u ('you') bent was
hij ('he') is was
zij/ze ('she') is was
wij/we ('we') zijn waren
jullie ('you') zijn waren
zij/ze ('they') zijn waren

This brings us to the personal pronouns. Above here, you see all the forms for the
subject. You'll notice that most forms with -ij in them also have a form with -e (like jij
could also be je). The general rule is that you can always use the 'proper' form with -ij,
but most Dutch people would use the -e form unless there's a special emphasis.

Another thing that might puzzle you is the form jullie for 'you'. This is the form for
informal and plural (something like 'you guys') - for formal plural you should still use
u.In short:

x formal informal
singular u jij/je
plural u jullie

12
Vocabulary
aan at, to
aangenaam pleased (to meet you)
de achternaam the surname
doen to do
getrouwd married
de gracht the canal, the moat
heten to be named
hoe how
ik I
in in
jij/je you
komen to come
leven to live, to be alive
met with
het meisje the girl
de meisjesnaam the maiden name
de naam the name
het nummer the number
het plein the square
de straat the street
u you
uit out (of), from
vandaan from
de voornaam the first name
waar where
waarom why
wie who
wonen to live, to be living
zijn to be

13
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study:

o Grammar pages: verbs - general
o Grammar pages: verbs - present
o Lists & sounds: numbers
• Repeat this pronunciation exercise a few times (every first word is
English, every second word is Dutch):
'How' is hoe,
'who' is wie,
'we' is wij,
'why' is waarom.

14
Lesson 3 - Alles goed?

Intro
This lesson deals with common greetings and small talk. Furthermore, you'll
get some theory on adjectives (when you have to add an -e), learn all about the
parts of the day and you'll be introduced to the art of Dutch time telling.

The Dutch greet each other informally with Hoi or Hallo, or (a bit) more formally
with their versions of 'good morning', 'good afternoon', etcetera. A simple 'dag' is also
used, though mostly it's followed by someone's name. In case one wants to be formal,
someone could use the Dutch equivalents to 'Mister' and 'Misses': meneer and
mevrouw. Note that mevrouw is used for both married and unmarried women.

The same word - dag - can be used to say goodbye - though in that case the -a- is
much more stretched. Other current goodbyes are tot ziens (a bit formal) and doei
(very informal).

Text 3.1 - Greetings

• Hallo
• Goedemorgen.
• Goedemiddag
• Goedenavond
• Goedenacht
• Dag meneer Jansen
• Tot ziens
• Doei

When meeting someone you know, you might show some interest in how someone is
doing - even in Dutch this is a common thing to do. The commonly used phrases and
replies are listed below. Because it's sometimes hard to translate literally, the
meanings of the phrases are listed too.

The phrase Hoe gaat het ermee? can also be used without ermee (means literally 'with
it') or with met je (means 'with you'). The same goes for Hoe is het ermee?

15
Text 3.2 -
Hoe gaat het?
• Hoe gaat het ermee? How are you?
• Alles goed? Is everything going well?
• Prima (I'm) fine, (everything's) great.
• En met jou? And (how are) you?
• Hoe is het met je? How are you?
• Ach, het gaat wel. Well, it could be better.

So please note that the phrase Het gaat wel does not mean that 'all goes well', even
though the Dutch wel can in fact be translated as 'indeed'.

Adjective + -e...

Another thing you might have noticed: the word goed (means 'good') is also in words
like goedemorgen. Indeed, goedemorgen literally translates as 'good morning' and it
shows how fond the Dutch are of writing two words as one. Nevertheless it's quite
exceptional that an adjective is attached to a noun like that: it is common, but only for
noun combinations.

What's not exceptional: the adjective goed does have an extra -e- in goedemorgen.
This is the case for most adjectives if standing before a noun. The only case in which
it doesn't happen is when an adjective stands before a het-word and the article een is
used (or geen, which could be seen as niet een).

The table down here might make this more clear: boek is taken as a het-word, pen is
taken as a de-word and goed is used as the adjective before the noun:

de pen het boek

de goede pen het goede boek
een goede pen een goed_ boek

Now this is not all there is to it yet. If you add an -e to an adjective, you get an extra
syllable and if you studied the basic spelling and pronunciation (see grammar pages),
you know that the spelling of the word might change, because there's an extra
adjective.

Take, for example the adjectives groot (big) and dom (stupid). They both are one
syllable words, the first one has a 'long' -o- and because this sound doesn't end the
syllable (the t does) it has to be doubled. The -o- in the word dom though is a 'short'
one, so it has to be single. The -m that follows it doesn't have to be doubled, because
it's the end of a word, and the end of a Dutch word never has a double consonant.

16
Now when the -e is added, both words become two syllable words: gro-te and dom-
me. The adjective groot looses an -o- because the first syllable now ends on a vowel
and in that case it's automatically 'long' so it doesn't have to be doubled anymore. This
would also happen to the word dom if we would just add the -e: it would become do-
me wit a 'long' sounding -o- and we want to keep it short. Thus we add an -m-, which
causes the syllable-split to be between the m's, so the -o- stays 'short'.In full sentences:

• De man is dom - het is een domme man.

• De man is groot - het is een grote man.

With the greetings, you've also more or less been introduced to the parts of the day
(morning, afternoon, ...). In Dutch they're not that different from English, though
evening and night might be used a little different from their Dutch equivalents:

Text 3.3 -
Dag &
nacht
time part this ... in the ...
06.00-18.00 de dag vandaag overdag
06.00-12.00 de morgen vanmorgen 's morgens
x de ochtend vanochtend 's ochtends
12.00-18.00 de middag vanmiddag 's middags
18.00-24.00 de avond vanavond 's avonds
24.00-06.00 de nacht vannacht 's nachts

By the way, the 's is a shortened version of the old Dutch article des. Like many other
ancient forms (der, den, ter, ten ...) in modern Dutch it is only used in certain
expressions.

In the table above here, you see the time indicated in a 24 hour digital form. In
writing, the Dutch often do that, instead of using AM and PM equivalents. In speaking
though, they use just twelve hour indications and add 's morgens, 's middags, 's
avonds or 's nachts to it.

In short, time telling in Dutch is done as follows:

• For the full hour, the number is just followed by the word uur (means
'hour'): acht uur, negen uur,...
• Quarter (15 minutes) is kwart.
• Past the hour is over, before the hour is voor.
• Half is the same in Dutch: half...
• But in Dutch you count towards the next hour: half past six is half
zeven in Dutch (you can try to get used this by remembering that half
past six can actually be seen as halfway seven).
• between twenty past the hour and twenty to the next hour, you count
using the half hour.

17
For most foreigners it takes some time to get used to this, but once you are, you see
the logic of the system.

Perhaps this is of some help:

Text 3.4 - Tijd - time

Hoe laat is het? What time is it?
Het is negen uur It's 09.00
Het is tien over negen It's 09.10
Het is kwart over negen It's 09.15
Het is half tien It's 09.30
Het is tien voor half tien It's 09.20
Het is vijf over half tien It's 09.35
Het is kwart voor tien It's 09.45
Het is vijf voor tien It's 09.55

18
Vocabulary
alles everything
de avond the evening
de dag the day
dag hello, bye
doei bye (informal)
dom stupid
het half the half
hallo hello
het kwart the quarter
laat late
meneer (=mijnheer) sir, mister
met (=mee) with
mevrouw madam, miss, misses
de middag the afternoon
de morgen the morning
de nacht the night
over past
prima fine, great
tot untill
tot ziens goodbye
het uur the hour
voor before, for, in front of
wel indeed
zien to see

More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study:

o Grammar pages: adjectives (+ exercises)
o Grammar pages: basic pronunciation and spelling (again)
• Try to train yourself in telling the time by telling for .00, .05, .10, .15,
.20, .25, .30, .35, .40, .45, .50, and .55 minutes after every hour.

19
Lesson 4 - Mag ik twee pils?

Intro This lesson deals with ordering in restaurants and pubs, offering and accepting
(or not accepting) drinks, and on how to say things like 'sorry, 'please' and
'thank you' in Dutch. Furthermore, there's some theory on small words that
don't mean anything and there are some remarks on how to behave when
visiting Dutch people.

In any Dutch shop, restaurant or cafe, somebody might approach you and say
something that sounds like 'zecuma'. In fact, what they want to say is zegt u het maar -
the most currently used phrase to indicate that you can tell them what you want to
order or buy. The phrase is: zegt u het maar.

Also the word natuurlijk (means 'of course') is often pronounced as if it was
something else, like 'tulek'. It could be an answer to your order or to your question if
something is available.

Ordering however, is quite simple. You say what you want and let it be followed by
alstublieft ('please') or you first say Mag ik (means 'Can I have') plus the item you
want (note that in phrases like this there's often no 'have', just 'Can I' or 'May I' in
Dutch).

Text 4.1 - Zegt u het maar

• Zegt u het maar
• Mag ik twee pils?.
• Een koffie en een thee, alstublieft.
• Heeft u warme chocola?
• Natuurlijk
• Nee, het spijt me, dat hebben we niet.

The phrase Het spijt me means 'Im deeply sorry'. In situations that are not very formal
also the English word 'sorry' will do very well.

The word Alstublieft is in fact the formal form (it contains u) - alsjeblieft is the
informal version. These two do not only mean 'please': they also mean something like
'here you are' and are used when something is being given to you. A natural reply
would be one of the phrases that mean 'thank you': dank u wel (formal), dank je wel
(informal) or bedankt (can be used in formal and informal situations). The word wel is
optional: it makes the same difference as 'very much' does in 'thank you very much'.

20
Here are the phrases for please/here you are and thank you:

Text 4.2 -
Alstublieft...
• Alstublieft
• Alsjeblieft.
• Kijkt u eens.
• Dank u wel
• Dank je
• Bedankt

In letters you can also read things like hartelijk dank ('profound thanks') or dank u
vriendelijk ('thank you kindly') but they are hardly ever used in spoken Dutch.

In the first phrase in the first text - zegt u het maar - you also see one of those words
that often occur in Dutch phrases without having a meaning. Or rather: they do have a
meaning - if you look them up in the dictionary, you'll find something, but it doesn't
apply in many phrases.

The most frequently used are: maar (can mean 'but'), eens (can mean 'once'), even
(can mean 'shortly') and hoor (can mean 'hear'). To the first three you can often
attribute the meaning of 'just' (zegt u het maar - 'just you say it') but that becomes hard
when there's two or three of them (kijk maar eens - 'just look').

In general it's best to state that if they do not represent their literal meaning, they are
there to make a sentence friendlier and smoother.

This doesn't apply to the word 'hoor', however. This particular word really doesn' have
any meaning when it appears at the end of a sentence. It's just there as an extra sound
to be able to give the sentence the right intonation, which could be severe, ironic,
angry, or whatever else the speaker wants to express.

Here are some examples. Because these small words can have a subtle effect on the
meaning, there's an English phrase to indicate what's being said.

Text 4.3 - Kom eens

• Kom eens even hier 'Just come here, (please)'
• Ga maar, hoor. Just go (it's allright)
• Laat maar Just leave it.
• Laat maar zitten Leave it - keep the change
• Nee, hoor. No, (absolutely not).

If you visit a Dutch person, you'll probably be asked what you want to drink. The
question will prabably just be:

21
 • Wat wil je drinken? ('what do you want to drink?' - watch out: willen =
'to want'),
• Koffie? ('coffee?') or the more formal
• Kan ik u iets te drinken aanbieden? ('can I offer you something to
drink?')

You could reply with ja, lekker ('yes, (that would be) nice') if you want the thing
you've been offered or nee, bedankt if you don't want it. There's no Dutch equivalent
of 'no I'm fine, thank you' and you only say 'thank you' if you do not want it (so
there's no such thing as 'yes, thank you') - in fact if you just say bedankt or dank u, a
regular Dutchman would probably conclude that you do not want the thing he just
offered ...

Like most western countries, in the Netherlands you will not be offered a lot to eat -
on the contrary, the Dutch are very gready on food. Older people in the Netherlands
often have a special ritual concerning cookies: they take a bin with small cookies out
of their cupboard to open it and offer you just one. After that, they close it and put it
back in the cupboard.

It's very unusual to an opened bin on the table and it's very unpolite to take anything
to eat that is not explicitly presented to you.

The Dutch are used drink loads of coffee, at any time. Sometimes they drink tee,
though never with milk - if you're used to milk in your tee, you explicitly have to ask
for it, even in most restaurants.

In their coffee they often pour some milk - they have special koffiemelk for it.

Here are some phrases you may find useful:

Text 4.4 - Kopje koffie?

• Kopje koffie?
• Wat wil je drinken?
• Kan ik u iets te drinken aanbieden?
• Suiker en melk?
• Alleen suiker
• Wil je koffie of thee?
• Iets fris, graag.

The last phrase means 'something without alcohol, please'. The word graag is quite
often used instead of alstublieft/alsjeblief, meaning 'please', but it can't be used in a
question.

22
Vocabulary
aanbieden to offer
alsjeblieft please, here you are
alstublieft please, here you are
bedanken to thank
bedankt thanks
dank u/je thank you
de chocola the chocolate
drinken to drink
fris fresh, cool, soft drinks
graag please, favourable
horen to hear
iets something
kijken to look
de koffie the coffee
het kopje the cup
laten to let, to leave
lekker nice, tasty
maar but, 'just'
de melk the milk
to may, to can, to be
mogen
allowed
natuurlijk of course
de pils the lager beer
spijten to regret
de suiker the sugar
de thee the tee
warm warm
willen to want
zeggen to say
zitten to sit, to be

23
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study:

o Grammar pages: words like maar, eens and even (+ exercises)

You could also take a look at these pages - but at this level it would be
to much to remember al the listed words and phrases, so just browse
and pick what you think you might need:

o Lists and sounds: Eating out - uit eten

o Lists and sounds: List of drinks and dishes
• With the help of the above mentioned list of drinks and dishes and the
phrases you learned in this lesson, you could imagine yourself, sitting
in a restaurant and order. What would you say...?

If you're in the Netherlands you could now just go for it and order
away in a restaurant. If you're not, you could find a friend and
'simulate'...

24
Lesson 5 - Hoeveel kost dat?

This lesson deals with shops, buying, selling, prices and money. There will be
Intro
some attention for diminutives and for sentence structures in Dutch.

You're already familiar wit zegt u het maar - the most currently used phrase not only
in restaurants and pubs, bur - even more - in shops. Telling what you want to buy is
just as easy as ordering: you say what you want and let it be followed by alstublieft
('please') or you first say Mag ik (means 'Can I have') plus the item you want.

The rest of the conversation in a shop mostly contains just standard phrases like
Anders nog iets? ('anything else?'), Dat was het ('that's all') and Hoeveel is het? ('How
much is it?').

