Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) released the India State of Forest Report-2021.
In October, 2021 an amendment was proposed by MoEFCC to the Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980 to bring significant changes to forest governance in India.
o It is an assessment of India’s forest and tree cover, published every two years
by the Forest Survey of India.
o The first survey was published in 1987, and ISFR 2021 is the 17 th.
o India is one of the few countries in the world that brings out such a survey
every two years, and this is widely considered comprehensive and robust.
o The ISFR is used in planning and formulation of policies in forest management
as well as forestry and agroforestry sectors.
o Three categories of forests are surveyed – very dense forests (canopy density
over 70%), moderately dense forests (40-70%) and open forests (10-40%).
o Scrubs (canopy density less than 10%) are also surveyed but not categorised
as forests.
o New Features of ISFR 2021:
o It has for the first time assessed forest cover in tiger reserves, tiger
corridors and the Gir forest which houses the Asiatic lion.
o The forest cover in tiger corridors has increased by 37.15 sq km (0.32%)
between 2011-2021, but decreased by 22.6 sq km (0.04%) in tiger
reserves.
o Forest cover has increased in 20 tiger reserves in these 10 years, and
decreased in 32.
o Buxa (West Bengal), Anamalai (Tamil Nadu) and Indravati reserves
(Chhattisgarh) have shown an increase in forest cover while the highest
losses have been found in Kawal (Telangana), Bhadra (Karnataka) and
the Sunderbans reserves (West Bengal).
o Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh has the highest forest cover, at
nearly 97%.
Findings of the Report:
1.Increment in Area:
• The forest and tree cover in the country continues to increase with
an additional cover of 1,540 square kilometres over the past two
years.
• India’s forest cover is now 7,13,789 square kilometres, 21.71% of
the country’s geographical area, an increase from 21.67% in 2019.
• Tree cover has increased by 721 sq km.
2.Increase/Decrease in Forests:
• The states that have shown the highest increase in forest cover
are Telangana (3.07%), Andhra Pradesh (2.22%) and Odisha
(1.04%).
• Five states in the Northeast – Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland have all shown loss in forest
cover.
3.States with Highest Forest Area/Cover:
• Area-wise: Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the
country followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and
Maharashtra.
• In terms of forest cover as percentage of total geographical area,
the top five States are Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Manipur and Nagaland.
4.Mangroves:
• Mangroves have shown an increase of 17 sq km. India’s total
mangrove cover is now 4,992 sq km.
5.Forest Prone to Fires:
• 35.46% of the forest cover is prone to forest fires. Out of this,
2.81% is extremely prone, 7.85% is very highly prone and 11.51%
is highly prone.
o By 2030, 45-64% of forests in India will experience the
effects of climate change and rising temperatures.
o Forests in all states (except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura
and Nagaland) will be highly vulnerable climate hot spots.
Ladakh (forest cover 0.1-0.2%) is likely to be the most
affected.
6.Total Carbon Stock:
• The total carbon stock in the country's forests is estimated at
7,204 million tonnes, an increase of 79.4 million tonnes since
2019.
• Forest carbon stock is the amount of carbon that has been
sequestered from the atmosphere and is now stored within the
forest ecosystem, mainly within living biomass and soil, and to a
lesser extent also in dead wood and litter.
7.Bamboo Forests:
• Bamboo forests have grown from 13,882 million culms (stems) in
2019 to 53,336 million culms in 2021.
8.Decline in Natural Forests:
• There is a 1,582 sq km decline in moderately dense forests, or “natural
forests”.
• The decline, in conjunction with an increase of 2,621 sq km in
open forest areas – shows a degradation of forests in the
country.
• Also, scrub area has increased by 5,320 sq km – indicating the
complete degradation of forests in these areas.
• Very dense forests have increased by 501 sq km.
9.Decline in Northeast Forest Cover:
• The forest cover in the region has shown an overall decline of 1,020 sq km
in forest cover.
• The Northeast states account for 7.98% of total geographical area but
23.75% of total forest cover.
• The decline in the Northeastern states has been attributed to a spate of
natural calamities, particularly landslides and heavy rains, in the region as
well as to anthropogenic activities such as shifting agriculture, pressure
of developmental activities and felling of trees.
Governments Initiatives
▪ National Mission for a Green India:

o It is one of the eight Missions under the National Action Plan on
Climate Change (NAPCC).
o It was launched in February, 2014 with the objective to safeguard
the biological resources of our nation and associated livelihoods
against the peril of adverse climate change and to recognise the
vital impact of forestry on ecological sustainability, biodiversity
conservation and food-, water- and livelihood-security.
▪ National Afforestation Programme (NAP):
o It has been implemented since 2000 for the afforestation of
degraded forest lands.
o It is being implemented by the MoEFCC.
▪ Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority,
(CAMPA Funds):
o Launched in 2016, 90% of the fund is to be given to the states while
10% is to be retained by the Centre.
o The funds can be used for treatment of catchment areas, assisted
natural generation, forest management, wildlife protection and
management, relocation of villages from protected areas,
managing human-wildlife conflicts, training and awareness
generation, supply of wood saving devices and allied activities.
▪ National Action Programme to Combat Desertification:
o It was prepared in 2001 to address issues of
increasing desertification and to take appropriate actions.
o It is implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change.
▪ Forest Fire Prevention & Management Scheme (FFPM):
o It is the only centrally funded program specifically dedicated to assist the
states in dealing with forest fires.

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Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

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Recently, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

(MoEFCC) released the India State of Forest Report-2021.

▪ National Mission for a Green India:

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