Here's a standard kind of conversation:

Text 5.1 - Een kilo tomaten

• Zegt u het maar
• Mag ik een kilo tomaten?
• Mag het ietsje meer zijn?
• Ja, hoor.
• Kijkt u eens
• Anders nog iets?
• Nee, dat was het.
• Hoeveel is het?
• € 4,10
• Alstublieft
• Heeft u er een dubbeltje bij?
• Nee, sorry. Ik heb helemaal geen kleingeld.

The phrase Mag het ietsje meer zijn? means 'May it be a little bit more?' (strange
enough it's never asked if it can be a bit less). In fact iets already means 'a bit' (also:
'something' like in anders nog iets which means 'anything else') - the -je suffix makes
it even smaller.

This -je suffix can also be -tje, -etje or -pje (often after an m) and is called
'diminutive', or in Dutch verkleining. It's used quite a lot in Dutch, either to make
things smaller or to make thing look more innocent. A 'little book', for example, is een
boekje, a 'small tabel' is een tafeltje and a little €ower een bloempje. Another example:
a business like appointment is een afspraak, but a date is een afspraakje - so here the -
je is used to make it look "more innocent" (even if it's the big date you've been trying
to get for years...).

25
Diminutives may also occur in certain situations or expressions where they do not
seem to have a function. In a shop, a kilo might become een kilootje, but it's still the
same 1000 gram; you might be addressed as meneertje or mevrouwtje while you
might not be very small or innocent; a cup of coffee will mostly be een kopje koffie,
no matter how big it is. In those cases the diminutives are just to be considered part of
the expression or perhaps to express some kind of sympathy.

The word dubbeltje, as used above (Heeft u er een dubbeltje bij? - 'Do you have 10
cents with it?') even doesn't have a non-diminutive form.

The diminutives are also used a lot by foreigners, because a diminutive is always a
het-word

This brings us to Dutch coins and notes. Here's an overview:

Text 5.2 - Geld

• De cent - 1 cent (1)
• De stuiver - 5 cent (2)
• Het dubbeltje - 10 cent (3)
• De euro - € 1,- (4)
• Het vijfje - € 5,- (5)
• Het tientje - € 10,- (6)
• Het briefje van 20 - € 20,- (7)
• Het briefje van 50 - € 50,- (8)
• Het briefje van 100 - € 100,- (9)
• Het briefje van 1000 - € 1000,- (10)

26
Additional remarks:

1. The euro sign is €.

2. Between euro's and cents, there's a comma, not a dot: dots are used for
thousands, comma's for the seperation of decimals.
3. The word briefje means literally 'note', so it can also refer to a memo.
4. In spoken Dutch, euro and cent are used only as singulars, unless one
speaks of coins. So € 100,15 is honderd euro en vijftien cent.
5. A Dutchman mostly leaves cent away, though: honderd euro vijftien.

The phrases you've learned by now, have two kinds of sentence structures:

1. subject - verb - rest

This is a basic sentence structure.
It's used in simple statements.
Example:

Ik heb helemaal geen kleingeld

subject verb rest

2. verb - subject - rest

This is an inverted sentence structure
It's used when: - the sentence is a direct question or request, - if
something comes before the subject, and it's not one word, seperated
by a comma (like oh, ah, ja, nee, meneer, mevrouw, etcetera).
Examples:

Mag ik een kilo tomaten?

verb subject rest
's Morgens drink ik koffie
"something else" verb subject rest

4. For English speakers this structure is not that hard as long as it's a
question: in English you do the same thing, although the verb you start
the quetion with is quite often 'to do'. In Dutch you don't: instead of 'do
you want coffee', you simply ask 'Want you coffee'.
5. The inversion if something comes before the subject is much harder to
get used to. It's important though, to get it right when you're still at the
first level, because later on, it just gets harder.
6. Quite often, the thing that comes before the subject is a statement of
time (like 's morgens in the above sentence) or place.

27
Another thing in Dutch sentence structure that's hard to get used to: if there's two
verbs, the second one is usually placed at the end. You might already have noticed
this in Mag het ietsje meer zijn?: the first verb, Mag ('May/Can'), is at the beginning
(inverted structure) and the second one, zijn ('be'), is at the end.

Here's two more examples:

Wilt u misschien iets drinken?

Want you perhaps something to drink?
verb #1 subject rest ... ... verb #2
Ik wil een kilo appels kopen
I want a kilo apples to buy
subject verb #1 rest ... ... verb #2

The above mentioned kilo is well known as being 1000 grams. Because some other
words concerning weights might cause some confusion, here's is listing:

Text 5.3 -
Gewicht
• een kilo = 1000 gram = 2 pond
• een pond = 500 gram = 5 ons
• een ons = 100 gram = 1/10 kilo
• anderhalf pond = 750 gram 3/4 kilo

28
Vocabulary
anderhalf one and a half
anders else; different
de appel the apple
bij with, at
de brief the letter
het briefje the note
de cent the cent
het dubbeltje ten cents coin
er there; it
de/het gram the gram
de euro the euro
helemaal totaly
hoeveel how much
de/het kilo the kilo
het kleingeld the change
kopen to buy
meer more
nog still; yet
de/het ons 100 gram
de/het pond 500 gram
de stuiver 5 cents coin
het tientje 10 euro note
van of; from
het vijfje 5 euro note

29
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should just take a look at
(don't do the exercises yet, save them untill you're at level 2):
o Grammar pages: constructing sentences
o Grammar pages: verb couples

You could also take a look at these pages - but at this level it would be
to much to remember al the listed words and phrases, so just browse
and pick what you think you might need:

o Lists and sounds: Shopping - Boodschappen doen (1)

o Lists and sounds: Shopping - Boodschappen doen (2)
o Lists and sounds: List of shops
• With the help of the above mentioned lists and the phrases you learned
in this lesson, you could make yourself a list of things you would like
to buy and imagine the conversation that would take place in the shops
(of course, you shouldn't go to the supermarket ...).

30
Lesson 6 - Tweede straat links

This lesson deals with addressing people, and asking and giving directions.
Intro There will also be a lot of attention for the present tense of verbs - both regular
and irregular forms.

If you're lost somewhere in the Netherlands, you might want to ask someone for
directions and the first thing you want is to address someone without being too
impolite.

That's probably not going to be very hard: besides the fact that the Dutch don't
consider someone impolite very quickly, addressing someone in Dutch can be very
simple, since you could just use a simple 'sorry'. If you want to say a bit more than
that, you could try Pardon, meneer or Pardon, mevrouw (note that in Dutch the
emphasis is on the last syllable!), perhaps followed by Mag ik u iets vragen? ('may I
ask you something?').

The reply you get is mostly a friendly Ja, hoor, Natuurlijk or Zegt u het maar, after
which you can ask your question.

Your question could have different forms:

Text 6.1 - Ik zoek ...

• Waar is het Vondelpark?
• Kunt u mij vertellen waar het Rembrandtplein is?
• Weet u waar de Vermeerweg is?
• Ik zoek de Ruysdaelstraat.
• Ik ben op zoek naar de Herengracht.

In fact Ik zoek and Ik ben op zoek would both be translated as 'I'm looking for'. The
other phrases should be quite clear ('Where is..., Can you tell me where ..., Do you
know where ...').

31
Here's a complete conversation:

Text 6.2 - Pardon meneer ...

• Pardon meneer, mag ik u iets vragen?
• Ja, hoor.
• Weet u waar de Vermeerweg is?
• Ehmmm, even kijken...
• ... u moet hier rechtdoor...
• ... bij de stoplichten gaat u rechtsaf...
• ... dan bij de volgende kruising weer rechts...
• ... en dan de tweede straat links.
• Dank u wel, meneer.
• Graag gedaan.

Some additional notes:

• The phrase even kijken, is often used like the English 'let's see', to take
some time to think.
• The phrase Graag gedaan means literally 'done with pleasure' and has
the same function as the English 'My pleasure'. Another phrase that's
frequently used as a reply to someone thanking is the more formal tot
uw dienst ('at your service').
• For more phrases on 'showing the way', see 'lists & sounds'.
• The words for right, left and straight on are: rechts, links, rechtdoor.
You could translate rechtsaf and linksaf as 'to the right' and 'to the
left'.
• The Dutch words for 'first, second, third, fourth, fifth' are: eerste,
tweede, derde, vierde, vijfde. In fact for all the numbers up until
'nineteen' you add -de (like in zesde) except for 'one' (eerste) and 'eight'
(achtste). The rest gets -ste.

In the phrases above there two verbs - kunnen, mogen and moeten - that form, together
with willen and zullen a group that's quite particular. First, they can be used on their
own, where you would expect another verb. You might have noticed that in the
phrases on shopping and ordering: in Dutch Mag ik een appelsap is sufficient to get
an appeljuice, while in English you would say 'May I have an appeljuice'. The same
thing is seen in Ik moet naar het toilet which means I have to go to the toilet'...

Second, these verbs are - except for moeten - irregular in present tense. Fortunately,
together with hebben and zijn, they're the only ones.

To know what makes them irregular, of course, you first have to know what happens
to regular verbs in Dutch - and that's explained in a few lines:

32
 • from the infinitive of the verb, you take of the -en,
• you take care that what's left does not end on a -v- or -z- (change them
to -f- and -s-) or on a double consonant (just make it single),
• if there's a long vocal in the infinitive - like the -o- in lopen ('to walk') -
you have to double it to keep it long - like loop,
• now you have the form for the first person singular,
• for second and third person singular, add a -t,
• however, you don't have a double -t- at the end of a verb: eet does not
get an additional -t in jij eet.
• for plurals, just use the infinitive form, so including the -en,
• for jij there's something exceptional happening when subject and verb
are switched (inversion): the form loses the -t. So, for schrijven ('to
write') it would be:
jij schrijft - schrijf jij
This happens only for jij or je, not for u, hij, zij and het: they keep their
-t.

Here are a few regular verbs: fietsen (to ride a bicycle), geloven (to believe - watch
what happens to the -o- and the -v-), stoppen (to stop) and eten (to eat - no extra -t
here)

Text 6.3 - Present - regular verbs

infinitive fietsen geloven stoppen eten
ik fiets geloof stop eet
jij fietst gelooft stopt eet
u fietst gelooft stopt laat
hij/zij/het fietst gelooft stopt eet
wij fietsen geloven stoppen eten
jullie fietsen geloven stoppen eten
zij fietsen geloven stoppen eten

The irregular verbs kunnen, zullen, willen and mogen look like this:
Text 6.4 - Present - irregular verbs
infinitive kunnen zullen willen mogen
ik kan zal wil mag
jij kan/kunt zal/zult wil/wilt mag
u kan/kunt zal/zult wil/wilt mag
hij/zij/het kan zal wil mag
wij kunnen zullen willen mogen
jullie kunnen zullen willen mogen
zij kunnen zullen willen mogen

So, for three of the verbs there are two forms you can chose for second person
singular. Nevertheless, it's easiest to remember just that you can use kan, zal, wil en
mag for all singulars.

33
Vocabulary
de appelsap the appeljuice
de dienst the service
(de) eerste first
eten to eat
fietsen to ride a bicycle
geloven to believe
kunnen to can
links left
linksaf to the left
mij me
to must, to have
moeten
to
(I beg your)
pardon
pardon
recht straight
rechtdoor straight on
rechts right (direction)
rechtsaf to the right
schrijven to write
het stoplicht the traffic light
stoppen to stop
het toilet the toilet
uw your
vertellen to tell
vragen to ask
weg the road, way
weten to know
zoeken to look for
zullen to shall, will

34
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study:

o Grammar pages: Verbs- present
o Lists and sounds: Showing the way
• You can exercise giving directions by trying to describe the way to
your work, the nearest bus station, the nearest supermarket and the post
office in Dutch.
• Try to make a habit of giving all the forms in the present tense for
every new verb you learn (kijken - ik kijk - jij kijkt - hij/zij kijkt - wij
kijken - ...). You might also give all these forms in an inverted
sequence (kijken - kijk ik? - kijk jij? - ...).

35
Lesson 7 - Ga je mee?

This lesson teaches you how to invite someone to go out and how to respond to
Intro an invitation. Furthermore, you'll be introduced to the past and perfect tense
(both regular and irregular) and to seperable verbs.

If you feel like going out and you like to invite someone to come along, there are a
few phrases you could use:

Text 7.1 - Zullen we ...

• Zullen we naar de bioscoop gaan?
• Ga je mee naar het theater?
• Ga je mee iets drinken?
• Heb je zin om naar een concert te gaan?
• Laten we vanavond uitgaan.

You can translate Zullen we bij 'Shall we...' and Laten we... by 'Let's...', but the other
phrases are a bit more difficult.

Ga je mee translated word by word would be 'Go you along'. If it's combined with an
activity in the form of a verb, the verb is simply the infinitive and you do not need a
preposition. This results in a type of phrase you hear a lot in Dutch, for the Dutch
make verbs out of a lot of activities. This often surprises English speakers. For
example, inviting someone to go and play tennis, have lunch or enjoy a picknick
would be:

• Ga je mee tennissen?
• Ga je mee lunchen?
• Ga je mee picknicken?

If someone invites you like this and you can't accept, you could simply say ik kan niet
('I can't') or Nee, sorry, ik moet... ('No, sorry, I have to ...') and pick whatever you
need:

• ... mijn haar wassen

• ... naar de Nederlandse les
• ... babysitten
• ... huiswerk maken
• ... vroeg naar bed
• ... naar de verjaardag van mijn tante

Of course, you can also accept an invitation, for example with an enthousiastic 'Ja,
leuk!', 'Graag' or 'Doen we!'.

Here's a complete conversation on this theme:

36
Text 7.2 - Naar de film
• Heb je zin om naar de film te gaan?
• Welke film?
• Die nieuwe film van Paul Verhoeven.
• Ja, leuk! Wanneer?
• Morgenavond?
• Nee, sorry, morgenavond kan ik niet.
• Zaterdagavond dan misschien?
• Even kijken ... ja, dan kan ik wel.
• Goed! Hoe laat spreken we af?
• Om 8 uur?
• Prima. Waar? Bij café Helmers?
• Goed. Afgesproken.
• Zal ik kaartjes reserveren?
• Ja, doe jij dat maar.

The word Afgesproken ('agreed') is the past participle of an irregular and seperable
verb. This looks like a lot of grammar, but it still fits in one chapter: below here, all
this is going to be explained.

On 'talking about the past': you can do this in Dutch like you can do it in English: by
using the past tense and by using the perfect tense. And the verbs you use for this can
be regular or irregular.

First the regular ones. For finding the right form for these, you use the first person
singular in present (mostly the infinitive form without -en). So for fietsen, you take
fiets and for rennen you take ren (see the previous chapter for remarks on double
vocals or consonants and on what happens to -v- and -z-).

And this is what happens to these verbs in the past (yellow) and perfect (blue) tense:

Text 7.3 - Past and perfect

- regular verbs
infinitive fietsen rennen
ik fietste rende
jij fietste rende
u fietste rende
hij/zij/het fietste rende
wij fietsten renden
jullie fietsten renden
zij fietsten renden

37
ik heb / ben gefietst
ik heb / ben gerend

So, the verb fietsen gets -de(n) for the past and ge- plus -d for the perfect tense, while
rennen gets -te(n) for the past and ge- plus -t for the perfect tense. The thing that
happens to fietsen happens to all the regular verbs that end on -t, -k, -f, -s, -ch and -p
when the -en is taken of the infinitive (to remember these, the Dutch use the word 't
kofschip and what happens to rennen, happens to the rest of the verbs.

The form of the verb used in the perfect tense is called the past participle. This form -
used together with hebben, zijn or worden ('to be', 'to become') - usually starts wit ge-,
but not always: if a verb (already) starts with non-seperable prefixes like ge-, her-, be-
, ver-, ont- or mis-, it does not get (an additional) ge-.

Unfortunately the verbs that are used most, are irregular (same as in English...), and
you have to learn those one by one from the list at the grammar pages.

On the other hand, because they're used that much, most students develop a kind of
intuition on irregular verbs even before they learned the whole list. This probably has
to do with the fact that there are still some regularities:

• verbs with the same vowels often have the same conjugation (blijven,
bleef, gebleven - krijgen, kreeg, gekregen - kijken, keek, gekeken),
• most past participles get -en.

A lot of regular and irregular verbs get prefixes in Dutch and mostly those prefixes are
to be seperated (and put at the end of the phrase) in simple present and past. These
prefixes often change the meaning of a verb quite drastic, but they don't change the
conjugation.

A few examples: nakijken ('to check'), doorgaan ('to continue') and opstaan ('to stand
up, to get up, to rise').

Text 7.4 - Seperable verbs

infinitive nakijken
present ik kijk de tekst na
past ik keek de tekst na
perfect ik heb de tekst nagekeken
infinitive doorgaan
present wij gaan niet door
past wij gingen niet door
perfect wij zijn niet doorgegaan
infinitive opstaan
present hij staat om 7 uur op
past hij stond om 7 uur op
perfect hij is om 7 uur opgestaan

38
So: if seperated from the verb, the prefix usually comes at the end of the sentence and
when reunited with the verb in the past participle (usually the form starting with ge-),
the two are written as one again.

By the way, the prefix always get an emphasis in the verb (doorgaan) or in the
sentence (Hij gaat niet door). Only non-seperable prefixes do not get any emphasis.

39
Vocabulary
afspreken to agree
babysitten to babysit
het bed the bed
de bioscoop the cinema
het café the pub
het concert the concert
dan than, then
de film the movie
gaan to go
het haar the hair
het huiswerk the homework
het kaartje the ticket, the card
de les the lesson
leuk nice, cute
lopen to walk
lunchen to have lunch
maken to make
mee/met with, along
misschien maybe, perhaps
naar to, at
nieuw new
picknicken to have a picknick
rennen to run
reserveren to book
spelen to play
tennissen to play tennis
het theater the theater
uitgaan to go out
vroeg early
wassen to wash
de zin the desire, the sentence

40
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study

o Grammar pages: Verbs - past
o Grammar pages: Verbs - perfect
o Grammar pages: Irregular verbs
o Grammar pages: Exercises - Verbs
o Grammar pages: On seperable and non-seperable verbs (+
exercises)
• You could exercise inviting someone by finding another student and
inviting him/her to the theater, movies, etcetera. You could agree that
the invited person turns down the invitation with a reasonable excuse.
• Try to exercise past and perfect tenses by changing present tense
sentences you hear into past and perfect.

41
Lesson 8 - Momentje...

This lesson teaches you how to place and accept phone calls. There's also some
Intro information on postal services in the Netherlands. Furthermore, you'll learn
how to make plurals and you'll get some theory on passive sentences.

The first thing you should know about phoning in the Netherlands is that a lot of
Dutch people find it quite rude that some people answer the phone without saying
their names. So don't answer with Hallo, Ja? or with your phone number, but with
Met xxx, U spreekt met xxx or xxx, goedemorgen (or -middag or -avond).

Text 8.1 - Met Kees Vermeulen...

• Met Kees Vermeulen, goedenavond.
• Goedenavond, met Katja.
• Ha, dag Katja. Alles goed?
• Ja hoor, prima. En met jou?
• Uitstekend.
• Zeg, is Ineke er ook?
• Ik zal even kijken. Momentje ...
• ... nee, het spijt me, Ineke is net weg.
• Weet je ook hoe laat ze thuis is?
• Ik heb geen idee.
• Kun je vragen of ze me terugbelt?
• Ja, dat is goed.
• Ik ben tot twaalf uur wakker.
• Ik zal het doorgeven
• Goed, bedankt.
• Graag gedaan hoor. Dag Katja.
• Tot ziens.

It's quite common to ask Is ... er ook, while ook just means 'too, also' and does not
really make any more sense then saying Tot ziens at the end of a telephone
conversation with someone you'll probably hear before you see him or her. In the
case of ook: just don't translate it if it doesn't make any sense - it means something
like 'by the way...'. In case of tot ziens: to most Dutch people, it seems less silly to use
this common way of saying goodbye, than to use something like 'tot horens' - though
some Dutch people do use this.

Just to check if you got it right, here's the translation:

• (you're speaking) with Kees Vermeulen, good evening.

• Good evening, (you're speaking) with Katja.

42
 • Hey, hi Katja. Everything o.k.?
• Yes, fine. And you?
• Excellent.
• Is Ineke there?
• I'll take a look. One moment ...
• ... no, I'm sorry. Ineke has just gone out.
• Do you know what time she's (going to be) home?
• I've no idea.
• Can you ask if she (could) return my call ('calls me back')
• Yes, that's o.k.
• I'll be awake untill twelve.
• I'll pass it (the message) on.
• O.k., thanks.
• My pleasure. Bye Katja.
• Bye.

If you call a company, of course the phone is picked up with the company name, often
followed by the name of the department (afdeling) and person. If you want to know
what phrases to use to get to someone in a company, go to 'lists & sounds' and click
on 'Phoning'.

Up untill the 1980's telephone and mail services were exclusively delivered by the
Dutch PTT. At the end of the 80's, this company was completely privatized (so it's no
longer related to the gouvernment) and the telephone and postal services where
seperated: the phone company is now called PTT Telecom and the postal services are
into KPN (Koninklijke PTT Nederland).

As far as phoning is concerned, there is quite some competition now. But for regular
postal services there hardly is, except for express mail. The regular mail boxes are
emptied by KPN and the stamps on the letters are sold by the same company.

Some mail related words and phrases you might need:

Text 8.2 - Mail

• het postkantoor the post office
• Mag ik tien postzegels van 80 cent? Can I have ten 80 cent stamps?
• Deze brieven moeten naar het
These letters are to be going abroad
buitenland.
• Wat voor postzegel moet er op deze
What stamp should be on this letter?
brief?
I want to send this package by registered
• Ik wil dit pakje aangetekend versturen.
mail
• per luchtpost by air mail
• per expresse by express mail
• drukwerk printed paper
• port betaald postage paid
• de postbus P.O. Box

43
• Op brievenbussen: On postboxes:
• streekpost local mail
• overige bestemmingen other destinations
At what time the postbox is being
• Hoe laat wordt de brievenbus geleegd?
emptied?

In the phrases above, you can see the major two different kinds of plurals: on -s and
on -en in postzegels and bestemmingen. Here's the main rule for plurals - for more
details, please study the pages on plural in the grammar section:

• Words that end on a syllable that includes a 'toneless -e' (like in de),
usually get an -s:
o de tafel - de tafels
o de vader - de vaders
o de haven - de havens
• Words that end on a vocal usually get an -s with an apostrophe (') to
keep the sound 'long':
o de taxi - de taxi's
o de agenda - de agenda's
o de radio - de radio's
• Other words usually get -en:
o het boek - de boeken
o de krant - de kranten
o de vrouw - de vrouwen

In text 2, this sentence may have drawn your attention:

Hoe laat wordt de brievenbus geleegd?

This is called a 'passive construction'. In English you use forms like '... is being...',
'...has been ...', when in Dutch you use the verb worden (more or less 'to become') or
the verb zijn (for the perfect tense).

Here's an overview, comparing active phrases to passive equivalents. What happens in

the first three sets is, that a dog is biting a man - in the last three, the man beats the
dog:

Text 8.3 - Active & passive

• Active Passive
• De hond bijt de man De man wordt gebeten
• De hond beet de man De man werd gebeten
• De hond heeft de man gebeten De man is gebeten
• De man slaat de hond De hond wordt geslagen
• De man sloeg de hond De hond werd geslagen
• De man heeft de hond geslagen De hond is geslagen

44
The passive sentences would be tranlated in English as follows:

• De man wordt gebeten - The man is being bitten.

• De man werd gebeten - The man was being bitten.
• De man is gebeten - The man has been bitten.
• De hond wordt geslagen - The dog is being beaten.
• De hond werd geslagen - The dog was being beaten.
• De hond is geslagen - The dog has been beaten.

45
Vocabulary
aantekenen to register (mail)
de agenda the agenda, planner
de bestemming the destination
betalen to pay
bijten to bite
de brievenbus the postbox
het buitenland foreign countries
het drukwerk printed paper
de expresse express mail
de haven the harbour
de hond the dog
het idee the idea
legen to empty
de luchtpost air mail
het moment the moment
net just
ook also
overig other
het pakje the packet
per per, by
de port the postage
de postbus the P.O. box
het postkantoor the post office
de postzegel the stamp
de radio the radio
slaan to beat
de streekpost local mail
de tafel the table
de taxi the taxi
terug back, returned
thuis home, at home
uitstekend excellent
de vader the father
versturen to send away
wakker awake
weg away

46
More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study

o Lists & sounds: Phoning
o Grammar pages: On plural (+ exercises)
• You could exercise phoning by finding another student and
practice simple phone calls in Dutch.
• Try to exercise passive sentence constructions buy changing as
many active phrases to passive ones for a while.

47
Lesson 9 - Invullen in blokletters

This lesson teaches you how to give detailed information about yourself
Intro (especially when using forms). You'll also learn about reflexive verbs and you'll
get a complete overview of all kinds of pronouns.

Civil servants (ambtenaren) in the Netherlands kan sometimes be very helpful to

foreigners, trying to speak clearly and use as little difficult expressions as they can.
But mostly they're like most of their colleagues in other countries: having little
patience (while asking a lot ...), speaking very quick, using a lot of expressience that
are even hard to understand by Dutch people.

It helps though, if you know what they could be saying or asking. Here's a standard
kind of conversation to give you a few words and phrases that might be of some help:

Text 9.1 - Wat is uw naam?

• Wat is uw naam?
• Smits, Karel Anton Smits.
• Kunt u uw achternaam voor me spellen?
• Ja, s-m-i-t-s
• Dank u wel. Wat is uw adres?
• Vermeerstraat 12, Amsterdam.
• En de postcode?
• 1016 XS
• Wanneer bent u geboren?
• Ik ben geboren op 20 augustus 1956
• Wat is uw beroep?
• Ik ben autoverkoper.
• Bent u getrouwd?
• Ja
• Heeft u kinderen?
• Ja, ik heb een zoon en een dochter.
• Wat is uw nationaliteit?
• Ik ben Nederlander.

For spelling your name, it's important that you studied the alphabet (see pronunciation
page in the grammar section), for errors are easily made (especially on a, e and i).

Of course you don't have that problem when filling in (/out) a form. Futher down
you'll find an example of a form with the data of the above mentioned Mr. Smits. But
first some notes on these data:

48
 • Note that in Dutch you write or mention day-month-year when a date
is asked.
• Try to remember Ik ben geboren... as well as you can: a lot of English
speakers make embarressing mistakes on this phrase ("Ik was
geboord"...).
• Addresses in the Netherlands are written as follows:
Name
Street Number
Zipcode City
• Couples that are samenwonend ('living together') have practicly the
same rights and duties as those who are married. And for gay or
lesbian couples it's the same story (they can also get married in the
Netherlands).
• A girorekening (Postbank account) has less numbers than a
bankrekening (regular bank account) but furthermore nowadays it's the
same type of account with the same possibillities.

Text 9.2 - Formulier

Smits
Achternaam :
Karel, Anton
Voornamen :
Vermeerstraat 12
Adres :
1016 XS
Postcode :
Amsterdam
Woonplaats :
020-6112243
Telefoon :
020-6694989
Fax :
Autoverkoper
Beroep :
Van Sorge Automobielen BV
Werkgever :
Nederlands
Nationaliteit :
20-08-1956
Geboortedatum :
Amsterdam
Geboorteplaats:
Nederland
Geboorteland :
man
Geslacht :
gehuw d
Burgerlijke staat:

44.23.15.99
Giro-/bankrekening :

RH-60-FH
Kenteken van de auto:

49
 w el
Ik wil me aanmelden als nieuw lid.

graag
Ik wil informatie toegestuurd krijgen.

Opmerkingen :

Internet
Plaats :

22 juli 1998
Datum :

xxxx
Handtekening:

In the form above, there is one sentence that contains a reflexive verb: Ik wil me
wel/niet aanmelden als nieuw lid.. The infinitive here, is zich aanmelden (to check in,
to register): if the dictionary states that zich ('oneself') belongs to a verb it means it's a
reflexive one. This is a kind of verb that requires the subject to be an object too. In
English, you can do this with some verbs (I'm washing myself, I find myself ..., I'm
exerting myself), but in Dutch you have to do this to quite a lot of verbs.

A few examples:

• zich herinneren - to remember

• zich schamen - to be ashamed
• zich vergissen - to be mistaken
• zich verheugen op - to look forward to
• zich voorstellen - to imagine

Some other verbs can be reflexive: they require an object and this could be the
subject. Examples:

• (zich) bewegen - to move

• (zich) scheren - to shave
• (zich) wassen - to wash

Here are some phrases with these verbs. Note that the refexive pronoun is always
placed after the first verb:

50
Text 9.3 - Reflexive verbs (examples)
Ik herinner me zijn naam niet.
Zij schaamde zich diep voor haar fout.
Hij heeft zich helemaal vergist.
Zij zal zich verheugen op haar huwelijk.
Kun je je voorstellen hoe zwaar zijn leven is?
Hij kan zich niet meer bewegen.
Zij heeft zich vandaag nog niet geschoren.
Hij wast zich elke ochtend.

The reflexive pronouns you need for the reflexive verbs are listed below. And while
we're at it, we might as well take a look at object and possessive pronouns as well:

Text 9.4 - Pronouns

subject object possessive reflexive
ik mij mijn me
jij jou jouw je
u u uw zich
hij hem zijn zich
zij haar haar zich
het het zijn zich
wij ons ons/onze ons
jullie jullie jullie je
zij ze - hun hun zich

A few notes on this:

• Many pronouns have two versions: one for regular use and one to use
if the pronoun has a specific emphasis (the 'proper' version):
o mij and mijn are usually me and m'n
o jij, jou and jouw are usually je
(Herinner jij je jouw verjaardag? - Herinner je je je
verjaardag?)
o zijn is usually z'n
o het is usually 't
o zij is usually ze
o wij is usually we
• The same goes for ze and hun (object, third person plural): normally
you would use ze, but if you need a special emphasis, you use hun .
• Officially, for object third person plural ('them') there are two forms:
hun and hen. The grammar rules state that
o hen should be used for direct object and after prepositions and
o hun should be used for indirect object.

51
 This is a purely artificial difference though: most Dutch people don't
get it right - in colloquial Dutch hun is mostly used for all object forms.

• In spoken Dutch, you even hear hun being used as a subject form for
third person plural. This is still considered absolutely wrong, though.
• The possessive ons is used for het-nouns (ons huis) and onze for de-
nouns (onze tuin).

52
Vocabulary
achter after, behind
het adres the address
de ambtenaar the civil servant
de autoverkoper the car salesman
het beroep the profession
(zich) bewegen to move
burgerlijk civil
de datum the date
de dochter the daughter
elk each
de fax the fax
de fout the mistake
de geboorte the birth
geboren (ik ben...) born (I was)
het geslacht the gender
de handtekening the signature
zich herinneren to remember
het huwelijk the marriage
het kenteken the (car) registration number
het land the land, the country
het leven life
meer more, anymore
de nationaliteit the nationality
de Nederlander the Dutchman
de plaats the place, also: the town
de postcode the zipcode, postal code
de rekening the account
samenwonen to live together
zich schamen to be ashamed
(zich) scheren to shave
spellen to spell
de staat the state
de telefoon the telephone
trouwen to get married
vandaag today
zich vergissen to be mistaken
de verjaardag the birthday
zich verheugen op to look forward to
zich voorstellen to imagine

53
de werkgever the employer
de woonplaats place of residence
de zoon the son
zwaar heavy, tough

More ...

• Grammar pages: Pronunciation & spelling (again)

• Grammar pages: Pronouns (+ exercises)
• Grammar pages: Reflexive verbs (+ exercises)

• Imagine some people around you - you can use some peaces of paper on which you
can write their names: let there be one male, one female, one couple, one person you
can be informal to and one you can be formal to. Now give everyone, including
yourself, a book and then tell which book belong to who: dit is mijn boek, dat is jouw
boek, dat is uw boek, dat is zijn boek ....

Now hand over a pen to every person and say what you do while you're doing it: ik
geef de pen aan jou, aan hem, aan haar...

• Try to fill in the form above with your own data.

54
Lesson 10 - Een beetje Nederlands

This lesson teaches you a few expressions that you may need as soon as you try
to talk Dutch to Dutch people. There's also some attention for comperatives and
Intro
superlatives, and for opposites. Furthermore, you'll learn when to put a verb at
the end of a phrase.

If you want to speak Dutch wit a Dutch person, you often have to insist on this,
because most Dutch people love to show how good their English is. Nevertheless,
once they speak Dutch, you might suddenly find it quite hard to comminicate, because
they seem to forget that they're talking to a foreigner who's still in the process of
learning Dutch. You might like to try one of these, then:

• Langzaam!
('Slowly!')
• Kunt u alstublieft wat langzamer praten?
('Can you please speak a bit slower?')
• Wat zegt u?
('What are you saying?')
• Kunt u dat nog een keer zeggen?
('Can you say that one more time?')

Nevertheless, Dutch people can be very helpful, once they know you're trying to learn
their language and realize that speaking slow and clearly is important ot you.

Here's a list of phrases you can use when practising your conversation skills:

Text 10.1 - Spreekt u Nederlands?

• Pardon meneer, spreekt u Nederlands? Excuse me sir, do you speak Dutch?
• Ik spreek een klein beetje Nederlands. I speak a little Dutch.
• Hoe zeg je dat in het Nederlands? How do you say that in Dutch?
• Kunt u wat langzamer praten, alstublieft? Can you speak a bit slower, please?
• Niet zo snel, alstublieft. Not so fast, please.
• Kunt u wat harder praten? Can you speak a bit louder?
• Ik begrijp u niet. I don't understand (comprehend) you.
• Ik versta u niet. I'm not understanding (hearing) you
• Wat betekent dat? What does that mean?
• Wat bedoel je? What do you mean?
• Dat meen je niet! You don't mean it!

There are two English verbs that often cause misunderstandings when translated: 'to
understand' and 'to mean'. That's why in the phrases above these verbs have been used
subsequently:

55
 • begrijpen is 'to understand' in the sense of 'to comprehend': Ik begrijp
het niet could be translated as 'I don't get it'.
• verstaan is 'to understand' in the sense of to hear clear and loud
enough: Ik versta je niet is said by someone who wants you to speak
louder or clearer.
• betekenen is 'to mean' in the sense of 'to signify' or 'to be translated as':
if you don't know the meaning of a word, you ask: Wat betekent dat
woord?
• bedoelen is 'to mean' in the sense of 'to imply' or 'to intend': Hij bedoelt
het goed means that 'He means well'.
• menen is to mean in the sense of 'to be serious': Meen je dat? is asked
by someone who wants to know if you're being serious.

In the phrases above you can find what is called a comparative: langzamer. The
original form langzaam is extended wit -er and because of the Dutch spelling rules
(lesson 1) there's one -a- less.

Except for the one -a- thing, this is the same as what happens in English: 'thin-thinner'
is in Dutch dun-dunner and even irregular forms are a lot alike: 'good-better' is in
Dutch goed-beter.

And there's more good news, for the superlative is almost the same: in English you
add '-est' ('thinnest'), in Dutch just -st (dunst). Usually the article het is used for the
superlative (Dit boek is het dunst).

The only tricky thing, is that you have an extra -d if the word ends on a -r

More good news: the list of irregular ones is very short:

• goed-beter-best
• graag-liever-liefst
• veel-meer-meest
• weinig-minder-minst

56
Here's a list of examples, which is at the same time a list of opposites:

Text 10.2 - Comperative & superlative

adverb comperative superlative
goedkoop goedkoper goedkoopst
duur duurder duurst
hoog hoger hoogst
laag lager laagst
groot groter grootst
klein kleiner kleinst
schoon schoner schoonst
vies viezer viest
mooi mooier mooist
lelijk lelijker lelijkst
oud ouder oudst
jong jonger jongst
kort korter kortst
lang langer langst
moeilijk moeilijker moeilijkst
(ge)makkelijk (ge)makkelijker (ge)makkelijkst
licht lichter lichtst
donker donkerder donkerst
zwaar zwaarder zwaarst
heet heter heetst
warm warmer warmst
koud kouder koudst
slim slimmer slimst
dom dommer domst
smal smaller smalst
breed breder breedst

One of the most difficult things to learn for English speakers, is putting the verb at the
end of a phrase at the appropriate moment. Not that the rules are so hard, it's just that
it feels weird as long as you're not used to it.

Let's take a look at these sentences:

1. 'I ask if he speaks Dutch with his friends'

Ik vraag of hij Nederlands met zijn vrienden spreekt.
2. 'He can't ride a bike because he has had an accident.'
Hij kan niet fietsen omdat hij een ongeluk heeft gehad.

57
Both sentences here are conjunctions: combinations of indipendant sentences. In the
first sentence Ik vraag ... is one original sentence and Hij spreekt Nederlands met zijn
buren is the other one. They're combined through the conjunctive word of and this
word (when meaning 'if'), causes the verb(s) to be at the end.

In the second sentence the original sentences Hij kan niet fietsen and Hij heeft een
ongeluk gehad are combined through the conjunctive word omdat ('because'), which
also causes the verb(s) to be at the end.

In conjunctions like this, there are just a few conjunctive words that do not cause the
verb(s) to be at the end:

• en ('and')
Ik kom thuis en het eten is klaar.
• maar ('but')
Ik kom thuis, maar het eten is nog niet klaar.
• want ('because')
Hij kan niet fietsen want hij heeft een ongeluk gehad
• of (when it means 'or')
Hij is thuis of hij is bij zijn moeder.
• dus (conclusive 'so')
Hij is niet huis, dus hij is bij zijn moeder or
Hij is niet huis, dus is hij bij zijn moeder

After these conjunctive words, you have a normal phrase or inversion, but not all
verbs at the end.

Here's a little text with a lot of conjunctions. The conjunctive words are bold:

Text 10.3 - Conjunctions

Nederland is een land dat veel water heeft.
Vroeger was er zelfs nog meer water.
Dat kun je zien als je op een oude kaart kijkt.
Veel van het water op die oude kaart is nu land omdat de Nederlanders er "polders"
van hebben gemaakt.
Als je in zo'n polder woont, dan woon je onder de zeespiegel.
Veel buitenlanders vinden dat geen prettig idee, hoewel er hoge dijken rond de
polders liggen.

58
Vocabulary
als if, when
bedoelen to mean, to intend
begrijpen to understand, to comprehend
best best
betekenen to mean
beter better
breed broad, large
de buitenlander the foreigner
de dijk the dike
donker dark
dun thin
duur expensive
het eten the meal, the food, dinner
goedkoop cheap
hard hard, loud
heet hot
hoewel although
hoog high
jong young
de kaart the map, the card
keer the time
klaar ready
kort short
koud cold
laag low
lang long
langzaam slow, slowly
lelijk ugly
licht light
liefst most preferable
liever rather
liggen to lie
makkelijk easy
meest most
menen to mean, to be serious
minder less
minst least
de moeder the mother
moeilijk difficult

59
mooi beautiful
Nederlands Dutch
omdat because
het ongeluk the accident
onder under, below
oud old
de polder the reclaimed land
praten to talk
prettig pleasant
rond round, around
schoon clean
slim clever, bright
smal narrow, tight
snel quick
veel much
verstaan understand
vies dirty
de vriend the friend
vroeger formerly
het water the water
weinig little, few
de zeespiegel sea level
zelfs even

More ...

• Before you move on to the next chapter you should study

o Grammar pages: Constructing sentences (+ exercises)
o Grammar pages: Comparative & superlative
• You could exercise inviting someone by finding another student and
inviting him/her to the theater, movies, etcetera. You could agree that
the invited person turns down the invitation with a reasonable excuse.
• Try to exercise past and perfect tenses by changing present tense
sentences you hear into past and perfect.

60
Intermediate course
The intermediate lessons have the following parts:

• Plain text: a Dutch text - telling you something about life in the Netherlands.
• Listen: a RealAudio soundfile with the same text - you can listen to it while looking at
the Dutch text, the English translation (see below) or both.
• Translation: the English translation of the text
• Text plus translation: both Dutch and English versions of the text.
• Text with gaps: a self grading, so called cloze test of the text.
• Exercise on grammar/vocabulary
• Test level 2 #...: a self-grading multiple choice test, more or less related to the text.

61
Lesson 1: Dit is Nederland
Dit is Nederland.

Nederland is een klein land in Europa.

De hoofdstad van Nederland is Amsterdam, maar de regering van Nederland vind je
in Den Haag.

Nederland grenst aan Duitsland, België en Engeland.Nederland heeft twaalf

provincies:

1. Groningen
2. Friesland
3. Drenthe
4. Overijssel
5. Flevoland
6. Gelderland
7. Utrecht
8. Noord-Holland
9. Zuid-Holland
10. Zeeland
11. Noord-Brabant
12. Limburg

De mensen in Nederland spreken Nederlands. Veel mensen spreken ook Engels en

Duits.

Nederland heeft geen bergen. Maar er is veel water. Heel veel water.

62
Er wonen ongeveer 15 miljoen mensen in Nederland. De meeste van hen wonen in het
westen van het land. Daar liggen de steden zo dicht bij elkaar dat ze soms samen als
één stad met de naam 'de Randstad' worden aangeduid.

These are the Netherlands

These are the Netherlands

The Netherlands are a small country in Europe.
The capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam, but you'll find the government of the
Netherlands in the Hague.

The Netherlands shares borders with Germany, Belgium and England.The

Netherlands have twelve provinces:

1. Groningen
2. Friesland
3. Drenthe
4. Overijssel
5. Flevoland
6. Gelderland
7. Utrecht
8. Noord-Holland
9. Zuid-Holland
10. Zeeland
11. Noord-Brabant
12. Limburg

People in The Netherlands speak Dutch. Many people also speak English and
German.

The Netherlands have no mountains. But there is much water. Very much water.

There are approximately 15 million people living in the Netherlands. Most of them
live in the West of the country. There the cities are situated so close to each other that
they're sometimes seen as one city, being named 'de Randstad' (the belt city).

63
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - What are the plurals and diminutives?

Example:

• de man - de mannen - het mannetje

1. het land - .......

2. de stad - .......
3. de berg - .......
4. de vrouw - ....
5. het boek - ....
6. het huis - ....
7. de druif - ....
8. de boot - ....
9. de deur - ....
10. de radio - ....

Part 2 - What are the infinitives and what do they mean?

Examples:

• ik zie zien - to see

• gelopen lopen - to walk

1. het land grenst

2. hij ligt
3. ik vind
4. ik kijk
5. aangeduid
6. het wordt
7. hij heeft
8. jij leest
9. gedaan
10. zij schrijft

64
Lesson 2: Heb je al een fiets?

John Dag Heidi.

Heidi Hé, dag John. Hoe is het met je?
John Prima. En met jou?
Heidi Goed, hoor. Ik ben alleen doodmoe van het fietsen.
John Ja, wat een wind hè?
Heidi Nou. Zeg, en hoe gaat het op je werk?
John Druk, druk, druk. Ik heb helemaal geen tijd meer voor leuke dingen.
Heidi Kijk je wel een beetje uit? Ik bedoel, je moet ook wat ontspannen, hoor.
John Ja, ik weet het, maar je weet hoe dat gaat.
Heidi Doe je nog wel aan sport?
John Nou, eh, niet echt.
Heidi En hoe ga je naar je werk? Heb je al een fiets?
John Nee, ik sta nog steeds liever in de file.
Ja, kijk, je moet het natuurlijk zelf weten, maar ik maak me wel een beetje
Heidi
zorgen om je.
Ach, lieve Heidi, dat is echt niet nodig. Maar ik moet nu toch echt verder,
John
anders ben ik te laat.
Heidi Zul je voorzichtig rijden?
John Tuurlijk.
Heidi Groetjes thuis!
John Doe ik. Jij ook.

65
Do you already have a bicycle?

John Hello Heidi.

Heidi Hé, hello John. How are you?
John Fine. And you?
Heidi I'm ok (don't translate 'hoor'...). I'm just very tired of cycling.
John Yes, it's quite windy, isn't it?
Heidi Well, yes. Hey, and how are things at work?
John Busy, busy, busy. I really don't have time for enjoyable things anymore.
Heidi Would you please take care? I mean, you also have to relax.
John Yes, I know. But you know how things go.
Heidi Are you into some kind of sport?
John Well, not really.
Heidi And how are you travelling to work? Do you already have a bicycle?
John No. I rather get stuck in traffic (file: traffic jam, queue of cars).
Yeah well, look, of course it's you're decision, but I do feel worried about you
Heidi
quite a bit.
Oh well, dear Heidi, that's really not necessary. But now I do really have to
John
move on.
Heidi Will you drive carefully?
John Of course.
Heidi My regards to your family!
John I'll do that. You too.

66
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Change these sentences to past tense (all verbs are irregular) and start with
the underlined word (watch the sequence...):

Example:

• Ik ga woensdag naar de markt.

• Woensdag ging ik naar de markt

1. Jan is vaak ziek.

2. Hij komt soms in de kerk.
3. Ze hebben in Amsterdam een groot museum.
4. Hij luistert graag naar klassieke muziek.
5. Hij ziet een vogel in de tuin.
6. Hij krijgt een fiets van zijn vader.
7. Zij gaat graag naar buiten.
8. Wij moeten eigenlijk naar huis.
9. U eet misschien niet gezond.
10. Wij zingen samen een Sinterklaaslied.

Part 2 - What are the opposites?

Examples:

• lang - kort

1. dik - ...
2. breed - ...
3. hoog - ...
4. klein - ...
5. veel - ...
6. altijd - ...
7. donker - ...
8. zwaar - ...
9. rijk - ...
10. goed - ...

67
Lesson 3: Nieuwe schoenen

Verkoopster Goedemiddag, kan ik u helpen?

Marcel Ja, nou, eh, ik ben op zoek naar een paar nieuwe schoenen.
Verkoopster Aan wat voor schoenen denkt u?
Nou, ze moeten wel goed voor m'n voeten zijn. En zwart. En een beetje
Marcel
klassiek model, graag.
Verkoopster Wat vindt u van dit model?
Marcel Ja, niet zo gek.
Verkoopster Wat voor maat draagt u?
Marcel Vierenveertig.
Verkoopster Momentje, ik zal even wat voor u halen.
Marcel Ok
...
Verkoopster Zo. Ik heb hier dat model in uw maat en ook nog een ander model.
Marcel Ah, die zijn ook mooi, zeg. Mag ik die meteen even proberen?
Verkoopster Natuurlijk. Gaat u maar even zitten.
...
Verkoopster Hoe zitten ze?
Marcel Nou, ze lopen echt heel lekker. Hoe duur zijn ze?
Verkoopster fl 219,50
Marcel Tja, dat is niet goedkoop, maar goed. Ik neem ze toch maar.
Verkoopster U zult er zeker geen spijt van krijgen, meneer.
Marcel Eh, ik kan toch wel pinnen hier?
Verkoopster Natuurlijk.

68
New shoes

Saleswoman Good afternoon, can I help you?

Marcel Yeah, eh well, I'm looking for a new pair of shoes.
Saleswoman What kind of shoes are you thinking of?
Well, they have to be good for my feet. And black. And the model
Marcel
should be quite classic.
Saleswoman What do you think of this model?
Marcel Yes, it's not bad, really.
Saleswoman What size are you wearing?
Marcel 44
Saleswoman One moment. I'll get you something.
Marcel Ok
...
Saleswoman Right. Here I have that model in your size and also a different model.
Ah, they're also quite pretty (don't translate 'zeg'). Can I try them on
Marcel
straight away?
Saleswoman Of course. Please take a seat.
...
Saleswoman How do they fit?
Marcel Well, they walk quite comfortable. HHow much are they?
Saleswoman fl 219,50
Marcel Well, that's not really cheap. But still, I'll take them.
Saleswoman You will surely not regret it, sir.
Marcel Eh, I can 'pin' (use a bankcard with pincode) here, can't I?
Saleswoman Of course.

69
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Combine these sentences, using the (conjunction word):

Example:

• Ik ben te laat. Mijn auto is stuk. (omdat)

• Ik ben te laat omdat mijn auto stuk is

1. Wij gaan naar het strand. Het is mooi weer. (als)

2. Hij heeft weinig geld. Hij heeft geen werk. (omdat)
3. Hij rookt. Hij zit op de fiets. (terwijl)
4. Hij at een banaan. Hij luisterde naar de radio. (toen)
5. Hij ziet niets. Hij heeft zijn bril niet op. (want)
6. Hij gaat naar huis. Ik blijf hier. (en)
7. Zij kan niet komen. Morgen kan ze misschien wel. (maar)
8. Hij heeft weinig geld. Hij werkt hard. (hoewel)
9. Ze gaat naar de kapper. Ze gaat naar haar werk (voordat)
10. Wij eten ijs. Wij eten soep. (nadat)

Part 2 - Which word doesn't belong here?

Example:

• hond - kat - boom - koe

• boom (not an animal)

1. rood - groen - kaas - blauw

2. lopen - fietsen - rijden - eten
3. liggen - leren - staan - zitten
4. steen - hout - ijzer - boek
5. ijzer - goud - hout - koper
6. voet - hand - schoen - knie
7. hoed - klomp - schoen - laars
8. broek - jas - schoen - pen
9. mooi - leuk - lekker - lelijk
10. nieuw - land - provincie – stad

70
Lesson 4: Twee zones, drie strippen

John Zeg, jij reist toch wel eens met de tram?

Heidi Elke dag, zowat.
John Kun jij me dan eens uitleggen hoe ik die strippenkaart moet gebruiken?
Heidi De strippenkaart? Weet je dat niet?
John Nee, ik ga nooit met de tram.
Heidi Kom je nooit in de stad, dan?
John Nee, bijna nooit. En als ik de stad in ga, dan ga ik met de auto.
Heidi Maar dan betaal je een fortuin aan parkeergeld!
John Ja, inderdaad. Daarom neem ik vanavond dus een keer de tram.
Heidi Je gaat de stad in vanavond?
John Ja, ik ga wat eten met iemand van m'n werk.
Leuk. Nou, let op. Je moet eerst uitzoeken hoeveel zones je reist. Dat kun je
Heidi
zien op de plattegrond bij de tramhalte.
John En elke zone is één strip?
Ja, maar je moet daar altijd nog een strip bijtellen. Dus als je twee zones reist, is
Heidi
dat drie strippen.
John En die moet ik alle drie stempelen?
Nee, je stempelt alleen de laatste strip. Kijk, je vouwt de kaart en duwt hem in
Heidi
de automaat. Die stempelt dan bovenop de strip.
John Ah. Ik snap het. Bedankt!
Heidi Graag gedaan. En veel plezier vanavond!

71
Two zones, three strips

John Hey, you do travel by tram sometimes, don't you?

Heidi Almost every day.
So can you explain to me how I have to use that 'strippenkaart' (public transport
John
card with 'strips' to be stamped)?
Heidi The 'strippenkaart'? Don't you know that?
John No, I never go by tram.
Heidi So you never go into town (here: the city centre)?
John No, almost never. And when I do go into town, I go by car.
Heidi But than you spend a fortune on parking costs!
John Yes, indeed. Therefore I'll take the tram for once, tonight.
Heidi You're going into town tonight?
John Yes, I'm going out for diner with somebody I know from work.
Great. Well, listen closely. First you have to find out how many zones you're
Heidi
travelling. You can see that on the city map at the tram stop.
John And every zone is one strip?
Yes, but you always have to add one strip. So if you travel two zones, that's
Heidi
three strips.
John And I have to stamp all three of them?
No, you just stamp the last strip. Look, you fold the card and push it into the
Heidi
stamping machine. This machine stamps right on the strip.
John Ah. I get it. Thanks!
Heidi My pleasure. And have fun, tonigh

72
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Fill in the right form of the (verb), both in present and past:

Example:

• Ik (gaan) naar het station.

• ga - ging

1. Gerard (komen) altijd te laat.

2. (lopen) je naar je werk?
3. Hij (kijken) de hele avond naar de televisie.
4. Ik (eten) dinsdag bij Karin.
5. Hij (moeten) naar de wc.
6. Jij (mogen) niet in die kamer komen.
7. (hebben) hij veel geld?
8. Nicole (werken) de hele dag.
9. (spreken) u Nederlands?
10. Hij (drinken) altijd bier.

Part 2 - Fill in the right preposition.

Example:

• Ik zit ... een stoel.

• Ik zit op een stoel

1. Ik fiets ... school.

2. Ik geef het boek ... de leraar.
3. Een kelder zit ... de grond.
4. Ik werk ... IBM.
5. Ik drink wijn ... het eten.
6. Het is twee graden .../... nul.
7. De boeken staan ... de kast.
8. U spreekt ... Karel de Groot.
9. Ik woon ... 1991 in Amsterdam.
10. Jaques komt ... Zwitserland.

73
Lesson 5: Gefeliciteerd met je vriendin!

Heidi Ha die John. Zeg, harstikke gefeliciteerd met je vriendin!

Ja, dank je wel. Heel lief van je. Maar eerlijk gezegd: ik vind het nog steeds
John
gek.
Heidi Gek?
John Ja, dat Nederlanders altijd iedereen feliciteren als er iemand jarig is.
Heidi Doen ze dat in jouw land niet?
John Nee, natuurlijk niet. Wij feliciteren alleen degene die jarig is.
Heidi Tja, nou, nu je het zegt. Het is inderdaad wel een beetje vreemd.
John Maar weet je wat ik wel leuk vind? Die bloemen!
Heidi Hoe bedoel je?
Nou kijk, als je iemand iets wilt geven en je kunt niets bedenken, dan geef je
John
gewoon een bos bloemen.
Dat is inderdaad wel makkelijk, ja. Maar vertel eens, wat vind je nog meer
Heidi
vreemd aan Nederlanders?
Oh, daar kan ik wel een boek over schrijven. Over hoe jullie patat eten, over
John
jullie fietsen, over jullie politieke partijen, jullie wc's, jullie tolerantie ...
Ach, ik weet niet of wij zo tolerant zijn. Ik moet toegeven dat het er wel vaak
Heidi
op lijkt of we dat zijn, maar misschien is dat ook wel gewoon onverschilligheid.
John Denk je dat?
Het interesseert ons niet wat iemand gelooft, wat iemands sexuele voorkeur is,
Heidi
wat iemand rookt of drinkt, zolang iemand maar betaalt.
John En weet je wat het meest interessant is aan Nederlanders?
Heidi Nou?
John Hun zelfkritiek.

74
Congratualations on your girlfriend!

Heidi Hey yo John. Lot's of congratualations on your girlfriend!

John Yes, thank's a lot. Very sweet of you. But to be honest: I still find it weird.
Heidi Weird?
Yes, that Dutch people always congratulate everyone when someone is having
John
birthday.
Heidi Don't they do that in your country?
John No, of course not. We congratualate only the one who's having birthday.
Heidi Yes, well, know that you mention it. It's quite weird indeed.
John But you know what I like? Those flowers!
Heidi What do you mean?
Well, look, if you want to give someone something and you can't think of
John
something, you just give a bunch of flowers.
That quite convenient indeed. But tell me, what else do you find strange about
Heidi
Dutch people?
Oh, I could write a book on that. On how you eat fries, on your bicycles, on
John
your political parties, your toilets, your tolerance...
Well, I don't know if we're that tolerant. I have to admit that it often looks like
Heidi
we are, but perhaps it's really just indifference.
John Do you think so?
It doesn't interest us what someone believes, what someone's sexual preference
Heidi
is, what someone smokes or drinks as long as someone pays.
John And do you know the most interesting thing about Dutch people?
Heidi Well?
John Their self-critisism

75
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Make plurals out of all singular forms:

Example:

• Ik eet de banaan.
• Wij eten de bananen

1. Ik schrijf de brief.
2. Hij eet de appel
3. Jij komt te laat.
4. U zit op de stoel.
5. Ik koop het huis.
6. Jij hebt veel geld.
7. Zij houdt van mij.
8. Ik praat met jou.
9. De man repareert de kast.
10. De beer eet het dropje.

Part 2 - Fill in 'niet' or 'geen'.

Example:

• Dit is ... stoel.

• Dit is geen stoel

1. Hij is ... op school.

2. Ik praat ... met de leraar.
3. Hij is ... gek.
4. Ik werk ... bij IBM.
5. Ik drink ... wijn bij het eten.
6. Kom je ... op mijn verjaardag?
7. De boeken staan ... in de kast.
8. Dat is ... gulden, dat is een Belgische frank.
9. Ik woon ... in Amsterdam.
10. Dat is ... goede zin.

76
Lesson 6: Een klein kindje

Ronald Dag Carla, wat fijn je te zien.

Carla Hoi Ronald. Dat is lang geleden dat ik jou zag.
Ronald Hoe voel je je nu na de bevalling?
Wel goed. Maar ik ben blij dat mijn zoontje nu eindelijk is geboren. Mijn buik
Carla was zo groot geworden de laatste weken! Wil je naar het kindje gaan kijken?
Hij ligt in het wiegje te slapen.
Ronald Ach, wat is hij klein zeg.
Ja en alles zit erop en eraan. Twee oortjes en een neusje en tien kleine
Carla
vingertjes.
Ronald En tien kleine teentjes?
Carla Ja, die ook. Toe maar, kijk maar even.
Ronald Ik las op het geboortekaartje dat jullie hem twee namen hebben gegeven.
Ja, hij is naar zijn opa genoemd. Die heet ook Arend Jan. Opa is apetrots op
Carla
zijn eerste kleinzoon.
Ronald Nou, als ik dat kleintje eens bekijk. Hij lijkt zelfs wel een beetje op zijn opa.
Carla Vind je dat?
Ronald Ja, hij is ook zo kaal...

A little baby

77
Ronald Hello Carla, how nice to see you.
Carla Hi Ronald. Long time no see.
Ronald How doyou feel, now that you've given birth?
I'm doing fine. But I'm very glad that my son finally has been born. My belly
Carla had grown enormously the last couple of weeks! Do you want to take a look at
the baby? He's sleeping in his little cradle.
Ronald Ah, he's so tiny.
Yes, and it has everything it should have. Two little ears, a little nose and ten
Carla
little fingers.
Ronald And ten little toes?
Carla Yes, those too. Go ahead and take a look.
Ronald I've read on the birth announcement card that you've given him two names.
Yes, we've named him after his grandfather. His name was Arend Jan too.
Carla
Granddad is very proud of his first grandson.
Ronald Well, when I look at that little baby. He looks even a bit like his granddad.
Carla Do you think so?
Ronald Yes, he's also bold like that...

78
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - What are the infinitives of the underlined verbs and what do they mean?

Examples:

• Ik slaap - slapen - to sleep

• Ik heb gelopen - lopen - to walk

1. Ik zag jou
2. Mijn buik is groot geworden
3. Ik las het kaartje
4. Ik noem de hond 'Theo'
5. Hij lijkt op zijn opa
6. Hartelijk gefeliciteerd
7. Ik moet dat toegeven
8. Ik rook niet meer.
9. Hij heeft het niet gedaan
10. Wij betalen zo snel mogelijk

Part 2 - What are past participles?

Example:

• Ik heb (feliciteren) - Ik heb gefeliciteerd

1. Ik heb (zien) - .......

2. Ik heb (kijken) - .......
3. Ik heb (slapen) - .......
4. Ik heb (geven) - ....
5. Ik heb (noemen) - ....
6. Ik heb (bekijken) - ....
7. Ik heb (vinden) - ....
8. Ik ben (zijn) - ....
9. Ik ben (worden) - ....
10. Ik heb (hebben) - ....

79
Lesson 7: Nieuws

Goedemorgen, dit is de radionieuwsdienst verzorgd door het ANP.

Vanochtend heeft een groep jongeren gedemonstreerd tegen de plannen van de

minister van Onderwijs om de OV-kaart af te schaffen. Een woordvoerder van de
studenten verklaarde dat de studenten al veel te weinig geld hebben. Zij zijn volgens
hem niet in staat om naast hun dagelijkse uitgaven ook nog voor het openbaar vervoer
te betalen. Er liepen ook enkele ouders mee in de optocht, omdat veel studenten niet
meer in het weekend naar huis zullen reizen als de OV-kaart niet meer geldig is.
Vanmiddag zal de minister van Onderwijs deze zaak met enkele studenten bespreken.

En dan nu het weer. Het is vandaag een bewolkte dag met af en toe wat regen. De
temperatuur is ongeveer 19 graden.

Dan staan er nog files op de volgende wegen. Op de A2 richting Utrecht staat

vanwege een ongeluk een file van 10 kilometer. In de omgekeerde richting staat een
file van 5 kilometer door kijkers.

Wij wensen u nog een prettige dag.

80
News

Good morning, this is the radio news service, provided by the ANP (general Dutch
Press).

A group of young people demonstrated this morning against the plans of the secretary
of Education to counteract the OV-card (Free public transport for students). A
spokesman of the students declared that the students already have to little money.
They won't be able to pay for public transport in addition to their daily expenses. A
few parents joined the procession, because many students won't be able to come home
in the weekends if the OV-card isn't valid anymore. This afternoon the secretary of
Education will discuss this matter with a few students.

And now today's weather. It's a cloudy day today with a few cloudbursts every now
and then. The temperature is about 19 degrees Celsius.

Traffic Jams are at the following roads. Because of an accident there is a traffic jam of
10 kilometers at the A2, in the direction of Utrecht. In the opposite direction there's a
5 kilometer jam because of spotters.

We wish you a pleasant day

81
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Change these sentences to past tense en turn them into questions:

Example:

• Dit is het nieuws.

• Was dit het nieuws?

1. Hij verzorgt het nieuws

2. Een groep jongeren demonstreert.
3. Er lopen ouders mee.
4. Hij verklaart dat hij boos is.
5. De minister bespreekt de kwestie.
6. Ze reizen naar huis.
7. De OV-kaart is niet meer geldig.
8. Het regent.
9. Er staan files op de A10.
10. Hij wenst ons een prettige dag.

Part 2 - What are the opposites?

Examples:

• lang - kort

1. licht (2x) - ...

2. moeilijk- ...
3. duur - ...
4. koud - ...
5. oud (2x) - ...
6. ver - ...
7. laag - ...
8. weinig - ...
9. arm - ...
10. snel - ...

82
Lesson 8: Het Nederlandse Schoolsysteem

In Nederland hebben de kinderen een leerplicht tot hun 16e jaar. Bij ons gaan bijna
alle kinderen vanaf 4 jaar naar de basisschool. Ze hoeven niet zo jong te beginnen,
want het is pas verplicht als zij 5 jaar zijn geworden.

De basisschool bestaat uit 8 groepen. De jongste kinderen beginnen in groep 1 en de

oudste zitten in groep 8.

Als zij de basisschool hebben afgemaakt, meestal zijn ze dan 12 jaar oud, gaan ze naar
het Voortgezet Onderwijs. Dat is een grote verandering, want de kinderen krijgen dan
te maken met meerdere docenten en moeten ze huiswerk maken.

Naar welk type voortgezet onderwijs zij gaan, hangt af van hun prestaties op de
basisschool. De basisschool adviseert het kind bij het maken van een keuze uit de
verschillende soorten: MAVO, HAVO of VWO. Het kind kan ook naar een VBO of
IVBO gaan. Dit zijn technische of vakscholen.Ieder type voortgezet onderwijs begint
met een basisvorming.

In Nederland bestaan er ook de 'scholengemeenschappen.' Dit zijn scholen met

meerdere typen voortgezet onderwijs. Dat is makkelijk voor kinderen die willen
wisselen van type, omdat zij het onderwijs te makkelijk of te moeilijk vinden. Ze
hoeven dan niet naar een totaal andere school.

83
The Dutch Educational system

In the Netherlands there's compulsory education for children till they've turned 16.
Almost all children in the Netherlands start primary school as they're four years old.
They don't have to start so soon, since education only becomes compulsory once a
child reaches the age of five.

The primary school consists out of 8 groups. The youngest children start in group 1
and the oldest are in group 8.

When they've finished primary school, usually when they're 12years old, they have to
go on to a secondary school. This is a big change, because then they have to deal with
several teachers and have to do homework.

Which kind of secondary school the children will attend, dependson their efforts at
primary school. This primary school advises the child tochoose between MAVO
(junior general secondary education),HAVO ( senior general secondary education)and
VWO (pre-university education).The child can also choose to go to VBO or IVBO .
These are vocational schools. All courses begin with 'basic secondary education'.

The Netherlands also has combined schools. These are schools with more types of
secondary education. This comes in handy for children who want to change
schooltype, because the education is too easy or too difficult for them. They don't
have to go to a completely different school.

84
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Combine these sentences, using the (conjunction word):

Example:

• Hij ziet niets. Hij heeft zijn bril niet op. (want)
• Hij ziet niets want hij heeft zijn bril niet op.

1. Hij gaat naar school. Hij is 4 jaar. (als)

2. Hij gaat niet naar school. Hij is ziek. (omdat)
3. Hans zit in groep 1. Laura zit in groep 3. (en)
4. Hij heeft geen tijd. Hij moet huiswerk maken. (want)
5. Zij is nog jong. Ze weet al veel. (maar)
6. Hij gaat naar de HAVO. Hij leert goed. (als)
7. Hij gaat naar een andere school. Deze school is te moeilijk voor
hem.(omdat)
8. Hij heeft veel geld. Hij werkt niet hard. (hoewel)
9. Ze gaan naar de basisschool. Ze gaan naar het Voortgezet Onderwijs.
(voordat)
10. Wij maken de oefening. Wij hebben de tekst gelezen. (nadat)

Part 2 - Which word doesn't belong here?

Example:

• huis - kasteel - film - boederij

• film (not a building)

1. MAVO - HAVO - VWO - ANP

2. sok - schilderij - trui - jas
3. leraar - school - klas - boom
4. steen - geld - ijzer - papier
5. onderwijs - feest - taart - verjaardag
6. zones - strippen - bus - knie
7. bus - trein - tram - fiets
8. regen - water - rivier - steen
9. huis - file - auto - ongeluk
10. letter - woord - zin - brief

85
Lesson 9: Een feestje

(Tringgggg)
Paul Hoi Margreet, je spreekt met Paul.
Margreet Dag Paul, hoe gaat het met je?
Ja goed, maar ik heb je hulp nodig. Ik geef vanavond een feestje, weet je
Paul
nog?
Margreet Mmm, ter gelegenheid van je afstuderen, toch? Nog gefeliciteerd.
Dank je wel. Ik ben nu een lijstje met boodschappen aan het maken, want
Paul
ik moet nog zoveel spullen in huis halen. Maar ik kan niks verzinnen.
Margreet Nou, vertel me maar wat je al hebt.
Ok, eh.. komkommer met dipsaus, zoutjes en snacks en ik heb zelf twee
Paul
taarten gebakken. Ik hoop dat ze gelukt zijn. Ik heb ze nog niet geproefd.
Vergeet niet om frisdrank en sinaasappelsap te kopen. Wat heb je
Margreet
eigenlijk voor borrelhapjes voor bij de wijn?
Paul Oh, dat is een goeie, daar heb ik nog niet aan gedacht.
Margreet Je moet wat kaas kopen, dat is lekker. En misschien wat toast.
Paul Goed idee. Nou, heb je nog iets wat ik echt niet moet vergeten?
Ja, vergeet vooral niet om extra servetjes te kopen, want ik neem mijn
Margreet
vriend mee.

86
A party

(Tringgggg)
Paul Hi Margreet, this is Paul
Margreet Hello Paul, how are you?
Paul Fine, but I need your help. I'm throwing a party this evening, remember?
Margreet Mmm, because of your graduation, right? Congratulations.
Thank you. I'm drawing up a grocery list, because I still have to get many
Paul
things from the shop. But I can't think of anything.
Margreet Well, why don't you tell me what you've got?
Ok, ehr.. I got: cucumber with dipping, salty biscuits and snacks and I
Paul
baked two pies. I hope they worked out, I didn't taste them yet.
Don't forget to buy some softdrinks and orange juice. What do you have
Margreet
for titbits that go with the wine?
Paul Oh, that's a good one. I didn't think of that yet.
Margreet You should buy some cheese, that tastes good. And perhaps some toast.
Paul Good idea. Well, can you think of something I really mustn't forget?
Margreet Yes, don't forget to bring extra napkins.. I'm bringing my boyfriend.

87
Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Fill in the right form of the (verb), both in present and past:

Example:

• Ik (gaan) naar huis

• ga - ging

1. Ik (spreken) met Paul.

2. Het (gaan) goed met hem.
3. Ik (hebben) je hulp nodig
4. Wij (geven) een feestje.
5. Hij (halen) veel spullen in huis.
6. Het meisje (kopen) een pak appelsap.
7. De leraar (vertellen) iets over zijn land.
8. Karel (bakken) een grote taart.
9. Pierre (proeven) de wijn.
10. Hij (vergeten) zijn pen.

Part 2 - Fill in the right preposition.

Example:

• Ik zit ... een stoel.

• Ik zit op een stoel

1. U spreekt ... mevrouw De Groot.

2. Gefeliciteerd ... je afstuderen.
3. Ik heb lekkere hapjes ... de wijn.
4. Hij koopt een cadeau ... zijn vriendin.
5. Heb je nog gedacht ... zijn verjaardag?
6. Ik schrijf een brief ... mijn vader.
7. Ik ben boos ... haar.
8. Gaat hij elke dag ... school?
9. Er staat een file ... de A2.
10. Kom je vanavond ... tijd?

88
Lessaon 10: Te koop...

Voor onze vrolijke zoon van 4 zoeken wij

een aardige oppas. Voor 2-3 middagen Gratis op te halen poesjes, drie mnd. oud.
p.w., event. vakanties. Omgeving centrum Tel. 086-8463726.
van A'dam. Tel: 020 -6867473.
Wij zoeken voor marktonderzoek:
kopers/gebruikers van Tabs (tabletten)
voor in de wasmachine van de merken
OMO, Sunil en Dixan. Wij zoeken zowel
T.k. gevr. Tuinstoelen, merk Austin, liefst vrouwen die tevreden zijn over het wassen
wit. Tel. 039-8775643 (alleen 's avonds). met tabs, als vrouwen die daar juist niet
tevreden over zijn. Leeftijdsindicatie 24-
55 jaar. Voor uw deelname ontvangt u een
kleine vergoeding. Selectiebureau Profiel
tel. 070-49726453.
Te koop: 2 damesfietsen, z.g.a.n.
Eiken tv-kast z.g.a.n. 100,- bel nu tel 020-
trommelremmen en 3 versnellingen. Tel.
5849302 na 18:00 svp.
020-6694373.
T.k. gevr. tweepersoonsbed met matras
U maakt mij erg blij met jokers uit
140 x 200. Te koop: parkiet (geel met
speelkaarten. Dubbelen geen bezwaar.
groen) met kooi, zangzaad gratis
Tel. 050-3729173
bijgeleverd. Tel. 020-4081999
Vlooienmarkt in sporthal Zeeburg, Goed tehuis gezocht voor twee lieve
Zeeburgerdijk 620, A'dam. Aankomende poezen van elf jaar oud. Info tel. 070-
zaterdag tussen 10:00 -17:00. 5904463
Heeft u geen tijd voor uw strijkwerk? Ik Een vrolijke, serieuze en oprechte man
doe het voor u. De ene dag gebracht, de zoekt dito vrouw om een relatie mee te
volgende dag kan u het weer ophalen. Tel. beginnen. Bel je me op? Tel. 020 -
020-6694297 (niet bellen tot 18:00) 68846372

89
For sale...

We seek a friendly babysitter for our

cheerful son who is 4 years old. For 2-3
Fetch free kittens, three months old. Tel.
afternoons per week, possibly during
086-8463726.
holidays. Neighborhood of Amsterdam.
Tel: 020 -6867473.
For our marketing research we seek
buyers/users of Tabs (tablets) for (in) the
washing machine by the brand OMO,
We seek lawn chairs, branch Austin, Sunil and Dixan. We're looking for
preferably white. Tel. 039-8775643 (only women who are satisfied about washing
evenings). with the tabs as well as women who aren't.
Age-indication is 24-55 years. You
receive a small allowance. Selection
agency Profiel, tel. 070-49726453.
For sale: 2 lady's bikes, as good as new, An oak TV box as good as new 100,-. Call
drumbrake and derailleur. Tel. 020- now tel 020-5849302. Please call after
6694373. 18:00.
We seek double bed with matras 140 x
You make me very happy with joker
200. For sale: parakeet (yellow and green)
playing cards. Double cards are no
with cage, bird seed comes with the bird.
problem. Tel. 050-3729173
Tel. 020-4081999
Fleemarket in sports hall Zeeburg, We're looking for a good home for two
Zeeburgerdijk 620, A'dam. Upcoming sweet cats of eleven years old. Info tel.
Saturday between 10:00 and 17:00. 070-5904463
You don't have time for your ironing? I'll
A cheerful, serious and honest man seeks
do it for you. Brought one day, you can
a similar women to start a relationship.
pick it up the next day. Tel. 020-6694297
Will you call me? Tel. 020 -68846372
(don't call untill 18:00)

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Exercise - Grammar and vocabulary training

Part 1 - Make singulars out of all plural forms:

Example:

• Wij eten de bananen

• Ik eet de banaan

1. Wij hebben geen vakanties

2. De poesjes spelen met de ballen.
3. Wij zitten op de stoelen.
4. Waar zijn jullie fietsen?
5. Wij kopen de kasten
6. De parkieten zingen niet.
7. De spelers pakken de kaarten.
8. De poezen hebben vlooien.
9. Wij liggen op de bedden.
10. De mannen strijken de broeken.

Part 2 - Make correct sentences out of these words

Example:

• op - geen - matras - dat - op - bed - ligt - er

• Er ligt geen matras op dat bed
Op dat bed ligt geen matras

1. een - gekocht - nieuwe - fiets - hij - heeft

2. met - de - gesproken - leraar - ik - heb
3. ik - het - doe - u - voor
4. wij - geen - hebben - voor - strijkwerk - tijd
5. wij - een - oppas - voor - zoon - zoeken - onze
6. met - vriendin - je - van - gefeliciteerd - harte - !
7. op - zijn - lijkt - de - baby - opa
8. het - een - bewolkte - dag - wordt - vandaag
9. naar - onze - kinderen - gaan - school - niet - vandaag
10. ik - mijn - vriend - mee - naar - het - neem - feestje

91
 Theory
At the site there's not only some explanation, but also a few exercises and answers to
check if you really understood everything.

92
About de en het
One of the most frustrating things for those who learn Dutch at an adult age, is knowing when a word is
a het word and when it is a de word. I'm not going to tell here that there is a method that deletes all
frustrations, but I do have a few hints that should make it a bit easier.

To begin with the reason for all this: there are masculine words, feminine
words and neuter words. All masculine and feminine words get de while all
neuter words get het. A good way to remember this is simply to:

• think of 'the man, the woman and the child', since this will be: de man, de vrouw en
het kind.

Though there is mostly not a very good reason for things to bemasculine, feminine or neuter there are a
few indications:

• all words that are made smaller with (e)(t)jeare neuter (de vrouw - het vrouwtje, de
man - hetmannetje),
• practically all words that and on standard suffixeslike -ing, -ij, -ie, -e and -heid are
feminine(de vereniging, de bakkerij, de politie, de dame, demoeilijkheid),
• all infinite verbs used as nouns are neuter (het eten,het fietsen),
• words starting with standard prefixes like ge-, ver,ont- and be- and not ending on -ing
areneuter (het gevaar, het verhaal, het ontzag, hetbeslag),
• words ending on -el or -er are quiteoften de-words (de tafel, de beker),
• buildings, however, are often het-words (hettheater, het huis, het station - just not
debioscoop, since that ends on -scoop, which is oneof those standard suffixes),
• in plural all words get de (de vrouwtjes, deboeken)
• and, naturally, all words referring to persons(individuals) are de-words (de minister,
debakker).

Now, you could decide not to bother, producing a soundsomewhere between

de en het (...edth...)in case of doubt, but think of the consequences of
thedifference:

• meaning 'this' and 'that', de-words get dezeand die, while het-words get dit anddat,
• meaning 'which' (or sometimes 'what'), de-wordsget welke and het words get welk,
• meaning 'our', de-words get onze, whilehet-words get ons,
• adjectives end on an extra e (always pronounced inDutch!) standing before a noun,
except when this is anindefinite (using een) het-word: degroene pen, een groene pen,
het groeneboek, een groen boek).

If the learning of this de/het difference is reallyimportant to you, I would advise

you to make a list of allhet-words you find: there are less of them then
thereare de-words.

Finally, when you really need to know, look in yourdictionary. When it doesn't
say straightforward if the wordsare de or het, it might very well tell
youindirectly, by putting (m), (v), or (o) behindthe word. Since the m stands for
mannelijk(masculine), the v for vrouwelijk (feminine) and theo for onzijdig
(neuter) you'll know what to use.And for words having two or even three of
those, likeaffiche (o&v(m)), you are free make your own choice.

93
Constructing sentences

1 - Basic sequence
Like in most languages, the basic sentence starts with thesubject, followed by the (first) verb. Something
typical forDutch though, is that all other verbs are basically placed atthe end of the sentence.
Most basic:
subject - 1st verb - (when/where/how/object) -(other verbs)
Example:
Hij - heeft - gisteren - thuis - snel - de was -gedaan.
But:

• the when/where/how sequence is often just optional and theobject can often also be
the first of these four,
• if there is a preposition added to the when,where,how or object, it can also be placed
after theotherverbs.

2 - Inversion
Often the subject and 1st verb are switched, so that thesubject follows the verb. This occurs when:

• The sentence is a question.

Not something strange to English speakers, though in Englishit only sounds right with
some specific verbs. A sentence likeWeet jij dat? could hardly be translated as Know
youthat?
• The sentence is a command or instruction.
Also not strange to English speakers (come here, bethere,don't you do that).
• A non-subject part of the sentence comes first.
Usually this would be when, where or howand incidentally the object. Watch out,
though: each of thosepositions could not only be filled by asingle word, but also by a
long phrase.

3 - Extraposition
The most weird constructions to English speakers might bethose with all the verbs (including the first) at
the end.This occurs when there is a conjunctive word connecting twophrases.
Example (with dat as a conjunctive word):
Ik denk dat hij gisteren thuis snel de was gedaanheeft.
But:

• the sequence of the verbs at the end doesn't really matterhere, so it could as well be
heeft gedaan,
• this extraposition does not apply when theconjunctive wordis en, maar or want,
• when the conjunctive word is dus you can choosebetween abasic sequence and
inversion,
• when of is the conjunctive word and it meansor, thisextraposition does not apply, but
it does applywhen ofmeans if.

94
On plural
It's impossable to give all the rules for making plurals, but here are a few guidelines:

• Words that end on a syllable that includes a 'toneless -e' (like in de), usually get an -s:
o de tafel - de tafels
o de vader - de vaders
o de haven - de havens
• Words that end on a vocal usually get an -s with an apostrophe (') to keep the sound
'long':
o de taxi - de taxi's
o de agenda - de agenda's
o de radio - de radio's
• Other words usually get -en:
o het boek (book) - de boeken
o de krant (paper) - de kranten
o de vrouw (women) - de vrouwen
• Watch out with the spelling of vocals, though: if there's a 'long', double vocal it
usually becomes a single one, followed by a single consonant, if it's a 'short,
single vocal, it usually stays single, but followed by a doubled consonant:
o de boot (boat) - de boten
o het bot (bone) - de botten
o de maan (moon) - de manen
o de man (man) - de mannen
• If there's an -f at the end, it usually becomes a -v unless the English version of the
word has a '-ph' where the Dutch version has -f:
o de brief (letter) - de brieven
o de graaf (duke) - de graven
o de paragraaf (paragraph) - de paragrafen
• If there's an -s at the end, it often becomes a -z. There's no rule though, to tell for
which words or sounds this happens, you just have to remember this for each word:
o de kaars (candle) - de kaarsen
o de laars (boot) - de laarzen
o het kruis (cross) - de kruisen
o het huis (house) - de huizen
• Unfortunately, besides all this, there are a lot of hard to remember exeptions:
o de dag (day) - de dagen
o het dak (roof) - de daken
o het glas (glas) - de glazen
o het bedrag (amount) - de bedragen
o het gat (hole) - de gaten
o het graf (grave) - de graven (compare to 'de graaf'...)
o het dal (valley) - de dalen
o het vat (barrel) - de vaten
o de het schip (ship) - de schepen
o de smid (blacksmith) - de smeden
o het lid (member) - de leden
o de stad (town) - de steden
o de oom (uncle)- de ooms
o de broer (brother) - de broers
o de musicus (musician) - de musici
o de timmerman (carpenter) - de timmerlieden or de timmerlui
(all professions on -man have -lieden or -lui for plural)

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Pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive
ik mij mijn me
jij jou jouw je
u u uw zich
hij hem zijn zich
zij haar haar zich
het het zijn zich
wij ons ons/onze ons
jullie jullie jullie je
zij ze - hun hun zich

A few notes on this:

• Many pronouns have two versions: one for regular use and one to use if the pronoun
has a specific emphasis (the 'proper' version):
o mij and mijn are usually me and m'n
o jij, jou and jouw are usually je
(Herinner jij je jouw verjaardag? - Herinner je je je verjaardag?)
o zijn is usually z'n
o het is usually 't
o zij is usually ze
o wij is usually we
• The same goes for ze and hun (object, third person plural): normally you would use
ze, but if you need a special emphasis, you use hun .
• Officially, for object third person plural ('them') there are two forms: hun and hen. The
grammar rules state that
o hen should be used for direct object and after prepositions and
o hun should be used for indirect object.

This is a purely artificial difference though: most Dutch people don't get it right - in colloquial
Dutch hun is mostly used for all object forms.

• In spoken Dutch, you even hear hun being used as a subject form for third person
plural. This is still considered absolutely wrong, though.
• The possessive ons is used for het-nouns (ons huis) and onze for de-
nouns (onze tuin).

96
Verbs - general
Dutch verbs can, like the English ones, be divided intoregular and irregular verbs (for experts: to keep it
simple,I'm skipping the weak/strong division). I'll give you theregularities and than the irregularities for
each tense.

But before that, something about the used tenses. SpeakingDutch, you'll
basically need four of them:

present tense - onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (ott)

past tense - onvoltooid verleden tijd (vtt)
present perfect tense - voltooid tegenwoordige tijd (ovt)
past perfect tense - voltooid verleden tijd (vvt)

Please note that the first two are used in much more casesthan in English. When
you're a beginner you could restrictyourself for quite a while to using only those. You
could forexample just use 'ik zie haar' in situations where you woulduse the English
(more specific) phrases:
- I see her
- I am seeing her
- I will be seeing her
- I'm going to see her

97
Verbs - present
Let's take a very common Dutch word: fietsen - which means'to ride a bicycle'. For the different persons
it shows thefollowing forms:
singular plural
1 - ik fiets wij fietsen
2 - jij fietst - fiets jij jullie fietsen u fietst
(u fietst)
3 - hij/zij fietst zij fietsen

So the form for ik is the verb without the -enpart (this we call 'de stam'). And:

• If it should end on a 'long' vowel it has to become adouble one: for nemen (to take) it
will be ikneem and for lopen (to walk)it should be 'ikloop'. There are a few exceptions,
though - for komen(to come), for example it should be ik kom.
• Dutch words never end on double consonants, so for theik-form you also take half of a
double consonant away.For rennen (to run) it would thus be ik ren andnot ik renn.
• Dutch words also never end on a v or a z.They become f and s. So for blazen (toblow)
it will be ik blaas and for beloven (topromise) it will be ik beloof.

You take this form and add a t for the second and thirdperson singular, but
you take it off again when the subjectjij or je comes after the verb instead
ofbefore.

For plural you simply always take the infinitive form. Theonly exception is
when you use u: this form for 'you',used when it has to be polite, can be used
for singular andplural, but keeps the singular form.

The few irregular verbs in the present tense are onlyirregular for singular
forms - plural forms always get theinfinitive form:

hebben (to have): ik heb, jij hebt, u hebt/heeft, hij/zij heeft

kunnen (to can, to be able to): ik kan, jij kan/kunt, u kan/kunt,
hij/zij kan
mogen (to may, to be allowed to): ik mag, zij mag, hij/zij mag
willen (to want): ik wil, jij wil/wilt, u wil/wilt, hij/zij wil
zijn (to be): ik ben, jij bent, u bent, hij/zij is
zullen (to shall, to will): ik zal, jij zal/zult, u zal/zult, hij/zij
zal

98
Verbs - past (regular)
For regular verbs, the past tense has two possibilities:de(n) or te(n) behind the ik-form of thepresent
tense. You have to take -te for singular and-ten for plural if this form ends on a k, f, s, ch,p, t or x. To
remember this, I use theword kofschiptaxi, containing all these consonants. Ifthe ik-form does not end
on one of those, you take-de for singular and -den for plural.

So for the verb fietsen, having an ik-form thatends on s, which is one of the
consonants inkofschiptaxi, it will be:

singular plural
1 - ik fietste wij fietsten
2 - jij fietste jullie fietsten u fietste
3 - hij/zij fietste zij fietsten

And for the verb rennen (to run), not having anik-form that ends on one of the
consonants inkofschiptaxi, it will be:

singular plural
1 - ik rende wij renden
2 - jij rende jullie renden u rende
3 - hij/zij rende zij renden

Two remarks on all that:

1. Sometimes you get double t or double dwhere this looks quite weird even to native
speakers. Thepresent forms ik antwoord - wij antwoorden (I/we reply)for example, will
be in the past tense ik antwoordde- wij antwoordden, and the past of ik plant -wij
planten (I/we plant) becomes 'ik plantte -wij plantten'.
2. Where infinitive forms have a v or z thatbecomes f or s in the ik-form, you muststill
think of the original v en z when youchoose between -te(n) or -de(n). And sincev and z
are not in kofschiptaxi you get-de(n).

99
Verbs - perfect (regular)
For the perfect tense, you need to make a pastparticiple (ge-form). You do that like this:

• take the present tense ik-form and add ge-to it,

• place a -t at the end when theik-form ends on one of the consonants inkofschiptaxi
and add -d when it doesn't.

So for fietsen it will be ik hebgefietst, and for rennen it will beik heb gerend.

Three remarks on that:

1. To choose by listening between -t and -dfor a past participle, in fact you could listen if
the pastgets -te(n) or -de(n), which is easier to hear:the difference between just -d or -
t at the end,as in past participles, is not heard in Dutch (they'reboth pronounced as t).
2. The past participles of verbs that have an infinitiveformstarting with ge-, be-, ve-, re-,
or ont- do notget ge-. So for betalen (to pay) it will beik heb betaald and not
gebetaald.
3. For the perfect tense you mostly use hebben, likeyou use 'to have' in English. But
there are - a bit more thanin English - verbs or situations where you use zijn (tobe).
For example when you use a verb that means 'to gosomewhere' and a direction is
indicated. So it would beik heb in het park gefietst (I have been cycling in thepark - no
direction) but ik ben naar het stationgefietst (I have cycled to the station -
cleardirection).

100
Irregular verbs

The sad thing for languages like Dutch and English is that most of the
frequently used verbs are irregular. I'll list the most important ones, but
before I do that I have a few remarks.

• Note that most of them have vowel changes, both in pasttense and past participle. In
that case:
o there is practically never -t(e)(n) or-d(e)(n) at the end,
o the past participle practically always ends on-en.
• The list is far from complete. I listed the most currentones and I skipped derived forms
that go the same way. Ilisted, for exemple kopen, trekken andstaan, but I skipped
verkopen (sell),vertrekken (leave), bestaan(exist) and verstaan (understand).
• The translation is quite incomplete. Many words justcan'tbe translated properly without
a few lines of explanation. Sotake your dictionary for details.
• With the past participles marked with * you usezijn, when they're marked with (*) you
should usezijn when a direction is indicated and for the ones marked(**) you can use
zijn as well as hebben. For the other ones you use hebben, unless they are used ina
passive mode.

Infinitive (translation) Past Pastparticiple

bakken (bake) bakte gebakken
beginnen (begin) begon begonnen
*bewegen (move) bewoog bewogen
bieden (offer) bood geboden
binden (bind) bond gebonden
blijken (appear) bleek gebleken
breken (break) brak gebroken
brengen (bring) bracht gebracht
buigen (bend, bow) boog gebogen
denken (think) dacht gedacht
doen (do) deed gedaan
dragen (carry, wear) droeg gedragen
drinken (drink) dronk gedronken
dwingen (force) dwong gedwongen
eten (eat) at gegeten
gaan (go) ging gegaan
gelden (be valid) gold gegolden
genieten (enjoy) genoot genoten
geven (give) gaf gegeven
hangen (hang) hing gehangen
hebben (have) had gehad
helpen (help) hielp geholpen
heten (be called) heette geheten
hoeven (need (denying)) hoefde gehoeven
houden (hold) hield gehouden
kiezen (choose) koos gekozen
kijken (look, watch) keek gekeken
klinken (sound) klonk geklonken
komen (come) kwam gekomen
kopen (buy) kocht gekocht
kunnen (can, be able to) kon gekund
lachen (laugh) lachte gelachen
laten (let) liet gelaten
lezen (read) las gelezen
liggen (lay) lag gelegen
lijken (look like) leek geleken
lopen (walk) liep gelopen
moeten (have to, must) moest gemoeten
mogen (be allowed, may) mocht gemogen

101
nemen (take) nam genomen
roepen (call) riep geroepen
schenken (give, (poetic)) schonk geschonken
scheppen (create) schiep geschapen
schieten (shoot) schoot geschoten
schuiven (shift, push) schoof geschoven
slaan (beat) sloeg geslagen
slapen (sleep) sliep geslapen
sluiten (close, shut) sloot gesloten
spreken (speak) sprak gesproken
springen (jump) sprong gesprongen
staan (stand) stond gestaan
steken (sting, stab) stak gestoken
sterven (die) stierf gestorven
treffen (hit) trof getroffen
trekken (pull) trok getrokken
vallen (fall) viel gevallen
vangen (catch) ving gevangen
vergeten (forget) vergat vergeten
verliezen (loose) verloor verloren
vinden (find) vond gevonden
vliegen (fly) vloog gevlogen
voorkómen (prevent) voorkwam voorkomen
vóórkomen (happen) kwam voor voorgekomen
vragen (ask) vroeg gevraagd
weten (know (something)) wist geweten
wijzen (point) wees gewezen
winnen (win) won gewonnen
worden (become) werd geworden
zeggen (say) zei gezegd
zien (see) zag gezien
zijn (be) was geweest
zingen (sing) zong gezongen
zinken (sink) zonk gezonken
zitten (sit) zat gezeten
zoeken (look for) zocht gezocht
zullen (will, shall) zou

102
Verb couples

In Dutch there are three ways of combining two verbs:

1. Using the past participle

You do this when the first verb is:

o hebben - to have
ik heb een tekening gemaakt (I have made a drawing)
o zijn - to be
de tekening is gemaakt - the drawing is made
o worden - to be(-come) (often is being)
de tekening wordt gemaakt (the drawing is being(/becomes)made)
2. Using the infinitive

You do this when the first verb is:

o blijven - to stay
hij blijft slapen - he's staying to sleep
o gaan - to go
hij gaat fietsen - he is going to ride a bicycle
o komen - to come
hij komt eten - he's coming to eat ('he's coming fordinner')
o kunnen - to can/to be able to
ik kan niet komen - I can't come
o laten - to let/to have something done
ik laat mijn haar knippen - I let my hair cut (havemy hair cut)
ik laat hem gaan - I let him go
o moeten - to must/to have to
ik moet gaan - I have to go
o mogen - to may/to be allowed to
je mag dat niet doen - you are not allowed to do that
o willen - to want
ik wil eten - I want to eat
o zullen - to will/to shall
ik zal zien - I'll see
o horen when it literally means tohear
ik hoor hem schreeuwen - I hear him shout
o voelen - to feel
ik voel het groeien - I feel it growing
o zien when it literally means tosee
ik zie de zon schijnen - I see the sun shining
o leren - to learn: optional
ik leer fietsen (most current) or
ik leer te fietsen - I'm learning to ride a bicycle
3. Using the infinitive + teYou do this when the first verb is none of the above

Ik probeer te komen - I try to come

Ik begin het te leren - I'm beginning to learn it

Remarks on all this:

• Note that in Dutch there is no way to express the difference between English forms as
in The door is closed and The door has been closed. Both become Dedeur is
gesloten.
• There's also no difference for the Dutch between Hestays asleep, He remains
sleeping and He isstaying to sleep - it's all Hij blijft slapen.

103
• So speaking Dutch you might try to use only the abovementioned
combinations. There are more possibilities - youcould even use up to
five (theoretically even more) verbs in asentence - but they're so
complex that they're really just aninvitation to make silly mistakes.

104
Reflexive verbs

Observe this sentence:

• Ik vraag me af wat hij doet (I wonder what he does).

In the form above, there is one sentence that contains a reflexive verb: the infinitive here, is zich
afvragen (to wonder): if the dictionary states that zich ('oneself') belongs to a verb it means it's a
reflexive one. This is a kind of verb that requires the subject to be an object too. In English, you can do
this with some verbs (I'm washing myself, I find myself ..., I'm exerting myself), but in Dutch you have to
do this to quite a lot of verbs.

A few examples:

• zich herinneren - to remember

• zich schamen - to be ashamed
• zich vergissen - to be mistaken
• zich verheugen op - to look forward to
• zich voorstellen - to imagine

Some other verbs can be reflexive: they require an object and this could be
the subject. Examples:

• (zich) bewegen - to move

• (zich) scheren - to shave
• (zich) wassen - to wash

Here are some phrases with these verbs. Note that the refexive pronoun is
always placed after the first verb:

Ik herinner me zijn naam niet.

Zij schaamde zich diep voor haar fout.
Hij heeft zich helemaal vergist.
Zij zal zich verheugen op haar huwelijk.
Kun je je voorstellen hoe zwaar zijn leven is?
Hij kan zich niet meer bewegen.
Zij heeft zich vandaag nog niet geschoren.
Hij wast zich elke ochtend.

105
The reflexive pronouns you need for the reflexive verbs are listed below:

subject reflexive
ik me
jij je
u zich
hij zich
zij zich
het zich
wij ons
jullie je
zij zich

106
Comparative & superlative

Jouw auto rijdt langzamer dan mijn auto

In the phrase above you can find what is called a comparative: langzamer.
The original form langzaam is extended wit -er and because of the Dutch
spelling rules (lesson 1) there's one -a- less.

Except for the one -a- thing, this is the same as what happens in English:
'thin-thinner' is in Dutch dun-dunner and even irregular forms are a lot alike:
'good-better' is in Dutch goed-beter.

And there's more good news, for the superlative is almost the same: in
English you add '-est' ('thinnest'), in Dutch just -st (dunst). Usually the article
het is used for the superlative (Dit boek is het dunst).

The only tricky thing, is that you have an extra -d if the word ends on a -r

More good news: the list of irregular ones is very short:

• goed-beter-best
• graag-liever-liefst
• veel-meer-meest
• weinig-minder-minst

107
Here's a list of examples, which is at the same time a list of opposites:

adverb comperative superlative

goedkoop goedkoper goedkoopst
duur duurder duurst
hoog hoger hoogst
laag lager laagst
groot groter grootst
klein kleiner kleinst
schoon schoner schoonst
vies viezer viest
mooi mooier mooist
lelijk lelijker lelijkst
oud ouder oudst
jong jonger jongst
kort korter kortst
lang langer langst
moeilijk moeilijker moeilijkst
(ge)makkelijk (ge)makkelijker (ge)makkelijkst
licht lichter lichtst
donker donkerder donkerst
zwaar zwaarder zwaarst
heet heter heetst
warm warmer warmst
koud kouder koudst
slim slimmer slimst
dom dommer domst

108
Nightmares of er

To a lot of foreigners er is a very confusing word. Notonly can it mean a lot of

things (like there, it, orjust nothing), it is also hard to study since it is
mostlypronounced as d'r, 'r or even as hardly anythingat all. Besides, it can
also be found at several places in thesentence.

First a few examples:

• Woon je in Amsterdam? Ja, ik woon er al drie jaar. (Doyou live in Amsterdam? Yes,
I'm living there for three yearsalready.)
• Er staat een paard in de gang. (There's a horsestanding in the hall)
• Hoe gaat het ermee? (How are you?)
• Hoeveel kinderen heb je? Ik heb er drie. (How manychildren do you have? I've got
three.)
• Je ziet er goed uit. (You're looking good.)

Only in the first two examples er is literallytranslated - in the other ones it

could be translated, butthat would mostly produce a weird sentence.
Nevertheless, theuse of er could very well be explained by it'sdifferent
possible meanings if you don't take 'meanings' toliteral.

1 - Er means there/here
This could be (a) a not emphasized place, or (b)a non-particular subject.

(a) In the sentence Ja, ik woon er al drie jaaryou could replace er by either
hier ('righthere') or daar ('over there') if you're pointingsomewhere, but you're
not doing that in this case.

(b) In the sentence Er staat een paard in degang, you could do the same. If
you want to say Right here - and not over there - thereis a horse standing in
the hall, you would indeed usehier and daar: Hier - en niet daar - staateen
paard in de gang.

Note however, that we are talking about een paard -a horse, so a non-
particular subject. If it wouldbe het paard - the horse, we couldn't useer. We
would either use daar or hier, or - even better - juststart with the subject:Het
paard staat (hier/daar) in de gang.

2 - Er means it or them
Consider these sentences, where the object is replaced:

• Ik zie de film - ik zie hem (I seeit)

• Ik zie het programma - ik zie het (I seeit)
• Ik zie de boeken - ik zie ze (I seethem)

You see that for things you can use hem referring tode words, hetreferring to
het words and ze referring toplurals.

Now consider these:

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 • Ik kijk naar de film - ik kijk ernaar (I lookat it)
• Ik kijk naar het programma - ik kijk ernaar (Ilook at it)
• Ik kijk naar de boeken - ik kijk ernaar (I lookat them)

So when there's a preposition, we use er to refer tode words, het words or

plurals. And we place itnot only before the preposition, but also attached to it
(likeernaar, erin, erop, ervan etc.). There can however, inmore complex
sentences, be something (like a 'when', 'where'or 'how' statement, or simply
niet) between erand the preposition:

• Ik kijk er niet naar.

• Ik kijk er vandaag liever niet naar.

Watch out, though: er is only used for things - forpersons we use the
appropriate pronouns:

• Ik kijk naar hem/haar/jou/...

3 - Er means of them when counting

When something is counted and not mentioned, you use erto refer to theobject. You can use van
meaning of, but youdon't have to and mostlya Dutchman wouldn't think of using it:

• Hoeveel kinderen heb je? Ik heb er drie.

• Hoeveel auto's zie je? Ik zie er tien.
• Hoeveel huizen heb je? Ik heb er een.
• Heb jij een auto? Nee ik heb er geen.

So while in English you have the choice between I haveten or I have ten of
them, in Dutch the currentthing to say is only Ik heb er tien (for most
Englishspeaking students it somehow feels weird saying this and theyneed to
practice it for a while to get it 'into the system').

4 - Expressions
A lot of Dutch phrases containing er are merely to betaken as expressions and not to be translated
literally. In agrammatical sense er would have a meaning likementioned above (here/there/it/them/...),
but thatdoesn't always fully explain the form.

Take, for example Hoe gaat het ermee? It could betranslated as How goes it
there with? or even justHow goes it with it, but that doesn't explain why
thissentence is used this much (besides Hoe gaat het).

Or Je ziet er goed uit: it could be translated assomething like You look good
out of it - but that still doesn't make much sense.

So, in those cases, an expression is better just taken as itis without to much
questioning about the grammatical form.

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Words like maar, eens andeven
Kijk eens!
Kom maar.
Wil je de deur even(tjes) opendoen?
Ga eens even opzij.
Kijk maar eens even door deze bril.
Although these sentences are hardly considered difficult tounderstand, they are not really easy to
translate intoEnglish. They could result in something like:
Hey, look!
Just come over here, please.
Would you (please) just open the door?
Just move aside.
(Come on) just look through these glasses.

The problem is, that those little words like maar, eensandeven(tjes) do not only have a literal meaning
(but,once,shortly), but also a modifying function in the sentence. In alot of cases you could say that they
mean something likejust,and are squeezed into the sentence to make it less direct and more polite. In
fact, if you take a commanding sentence,you can just 'soften' it, by putting one (or some) of thosewords
in it.For example kom hier is a quite rude command, whilekom eenshier or kom even hier is a lot more
friendly andkom maarhier could even be something like a very invitinggesture.

There are a few more words with similar functions, thoughmaar, eens and
even are the most frequentlyused. Take for example gewoon and hoor:

Je moet gewoon naar de tandarts.

Nou, tot ziens, hoor.
Here too, you could use just in your translation intoEnglish:
You just have to go to the dentist.
Well, just goodbye then.
Generally, whenever you notice those words are not makingsensewhen you assign their literal meaning
to them, you could leavethemout, get the meaning of the sentence without them and keepin mind that
someone is trying to be polite here.

But if you want to use those words correctly yourself, thebest thingyou could
do is probably to analyze their use for a while,because they all have their
specific contexts. It isimpossible to give rules for that, but I noticed that a lot
ofstudents were able to develop a good sense for it, just byreading,listening
and analyzing.

To give some indications (remember, these are no rules,just vague patterns):

• maar means often just in a reassuring way,

• eens and even often mean just in thesense of a friendly come on or just hey, oreven
please (mag ik even bellen - can Imake a phone call please),
• gewoon mostly means just in the sense of 'nobig deal',
• hoor often means something like hey or Isay, but watch out:the meaning is very much
depending on the tone of the voiceand canvary from a reassuring to a reprimanding
hey.

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